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Swimming and Water Safety Swimming and Water Safety This Manual Is Part of the American Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety Program

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Swimming and Water Safety Swimming and Water Safety This Manual Is Part of the American Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety Program Centennial Edition Swimming and Water Safety Swimming and Water Safety This manual is part of the American Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety program. Visit redcross.org to learn more about this program. The emergency care procedures outlined in this book reflect the standard of knowledge and accepted emergency practices in the United States at the time this book was published. It is the reader’s responsibility to stay informed of changes in emergency care procedures. PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND CONDITIONS BEFORE AGREEING TO ACCESS AND DOWNLOAD THE AMERICAN RED CROSS MATERIALS. BY DOWNLOADING THE MATERIALS, YOU HEREBY AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. The downloadable electronic materials, including all content, graphics, images and logos, are copyrighted by and the exclusive property of The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross”). Unless otherwise indicated in writing by the Red Cross, the Red Cross grants you (“recipient”) the limited right to download, print, photocopy and use the electronic materials, subject to the following restrictions: ■ The recipient is prohibited from reproducing the materials for any reason. ■ The recipient is prohibited from creating electronic versions of the materials. ■ The recipient is prohibited from revising, altering, adapting or modifying the materials. ■ The recipient is prohibited from creating any derivative works incorporating, in part or in whole, the content of the materials. ■ The recipient is prohibited from downloading the materials and putting them on their own website without Red Cross permission. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by the Red Cross. The Red Cross does not permit its materials to be reproduced or published without advance written permission from the Red Cross. To request permission to reproduce or publish Red Cross materials, please submit your written request to The American National Red Cross. Copyright © 2014 American National Red Cross. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Red Cross emblem, American Red Cross® and the American Red Cross logo are trademarks of The American National Red Cross and protected by various national statutes. Published by Krames StayWell Strategic Partnerships Division Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-58480-605-9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual is dedicated to the thousands of employees and volunteers of the American Red Cross who contribute their time and talent to supporting and teaching swimming and lifesaving skills worldwide and to the thousands of course participants and other readers who have decided to be prepared to take action when an emergency strikes. Many individuals shared in the development and revision process in various supportive, technical and creative ways. The Swimming and Water Safety program was developed through the dedication of both employees and volunteers. Their commitment to excellence made this manual possible. The following members of the American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council provided guidance and review: Peter Wernicki, MD Louise Kublick Aquatics Chair, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Member, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council Council Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Sports Medicine Orthopedic Surgeon, Vero Beach, Florida Operations Manager, Aquatics Assistant Clinical Professor, Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Florida St. Toronto, Ontario, Canada University College of Medicine Chair, International Lifesaving Federation Medical Committee Stephen J. Langendorfer, PhD Medical Advisor, U.S. Lifesaving Association Member, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council Professor, Kinesiology Linda Quan, MD, FAAP Bowling Green State University Vice Chair, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council Bowling Green, Ohio University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Children’s Hospital Terri Lees Seattle, Washington Member, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council Aquatic Supervisor Peter Chambers, PhD, DO North Kansas City Community Center Member, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council North Kansas City, Missouri Flight Surgeon, Medical Corps Patrick Air Force Base, Florida William Dominic Ramos, PhD Member, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council Roy Fielding Indiana University Member, American Red Cross Scientifi c Advisory Council School of Public Health–Bloomington The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Kinesiology Director – IU Aquatics Institute Coordinator, Exercise Science/Director of Aquatics Assistant Professor Charlotte, North Carolina Bloomington, Indiana Special thanks to the following individuals for their expertise as Subject Matter Experts: Matt Barbini Scott Colby USA Swimming National Team, High Performance Consultant USA Swimming, Sport Performance Consultant Colorado Springs, Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Jason Baumann Tara Eggleston, M.S. USA Diving, Director of Education Assistant Division Chief/Countywide Aquatics Coordinator Indianapolis, Indiana Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission iv | | Swimming and Water Safety Myriam Glez Russell Mark High Performance Director, USA Synchronized Swimming USA Swimming National Team, High Performance Consultant Indianapolis, Indiana Colorado Springs, Colorado Karen Josephson Illustrator and Synchro Swimming Expert, esynchro.com Concord, California U.S. Olympian, 1988 Olympic Silver Medal, 1992 Olympic Gold Medal, Duet Synchronized Swimming Photography Credits Chapter 2 Opener: Image © Michael DeYoung Photography Chapter 4 Opener: Image © iStockphoto.com/steele2123 Chapter 8 Opener: Image © Mike Powell/Getty Images Chapter 10 Opener: Image © iStockphoto.com/Juanmonino Appendix A Opener: © Pete Saloutos/Getty Images Acknowledgments | v CONTENTS PART 1: BEING SAFE IN AND AROUND THE WATER ______________ 1 Chapter 1: Water Safety and Learning to Swim Water Safety Education and Learning to Swim������������������ 3 The American Red Cross and Water Safety �������������������� 9 Chapter 2: Preventing Accidents and Injuries In, On and Around the Water Lowering the Risk for Drowning ����������������������������� 13 Using Life Jackets����������������������������������������� 17 Staying Safe from Environmental Hazards��������������������� 19 Staying Safe in Specifi c Aquatic Environments ���������������� 26 Staying Safe While Engaging in Water Activities ��������������� 39 Chapter 3: Recognizing and Responding to Aquatic Emergencies Recognizing an Emergency ��������������������������������� 49 Responding to an Emergency ������������������������������� 51 Basic Water Rescue: Helping Others in an Aquatic Emergency ������������������������������������� 54 Basic Water Rescue: Helping Yourself in an Aquatic Emergency ������������������������������������� 58 PART 2: SWIMMING SKILLS ___________________________________ 76 Chapter 4: Understanding Hydrodynamic Principles Buoyancy ����������������������������������������������� 78 Drag ���������������������������������������������������� 81 Propulsion ����������������������������������������������� 82 Law of Inertia �������������������������������������������� 84 Law of Acceleration ��������������������������������������� 84 Law of Levers �������������������������������������������� 85 vi | | Swimming and Water Safety Chapter 5: Basic Aquatic Skills Entering and Exiting the Water ������������������������������ 88 Bobbing and Breath Control �������������������������������� 89 Floating ������������������������������������������������� 89 Moving Forward, Moving Backward and Staying in Place �������� 92 Starting, Changing Direction and Turning Over ���������������� 98 Underwater Skills ���������������������������������������� 101 Chapter 6: Basic Swimming Strokes Stroke Mechanics���������������������������������������� 106 Front Crawl (Freestyle) ����������������������������������� 106 Back Crawl (Backstroke) ����������������������������������111 Breaststroke �������������������������������������������� 114 Butterfly ������������������������������������������������ 118 Elementary Backstroke ����������������������������������� 123 Sidestroke ����������������������������������������������127 Less Common Strokes ����������������������������������� 132 Chapter 7: Entries, Starts and Turns Headfirst Entries �����������������������������������������135 Competitive Racing Starts �������������������������������� 140 Turns �������������������������������������������������� 143 Chapter 8: Diving Diving Equipment ���������������������������������������� 151 Hydrodynamics of Diving ����������������������������������154 Preparing to Learn Diving Skills ���������������������������� 154 Learning a Basic Dive from the Pool Deck ������������������� 156 Learning Forward Dives from a Springboard ������������������158 PART 3: AQUATICS FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS ________________169 Chapter 9: Aquatics for People with Disabilities or Health Conditions Benefits of Aquatic Activities for People with Disabilities or Health Conditions ��������������������������� 171 Accessibility of Aquatic Activities for People with Disabilities or Health Conditions ��������������������������� 174 Safety Considerations for People with Disabilities or Health Conditions ��������������������������� 178 Contents | vii Chapter 10: Lifetime Fitness and Training Exercising for Fitness ������������������������������������� 184 Fitness Swimming and Aquatic Exercise ��������������������� 191 Training for Competitive Events ���������������������������� 199 APPENDIX A: Opportunities in Aquatics _______________ 208 GLOSSARY
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