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An Analysis of the Collection Histories of Fake Zapotec Urns at the National Museum of the American Indian

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An Analysis of the Collection Histories of Fake Zapotec Urns at the National Museum of the American Indian An Analysis of the Collection Histories of Fake Zapotec Urns at The National Museum of the American Indian By Annette Neubert B.A. in Anthropology, May 2009, George Mason University A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts January 31, 2012 Thesis Directed by Jeffrey P. Blomster Associate Professor of Anthropology Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my friends and family for every single “You can do it!” during the countless conversations concerning my thesis. Most especially to my husband and daughter for their patience, support, and encouragement throughout this project. To Dr. Jeffrey Blomster, there are not enough “thank you’s” possible to express my gratitude for your patience, support, and guidance over the past year. Very special thanks must be given to Dr. Catherine Allen for acting as second reader on this thesis. To Dr. Alexander Benitez, who first encouraged me to study the National Museum of the American Indian’s Zapotec urns, that is truly when this research began. I must also acknowledge Dr. Adam T. Sellen, it is due to his insights regarding Zapotec urns that I had objects to study. I thank Dr. Jane Walsh of the Smithsonian Institution for her comments on an earlier draft of this thesis. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Susan Haskell at Harvard’s Peabody Museum for providing valuable information regarding one of the Peabody’s Zapotec urns. And finally, to the archives and collections staff at the National Museum of the American Indian, for granting me access to the collections and archival documents, and especially for answering random questions from a confused graduate student. ii Abstract of Thesis An Analysis of the Collection Histories of Fake Zapotec Urns at The National Museum of the American Indian The collecting frenzy of the late 1800s and early 1900s marks a time of museum building and the growth of archaeology as a profession in the United States. During this time, anthropologists, archaeologists, museums, and collectors sought to acquire “primitive” art. As demand grew, fake artifacts were introduced into the collecting world. As scholars did not have in-depth knowledge of certain cultures, such as the Zapotecs, fake artifacts were often accepted as authentic. For museums, documented fake artifacts throw suspicion over other objects in the collection, and can damage a museum’s reputation. Archaeological research can be damaged when fake artifacts are studied vis-à-vis authentic pieces. For the collector, a fake artifact results in a loss of prestige and exchange value. Today, scholars have noted numerous fake Zapotec urns in nearly every museum collection acquired before the 1930s. This thesis project researched the collection histories of thirty-three fake Zapotec urns in the National Museum of the American Indian as identified by Adam Sellen, in an effort to rediscover the objects’ provenances and histories of acquisition. In this thesis I argue that conducting archival research and the use of various scholarly and Internet resources to rediscover the collection histories of museum artifacts is integral to the authentication process of museum collection. I argue that the lives of the collectors involved and the life histories of fake objects allow for the assessment of the authenticity of other objects in the same collection and illuminate the cultural contexts surrounding the production, exchange, and collection of fake Zapotec urns. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii Abstract of Thesis ............................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Artifacts’ Life Histories ............................................................................................................. 4 The Problem of Zapotec Urns ................................................................................................... 6 Mesoamerica and the Zapotecs ................................................................................................. 8 Oaxaca Today and Authenticity ............................................................................................. 14 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Life Histories of Fakes and Forgeries: An Overview of the Thesis ..................................... 18 Chapter 2 – Authenticity ................................................................................................ 20 Defining the Authentic ............................................................................................................. 21 Fake, Copy, Replica, Real? ...................................................................................................... 25 Authenticity and the Experience ............................................................................................. 29 The Problem of Fakes .............................................................................................................. 32 Chapter – 3 Fakes in Museums ................................................................................... 39 Collecting Practices of early Collectors and Museums ......................................................... 41 Heye, Collecting, and the Development of the MAI ............................................................... 47 Why Fake? ................................................................................................................................ 53 Overcoming Science ................................................................................................................. 57 Chapter 4 - Zapotec Funerary Urns .............................................................................. 63 Authentic Zapotec Urns ........................................................................................................... 64 Early Excavations and Collections ......................................................................................... 67 Uncovered Fakes ....................................................................................................................... 69 Zapotec Urns on the Market ................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 5 – The NMAI Urns ......................................................................................... 80 Collection’s Database Records of the NMAI’s Fake Urns ................................................... 80 Traits of the NMAI Urns ......................................................................................................... 83 Clay Color .............................................................................................................................. 84 Incorrect Iconography ........................................................................................................... 84 Position of Figure .................................................................................................................. 85 Similarities Between Forgeries .............................................................................................. 86 Chapter 6 – The Life Histories of the NMAI’s Fake Zapotec Urns ........................... 96 Andrew Hooton Blackiston – The Collector .......................................................................... 98 The Toltec Club, A. H. Blackiston, and Zapotec Urns ......................................................... 103 George and Thea Heye and Paris ......................................................................................... 105 The William L. Morkill Collection ....................................................................................... 108 Chapter 7 - Authenticity, Fakes, and the Future ....................................................... 113 The Value of Fakes ................................................................................................................. 115 The NMAI Fakes .................................................................................................................... 116 The Next Step .......................................................................................................................... 119 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 121 iv Appendix A – Photos of Urns ....................................................................................... 137 v List of Figures Figure 1-1 Map of the state of Oaxaca 8 Table 1-1 Cultural periods of Mesoamerica and Oaxaca 9 Figure 4-1 Zapotec urn, fake, representing standing human figure. NMAI Catalog number 163626.000 76 Figure 5-1 Snake-like motifs on headdresses of two urns. 85 Figure 5-2 Cylindrical urn, fake, with seated human figure. NMAI Catalog number 163630.000 86 Figure 5-3 Cylindrical urn, fake, with kneeling human figure. NMAI Catalog number 166069.000 86 Figure 5-4 Urn, fake, representing
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