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No Hace Muchos Años Dos Exposiciones Que Llevan Por Título Legado Sources for Early American Economy and Society in the Spanish Archives Inés Roldán de Montaud Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, (CSIC), Spain A Paper Submitted to “Foreign Confidence: International Investment in North America, 1700-1860” Twelfth Annual Conference of the Program in Early American Economy and Society Co-Sponsored with The Rothchild Archive, London October 11-12, 2012 Library Company of Philadelphia *Please do not cite without permission of the author Introducción In recent years, perhaps since the bicentennial of the United States, there has been increasing attention from institutions both in Spain and the United States to popularize the Spanish contribution to the history of United States, which had somehow been overlooked by historians. Many of them in the general histories of the United States make scarce reference to Spain while addressing the early years of the history of United States. Among the several efforts to transmit this common history the project Parallel Histories: Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier should be noted. It was the result of an agreement between the Library of Congress and the National Library of Spain in February 2000 to establish a bilingual multi-format digital- Spanish-English library site to explore the historical and cultural interactions between Spain and the United States from the 15th century. Its objective is to present important primary source of North America.1 Later two leading exhibitions titled Legacy: Spain and the United States in the Age of Independence, 1763-18482 in 2007, and El hilo de la memoria: trescientos años de presencia española en los actuales Estados Unidos in 20083 continued in the same inspiration. The first one highlighted the close relationship between both countries and the Spanish contribution to American independence, a topic on which there has been some research; and the second showed the historical legacy and heritage transmitted by Spain as a result of a prolonged presence that begun with the discovery of Florida in 1513 and ended when the Spanish left California in 1821. The tracks are clearly visible in a rich number of place names, despite the processes of translation or transliteration which many of them have been through. Even in places like New Orleans or Baton Rouge where Spanish presence barely reached four decades the Spanish heritage is still very present. The most emblematic buildings of the Vieux Carre in New Orleans, such as the Cathedral, the Town Hall, cabildo, or the Pontalba buildings date from the Spanish period. In Baton Rouge the original core of the city is known as the "Spanish town", was designed in 1805 by the Spanish governor and maintains the Spanish tracing. Architectural remains in distant parts of the country 1 http://international.loc.gov/intldl/eshtml/about/about.html#track1 The project is part of the Library of Congress Global Gateway initiative to build digital library partnerships with national libraries around the world. 2 Organized by the National Portrait Gallery, Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior de España, the Smithonian Latino Center and the Fundación Consejo España-Estados Unidos. 3 El hilo de la memoria. Trescientos años de presencia española en los Estados Unidos, Sevilla, Archivo General de Indias, 2008. such as Fort San Marcos in St. Augustin (Florida), the Palace of the Governors of Santa Fe (New Mexico) or the missions spread throughout Texas, New Mexico, Arizona or California also speak of that Spanish past, which is still present in the existence of isolated nuclei of Canary Island culture in places such as Delacroix near New Orleans, as the result of the settlement of colonists of that origin by the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, in the seventeen seventies .4 Likewise, graphic testimony and numerous documents kept in North American, Mexican and Spanish archives evidence this Spanish past. For three centuries millions of documents were generated by ceaseless Spanish officials, who accumulated papers and left infinite materials for scholars as Roscoe R. Hill agreed long ago.5 As another American scholar noted, Spain is "to the American historian a country of attractive promise and rich reward".6 In this paper I will try to show how certain this assert is trough a rapid reference to the main Spanish sources for North American History.7 A quick and previous reference to the extension of the Spanish empire in North America and an overview of the remarkable bureaucratic structure developed by Spain to administrate those territories is needed to understand the logic of the records which are a reflex of their institutional origins. Brief reminder of Spanish Presence in North America Much of the territories within the boundaries of the United States, including Florida, Louisiana, Texas, California and a long list of other states were discovered, 4 Bibliography is extensive. Among others see: William R., The Spanish heritage in America, New York, International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, Bureau of Information Pro-España, 1925; Foster G. M., Culture and conquest: America’s Spanish Heritage, New York, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Antropological Research, 1960; Fernandez-Florez, Darío, The Spanish Heritage in the United States, Madrid, Publicaciones Españolas, 1971; Arias, David, Las raíces hispanas de los Estados Unidos, Madrid Fundación Mapfre, 1992; Fernández-Shaw, Carlos M., The Hispanic presence in North America from 1892 to today, 1999; Cortada, James W., Two nations over time: Spain and the United States, 1776-1977; Balseiro, José Agustín, Presencia hispánica en la Florida ayer y hoy, 1513-1976, Miami (Florida), Ediciones Universal, 1976, or Cardelús, Borja, La huella de España y de la cultura hispana en los Estados Unidos, Madrid, Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, 2007. 5 Hill, Roscoe R., Catalogue of the Documents relating to the History of the United States in the Papeles Procedentes de Cuba deposited in the Archivo General de Indias at Seville, Washington, Carnegie Institution, 1916. 6 “The Spanish Archives and their Importance for the History of the United States”. Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1903, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1904, vol. 1, p. 117. Hill Roscoe, Sources of American History in Spanish archives, Proceddings of the Pan-Amercian Institute of Geography and History, Washington D.C., 1937, pp. 257-265. 7 Of interest although not only relating to the States, Burrus, E. J., “An introduction to Bibliographical Tools in Spanish Archives an Manuscript Collections Relating to Hispanic America”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 35, nº 4, 1955, pp. 443-483. A good discussion of documents in Spanish archives for the history of Louisiana in Light T. Cummins, “Spaniards in Louisiana”, and Gilbert C. Din, “Sources for Spanish Louisiana”, in Light Townsend Cummins and Glen Jeansonne (eds.), A guide for the history of Louisiana, Westport Conn., Wreenwood Press, 1982. explored and colonized by the Spaniards since the beginning of the sixteenth century. Juan Ponce de León landed on the coast of Florida on April 2, 1513 and baptized place as "Pascua Florida". Vázquez de Ayllón established a colony in what today is South Carolina in 1526, shortly before Pánfilo de Narváez starting from Cuba arrived to Tampa Bay and continued his expedition to the coast of Texas. In 1539 Hernando de Soto also from his base in Cuba arrived explored Florida, Georgia, Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. Many years before the time when La Salle took possession of those lands for France in 1662, since 1540 Soto and before him Pánfilo de Narváez and Cabeza de Vaca had sailed the waters of the Mississippi. The Spanish conquest and colonization of Florida did not occur until 1562. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St. Augustin, the oldest city in North America, in 1565, which means forty-two years before the British established the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, and fifty-five before the Pilgrims arrived and settled down8. After having being under Spanish sovereignty for more then two hundred years, in 1763 Florida became a British possession in exchange for Havana, which had been seized by the British during the Seven Years War. The majority of the Spanish population left the colony along with many Indians. Soon after the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés in 1521 and after the heroic deed of Cabeza de Vaca Spanish authorities promoted from New Spain several expeditions to the north, looking for the passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Baja California was discovered in 1535 and Cortés took possession of La Paz. In 1542 the explorer Juan Rodríguez reached the island of Santa Catalina and San Diego Bay, and later Sebastián Cermeño explored the coast of California up to Cape Mendocino in 1595, followed by Sebastián Vizcaíno. In the early eighteenth century to curtail the possible expansion of the Russian and the British Spain made new expeditionary efforts and encouraged settlements on the northern border, occupying Alta California in 1767. Presidios, missions and towns were founded along the coastline due to the Indian aggression in the interior, such as St. Francisco in 1776. The expansion was based 8 Spanish Florida inclue Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Carolina del North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama y Mississippi and its northern limit in paralel 36° N. Tepaske, John J., The Governorship of Spanish Florida: 1700-1763, Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 1964; An important Spanish contribution in Sánchez-Fabres, Elena, Situación histórica de las Floridas en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII (1783-1819), Madrid, 1977. See also Smith, Gen Allen and Hilton, Sylvia L. (eds.), Nexus of empire: negotiating loyalty and identity in the revolutionary borderlands, 1760s-1820s, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2010 and Sáinz Sastre, M. Antonia, La Florida en el siglo XVI: exploración y colonización, Madrid, Mapfre, 2012.
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