Griffith's Plum Yew (Cephalotaxus Griffithii Hook. F.)- a Gymnosperm

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Griffith's Plum Yew (Cephalotaxus Griffithii Hook. F.)- a Gymnosperm International Journal of Research ISSN NO : 2236-6124 NEWTONS 2018 Griffith’s Plum Yew (Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook. f.)- A gymnosperm from Kumaun Himalaya: As a source of total phenolic and total flavonoid compound, Antioxidant potential and Antimicrobial agents Urvashi Verma Department of Botany, D. S. B. Campus, KU, Nainital (Uttarakhand) India- 263002 E-mail- [email protected] Abstract Keywords: Cephalotaxus griffithii, phytochemical, Phytochemicals in medicinal plants have received a phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant, antimicrobial. great deal of attention mainly on their role in preventing diseases caused by microbial attack and I. Inroduction oxidative stress. Many plant species found in Himalaya The present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical area well known for their medicinal value properties of Griffith s plum Yew Cephalotaxus ’ for a long time. The importance of medicinal griffithii Hook. f. needles using two different extracts (hexane and aqueous) by qualitative and quantitative plants is being highlighted as a source of phytochemical methods along with their antibacterial natural antioxidant and functional foods [1]. activity against some gram-positive and gram- The antioxidant property of the plants negative bacteria responsible for many diseases considered the best as it reduces the including human. oxidation processes in the living system [2] From the observed results it is clear that aqueous extract was found more suitable to extract out the and plays an important role in maintaining primary as well as secondary metabolites but hexane health by reducing harmful reactive oxygen was found better for secondary metabolites extraction species (ROS) [3]. In recent years, and also showed good amount of total phenolic and phytochemicals in medicinal plants have total flavonoid content ranged from 210-44 mg/ gm received attention on their role in preventing dry extract weight of the plant with low IC50 value for free radical scavenging activity. diseases caused due to oxidative stress In antimicrobial screening the hexane extracts was which releases ROS such as singlet oxygen found effective against only gram positive bacteria and various radicals as a damaging side- tested with zone of inhibition (ZOI) upto 14 mm at effect of aerobic metabolism. These radicals 1000 µg/ml concentration. These results reveal that are possibly involved in a number of the extracts of C. griffithii is a possible good source of phenolic and flavonoid content as well as good disorders including cardiovascular free radical scavenger along with having good malfunctions, tissue injury, DNA damage, antimicrobial potential and new antibiotics. tumor promotion, kidney and liver disease, 1 Volume 7, Issue VII, JULY/2018 Page No:778 International Journal of Research ISSN NO : 2236-6124 fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis, Northern India, western Sichuan Provience neurodegenerative disorders and aging. in China, Myanmar, Japan and Thailand [15, Several studies suggested that antioxidants 16]. The needles are 2-3 inch long and 3 mm could prevent accumulation of these reactive wide. Bark is blackish green. The plant is oxygen species and beneficial for treatment traditionally used in Manipur, India in the of these pathologies [4,5] Many research treatment of cancer [17]. The major studies have demonstrated that medicinal component of its volatile oil are α-pinene, plants, fruits and vegetables contain various caryophyllene, β-pinene, mytcene and components with antioxidant activity, which limonene [18]. are responsible for their beneficial health II. MATERIAL AND METHODS effects. Due to their natural origin, the antioxidants obtained from plants are of Sample collection greater benefit in comparison to synthetic Leaves (needles) of selected plant was ones. collected during the month of March 2016, Further, antimicrobials of plant origin from district Nainital (Uttarakhand), India have enormous therapeutic potential [6]. and authenticated by Prof. Y. P. S. Pangtey, Human infections particularly those Department of Botany of the Kumaun involving microorganisms i.e. bacteria, University. A voucher specimen was fungi, viruses, cause serious infections in deposited in the departmental herbarium. tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In recent years, multiple drug Solvent Extraction of Plant Material resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms has been developed due to Plant material was thoroughly washed indiscriminate use of commercial off under running tap water and then shade antimicrobial drugs [7]. Over the past dried at room temperature for three-four twenty years, there has been a lot of interest weeks. The air-dried plant material was in the investigation of natural materials as finely grinded and packed in self seal air sources of new antimicrobial agents [8]. The tight polythene bags for further use. use of plants extracts by extracting their Exposure to sunlight was avoided to prevent phytochemicals with known antimicrobial the loss of active components. properties can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. In the last few years, Fine powdered plant material was a number of studies have been conducted in soaked in two different solvents (1:10 w/v) different countries to prove such efficiency. separately i.e. Hexane (highly non-polar) [9-13]. and double distilled water (i.e. aqueous) Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook.f. is a (highly polar) for 48 hours in closed shrub or small tree and grows at altitude of electrical shaker (120 rpm at 25ºC) and then 2000 m. This plant is distributed in Asia filtered with Whatman’s filter paper no.1. [14] and endemic to North east India, Only supernatant was taken and solvent was 0 especially in Mishmi Hills, Assam to evaporated using vacuum evaporator at 40 C and stored at 4ºC for further studies. 2 Volume 7, Issue VII, JULY/2018 Page No:779 International Journal of Research ISSN NO : 2236-6124 Chemicals and reagents colorimetric method given by Singleton and Rossi [20] with certain modifications. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), Absorbance of the sample was measured quercetin, sodium nitrite (NaNO2), ascorbic spectrophotometrically (UV-VIS) at 765nm. acid, Ferric chloride (FeCl3), gallic acid, Quantification of total phenolic content was sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), aluminium based on standard curve of Gallic acid. The chloride (AlCl3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), results were expressed in mg gallic acid potassium per-sulfate (K2S2O8), Ethylene equivalent (GAE)/gm dry extract weight of diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), were the sample. obtained from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India. Folin-Ciocalteu s ’ Determination of Total Flavonoid reagent, Molisch s reagent, conc. H SO , ’ 2 4 Content (TFC) Fehling’s reagent, glacial acetic acid, conc. Content of flavonoids of the sample HCl, NH4OH, Meyer’s reagent (potassiomercuric iodide solution), 2,2 extract were determined by AlCl3 [azinobis (3-ethyl benothiazoline- 6- colorimetric method given by Chang et al, sulphonic acid) diammonium salt] (ABTS), [21] with certain modifications. The hexane, chloroform, ethanol and. methanol absorbance was recorded at 415 nm using were obtained from Merck, Mumbai, India. UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Quantification All chemicals used were of analytical grade. of total flavonoid content was done on the basis of standard curve of Quercetin. Results Media Used : Nutrient agar (NA), were expressed in mg quercetin equivalent Nutrient Broth (NB), Muller Hinton Agar (QE)/gm dry extract weight of the sample. (MHA), Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA), Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) (Hi DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT Media Laboratories Ltd., Bombay). ACTIVITY The antioxidant potential of C. griffithii QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL was evaluated by two different methods, SCREENING DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl), and To assess the chemical composition of ABTS (2,2̍ [azinobis (3 ethyl the plant qualitatively, phytochemical benothiazoline- 6 sulphonic acid). analysis was conducted using hexane and aqueous extracts following Harborne, 1998 DPPH Antioxidant Activity Assay [19]. The DPPH assay was done according to the method of Brand-Williams et al. (1995) QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL [22] with certain modifications. The ASSAYS reduction in absorbance was recorded at 517 Determination of Total Phenolic Content nm in UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Ascorbic (TPC) acid (AA), Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) and Butylated hydroxyl toluene The total phenolic content of the sample (BHT) was used as standard and for control extract was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s 3 Volume 7, Issue VII, JULY/2018 Page No:780 International Journal of Research ISSN NO : 2236-6124 absorbance of DPPH cations was taken 24 hour at 37ºC in shaking condition for without adding sample extract. even suspension of bacterial colonies and maintained equivalent with Mac-Farland ABTS Antioxidant Activity Assay standard (0.5%) as recommended by WHO. The ABTS (2,2̍ -Azinobis-3- Determination of zone of inhibition (ZOI) ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted according to [23, 24] Miller (MIC) et al. (1993) and Re et al. (1999) with minor modifications. The antioxidant activity of Antibacterial tests of selected tested sample was calculated by determining microorganisms were carried out by using . the decrease in the absorbance at different disc diffusion method [25] The freshly concentrations. prepared inoculums was swabbed on MHA plates using sterile cotton swab and left the % scavenging
Recommended publications
  • Complete Chloroplast Genome of Fokienia Hodginsii (Dunn) Henry Et Thomas: Insights Into Repeat Regions Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships in Cupressophyta
    Article Complete Chloroplast Genome of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas: Insights into Repeat Regions Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships in Cupressophyta Mingyue Zang 1 , Qian Su 1, Yuhao Weng 1, Lu Lu 1, Xueyan Zheng 2, Daiquan Ye 2, Renhua Zheng 3, Tielong Cheng 1,4, Jisen Shi 1 and Jinhui Chen 1,4,* 1 Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (Q.S.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 National Germplasm Bank of Chinese fir at Fujian Yangkou Forest Farm, Shunchang 353211, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (D.Y.) 3 The Key Laboratory of Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, State Forestry Administration Engineering Research Center of Chinese Fir, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou 350012, China; [email protected] 4 College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-25-85428948 Received: 24 May 2019; Accepted: 21 June 2019; Published: 26 June 2019 Abstract: Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas is a relic gymnosperm with broad application value. It is a fit candidate when choosing species for the construction of artificial forests. We determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of F. hodginsii, which is 129,534 bp in length and encodes 83 protein genes, 33 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, as well as four ribosomal RNA genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Analysis in This Report
    Environmental Impacts Assessment Report on Project Construction Project name: European Investment Bank Loan Hunan Camellia Oil Development Project Construction entity (Seal): Foreign Fund Project Administration Office of Forestry Department of Hunan Province Date of preparation: July 1st, 2012 Printed by State Environmental Protection Administration of China Notes for Preparation of Environmental Impacts Assessment Report on Project Construction An Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) Report shall be prepared by an entity qualified for conducting the work of environmental impacts assessment. 1. Project title shall refer to the name applied by the project at the time when it is established and approved, which shall in no case exceed 30 characters (and every two English semantic shall be deemed as one Chinese character) 2. Place of Construction shall refer to the detailed address of project location, and where a highway or railway is involved, names of start station and end station shall be provided. 3. Industry category shall be stated according to the Chinese national standards. 4. Total Investment Volume shall refer to the investment volume in total of the project. 5. Principal Targets for Environment Protection shall refer to centralized residential quarters, schools, hospitals, protected culture relics, scenery areas, water sources and ecological sensitive areas within certain radius of the project area, for which the objective, nature, size and distance from project boundary shall be set out as practical as possible. 6. Conclusion and suggestions shall include analysis results for clean production, up-to-standard discharge and total volume control of the project; a determination on effectiveness of pollution control measures; an explanation on environmental impacts by the project, and a clear-cut conclusion on feasibility of the construction project.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Wa Shan – Emei Shan, a Further Comparison
    photograph © Zhang Lin A rare view of Wa Shan almost minus its shroud of mist, viewed from the Abies fabri forested slopes of Emei Shan. At its far left the mist-filled Dadu River gorge drops to 500-600m. To its right the 3048m high peak of Mao Kou Shan climbed by Ernest Wilson on 3 July 1903. “As seen from the top of Mount Omei, it resembles a huge Noah’s Ark, broadside on, perched high up amongst the clouds” (Wilson 1913, describing Wa Shan floating in the proverbial ‘sea of clouds’). Wa Shan – Emei Shan, a further comparison CHRIS CALLAGHAN of the Australian Bicentennial Arboretum 72 updates his woody plants comparison of Wa Shan and its sister mountain, World Heritage-listed Emei Shan, finding Wa Shan to be deserving of recognition as one of the planet’s top hotspots for biological diversity. The founding fathers of modern day botany in China all trained at western institutions in Europe and America during the early decades of last century. In particular, a number of these eminent Chinese botanists, Qian Songshu (Prof. S. S. Chien), Hu Xiansu (Dr H. H. Hu of Metasequoia fame), Chen Huanyong (Prof. W. Y. Chun, lead author of Cathaya argyrophylla), Zhong Xinxuan (Prof. H. H. Chung) and Prof. Yung Chen, undertook their training at various institutions at Harvard University between 1916 and 1926 before returning home to estab- lish the initial Chinese botanical research institutions, initiate botanical exploration and create the earliest botanical gardens of China (Li 1944). It is not too much to expect that at least some of them would have had personal encounters with Ernest ‘Chinese’ Wilson who was stationed at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard between 1910 and 1930 for the final 20 years of his life.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitteilungen Der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft
    : l8 Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft. 1898. Ein leichter Schutz des Erdreichs durch Nadelholzreisig, besonders der etwas empfindlichen Rhododendron ist Vorteil. Ein Schutz gegen strenge Insolation in den angegebenen Zeiten, ist bei sämtlichen immergrünen Gehölzen von grofsem Nutzen. Herr Brei/schwerdt -MdLinz (bis vergangenes Jahr in Donaueschingen in Stellung) bestätigt des Vorredners Mitteilung betreffs der Rhododendron in Donaueschingen und teilt mit, dafs auch die Neupflanzungen dort vortrefflich gedeihen. Nunmehr berichtet Garteninspektor jS'fz/y/^«?;'- Poppelsdorf- Bonn über „Neues und Interessantes über Coniferen" unter Vorlage seltener Coniferen- Zapfen. Neues und Interessantes über Coniferen. Von Ij. Beissner, Königl, Garteninspektor in Poppelsdorf bei Bonn. Seit dem letzten über Coniferen erstatteten Berichte ist wieder manches Be- merkenswerte zu verzeichnen. Zuerst nenne ich eine wohl wenig bekannte und verbreitete Form von Biota nämlich Biota orientalis sphaeroidea glauca, welche ich von Herrn Simon Louis Freres in Plantieres bei Metz erhielt. Es ist eine Kugelform von bläulicher Färbung und bietet dadurch besonders Interesse, dafs sie alle Übergänge in der Bezweigung trägt von der Jugendform decussata zu meldensis bis zur nor- malen orientalis. Solche Exemplare veranschaulichen besonders deutlich die ver- schiedenen Entwickelungsstadien ein und derselben Pflanzenart, welche jede für sich durch Stecklinge fortgepflanzt, für den Nichtkenner als ganz abweichende Individuen, immer noch zu Schwierigkeiten
    [Show full text]
  • Discrimination and Genetic Diversity of Cephalotaxus Accessions Using AFLP Markers
    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 125(4):404–412. 2000. Discrimination and Genetic Diversity of Cephalotaxus Accessions Using AFLP Markers Donglin Zhang Landscape Horticulture Program, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5722 Michael A. Dirr and Robert A. Price1 Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. DNA, markers, taxonomy, PCR, phenogram, cultivar ABSTRACT. Cephalotaxus Sieb. and Zucc. (plum yew) species and cultivars have become popular because of their sun and shade tolerance, resistance to deer browsing, disease and insect tolerance, and cold and heat adaptability. Unfortunately, the nomenclature and classification in the literature and nursery trade are confusing due to their extreme similarity in morphology. In this study, amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to discriminate taxa and evaluate genetic differences among 90 Cephalotaxus accessions. A total of 403 useful markers between 75 and 500 base pairs (bps) was generated from three primer-pair combinations. Cluster analysis showed that the 90 accessions can be classified as four species, C. oliveri Mast., C. fortunei Hooker, C. harringtonia (Forbes) Koch., and C. ×sinensis (a hybrid species); four varieties, C. fortunei var. alpina Li, C. harringtonia var. koreana (Nakai) Rehd., C. harringtonia var. nana (Nakai) Hornibr., and C. harringtonia var. wilsoniana (Hayata) Kitamura; and eight cultivars. Suggested names are provided for mislabeled or misidentified taxa. The Cephalotaxus AFLP data serve as a guide to researchers and growers for identification and genetic differences of a taxon, and a model to establish a cultivar library against which later introductions or problematic collections can be cross-referenced.
    [Show full text]
  • CEPHALOTAXACEAE 1. CEPHALOTAXUS Siebold
    Flora of China 4: 85–88. 1999. CEPHALOTAXACEAE 三尖杉科 san jian shan ke Fu Liguo (傅立国 Fu Li-kuo)1, Li Nan (李楠)2; Robert R. Mill3 Trees or shrubs evergreen, dioecious (occasionally monoecious); bud scales persistent. Leaves 2-ranked, pectinately arranged and leafy branchlets elliptic to obdeltoid in outline, decussate or ± opposite, sessile or subsessile, basally somewhat twisted; blade linear, linear-lanceolate, or occasionally lanceolate, midvein green abaxially, elevated on both surfaces, stomatal bands 2, abaxial, each comprising 11–24 rows of stomata, usually appearing white because of powdery covering, as wide as or usually wider than midvein, marginal bands green, as wide as or narrower than midvein, resin canal abaxial. Pollen cones borne on branches of preceding year, aggregated into capitula of 6–8; capitula axillary, solitary, pedunculate or subsessile; peduncle usually with several spirally arranged scales, rarely naked; cones subtended by 1 ovate or triangular-ovate bract; microsporophylls 4–16, each with (2 or)3(or 4) pollen sacs; pollen nonsaccate. Seed cones borne from axils of terminal bud scales, 1–6(–8) per bud, long pedunculate; floral axis with several pairs of decussate bracts each bearing 2 erect, axillary ovules. Seeds ripening in 2nd year, drupelike, completely enclosed by succulent aril, ovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, apex mucronate. Cotyledons 2. Germination epigeal. One genus and eight to eleven species: China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; six species (three endemic) in China. There is currently debate about whether the Cephalotaxaceae should continue to be recognized as separate from the Taxaceae. Cephalotaxus appears to form a distinct lineage related to Taxaceae; however, it differs from that family in its seed cones, which have several 2-ovulate bracts, instead of a single fertile, 1-ovulate bract.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Inventory Plant List
    BARTLETT RESEARCH ARBORETUM MASTER INVENTORY AS OF 02 OCT 2020 PAGE 1 ACCESSION NAME QTY LOCATION CONDITION 2000-327*A Abelia chinensis mass H-14 excellent 2000-328*A Abelia chinensis mass I-09 good 2007-0577*A Abelia chinensis mass M-13 good 2007-0577*B Abelia chinensis mass M-13 good 2007-0577*C Abelia chinensis mass M-13 good 2000-280*A Abelia 'Edward Goucher' mass I-12 good 2004-080*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Francis Mason' 1 M-12 good 2004-081*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Francis Mason' 1 L-12 good 2007-0354*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Kaleidoscope' 1 N-12 good 2007-0354*F Abelia x grandiflora 'Kaleidoscope' mass M-14 good 2020-0331*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Kaleidoscope' 1 B-05 good 2020-0331*B Abelia x grandiflora 'Kaleidoscope' 1 B-05 good 2020-0331*E Abelia x grandiflora 'Kaleidoscope' 1 B-05 good 1999-208*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Little Richard' mass O-12 excellent 2000-278*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Little Richard' mass I-12 good 2000-279*A Abelia x grandiflora 'Little Richard' mass I-13 good 2006-0165*C Abelia x grandiflora 'Little Richard' mass M-14 good 2012-0641*D Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2012-0641*E Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2012-0641*F Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2012-0641*G Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2012-0641*H Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2012-0641*I Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2012-0641*J Abelia x grandiflora 'Radiance' 1 O-12 good 2016-0405*A Abelia [Pinky Bells] = 'Lynn' 1 M-14 good 2016-0405*B Abelia [Pinky Bells] = 'Lynn' 1 M-14
    [Show full text]
  • Open As a Single Document
    Volume 48 Number 2 Spring 1988 Arnoldia (ISSN 0004-2633; USPS 866-100) is pub- Page lished in quarterly, winter, spring, summer, and fall, 2 The Vulnerable and Plants of by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Endangered Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Subscriptions are $12.00 per calendar year domestic, Province, China $15.00 per calendar year foreign, payable in advance. Zou Shou-qing Single copies are $3.50. All remittances must be in U. S. dollars, by check drawn on a U. S. bank or by 9 Transplanting Botany to China: The Cross- international money order. Send subscription orders, remittances, change-of-address notices, and all other Cultural Experience of Chen Huanyong subscription-related communications to: Helen G. William J. Haas Shea, Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, The Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-2795. Telephone (617) 524-1718. Postmaster: Send address changes to: Arnoldia The Arnold Arboretum Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-2795. Copyright © 1988, The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Edmund A. Schofield, Editor Peter Del Tredici, Associate Editor Helen G. Shea, Circulation Manager Marion D. Cahan, Editorial Assistant (Volunteer) Arnoldia is printed by the Office of the University Publisher, Harvard University. 26 Forestry in Fujuan Province, People’s Front cover:-Painting of Aquilaria sinensis (Loureiro) Republic of China, during the Cultural Gilg, a rare Chinese shrub. (See pages 2 through 8.) Revolution ~.Inside front cover:-Portrait of Chen Huanyong Richard B. Primack ( 1890-1971 as a young man. From The Index, the junior annual of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, for 1913. Used through the courtesy of the Archives of the 30 INTERVIEW University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Cephalotaxus Oliveri
    GBE The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Cephalotaxus oliveri (Cephalotaxaceae): Evolutionary Comparison of Cephalotaxus Chloroplast DNAs and Insights into the Loss of Inverted Repeat Copies in Gymnosperms Xuan Yi1,y,LeiGao1,y,BoWang1, Ying-Juan Su2,3,*,andTingWang1,* 1CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 3Institute for Technology Research and Innovation of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China *Corresponding authors: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]. yThese authors contributed equally to this work. Accepted: March 12, 2013 Data deposition: The complete cp genome of Cephalotaxus oliveri has been deposited at GenBank under the accession KC136217. Abstract We have determined the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Cephalotaxus oliveri. The genome is 134,337 bp in length, encodes 113 genes, and lacks inverted repeat (IR) regions. Genome-wide mutational dynamics have been investigated through comparative analysis of the cp genomes of C. oliveri and C. wilsoniana. Gene order transformation analyses indicate that when distinct isomers are considered as alternative structures for the ancestral cp genome of cupressophyte and Pinaceae lineages, it is not possible to distinguish between hypotheses favoring retention of the same IR region in cupressophyte and Pinaceae cp genomes from a hypothesis proposing independent loss of IRA and IRB. Furthermore, in cupressophyte cp genomes, the highly reduced IRs are replaced by short repeats that have the potential to mediate homologous recombination, analogous to the situation in Pinaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vulnerable and Endangered Plants of Xishuangbanna
    The Vulnerable and Endangered Plants of Xishuang- banna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China Zou Shou-qing Efforts are now being taken to preserve endangered species in the rich tropical flora of China’s "Kingdom of Plants and Animals" Xishuangbanna Prefecture is a tropical area of broadleaf forest-occurs in Xishuangbanna. China situated in southernmost Yunnan Coniferous forest develops above 1,200 me- Province, on the border with Laos and Burma. ters. In addition, Xishuangbanna lies at the Lying between 21°00’ and 21°30’ North Lati- transitional zone between the floras of Ma- tude and 99°55’ and 101°15’ East Longitude, laya, Indo-Himalaya, and South China and the prefecture occupies 19,220 square kilo- therefore boasts a great number of plant spe- meters of territory. It attracts Chinese and cies. So far, about 4,000 species of vascular non-Chinese botanists alike and is known plants have been identified. This means that popularly as the "Kingdom of Plants and Xishuangbanna, an area occupying only 0.22 Animals." The Langchan River passes percent of China, supports about 12 percent through its middle. of the species in China’s flora. The species be- Xishuangbanna is very hilly, about 95 per- long to 1,471 genera in 264 families and in- cent of its terrain being hills and low, undu- clude 262 species of ferns in 94 genera and 47 lating mountains that reach 500 to 1,500 families, 25 species of gymnosperms in 12 meters in elevation. The highest peak is 2,400 genera and 9 families, and 3,700 species of meters in elevation.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Collection Policy for The
    Collection Policy for the Living Collection David Rae (Editor), Peter Baxter, David Knott, David Mitchell, David Paterson and Barry Unwin 3908_Coll_policy.indd 1 21/9/06 3:24:25 pm 2 | ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN EDINBURGH COLLECTION POLICY FOR THE LIVING COLLECTION Contents Regius Keeper’s Foreword 3 Section IV Collection types 22 Introduction 22 Introduction 3 Conservation collections 22 PlantNetwork Target 8 project 24 Purpose, aims and objectives 3 Scottish Plant Project 25 International Conifer Conservation Programme 25 Section I National and international context, National Council for the Conservation of Plants stakeholders and user groups 4 and Gardens (NCCPG) 25 Off-site collections 26 National and international context 4 Convention on Biological Diversity 4 Heritage or historic plants, plant collections or Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 4 landscape features 27 Plant Diversity Challenge 5 British native plants International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Scottish Plants Project (formerly known as the Conservation 6 Scottish Rare Plants Project) 29 Action Plan for the Botanic gardens in the European Union & Planta Europa 6 Section V Acquisition and transfer 30 Convention on Trade in Endangered species of Introduction 30 Wild Flora and Fauna 8 Fieldwork 30 Global warming/outside influences 8 Index Seminum 31 Stakeholders and user groups 9 Other seed and plant catalogues 31 Research and conservation 9 Acquisition 31 Education and teaching 10 Repatriation 32 Interpretation 10 Policy for the short to medium term storage Phenology 10
    [Show full text]