Flucht Aus Auschwitz: Sechzig Jahre Danach
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Thesis Front Matter
Memories of Youth: Slovak Jewish Holocaust Survivors and the Nováky Labor Camp Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Antony Polonsky & Joanna B. Michlic, Advisors In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Karen Spira May 2011 Copyright by Karen Spira ! 2011 ABSTRACT Memories of Youth: Slovak Jewish Holocaust Survivors and the Nováky Labor Camp A thesis presented to the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Karen Spira The fate of Jewish children and families is one of the understudied social aspects of the Holocaust. This thesis aims to fill in the lacuna by examining the intersection of Jewish youth and families, labor camps, and the Holocaust in Slovakia primarily using oral testimonies. Slovak Jewish youth survivors gave the testimonies to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem, Israel. Utilizing methodology for examining children during the Holocaust and the use of testimonies in historical writing, this thesis reveals the reaction of Slovak Jewish youth to anti-Jewish legislation and the Holocaust. This project contributes primary source based research to the historical record on the Holocaust in Slovakia, the Nováky labor camp, and the fate of Jewish youth. The testimonies reveal Jewish daily life in pre-war Czechoslovakia, how the youth understood the rise in antisemitism, and how their families ultimately survived the Holocaust. Through an examination of the Nováky labor camp, we learn how Jewish families and communities were able to remain together throughout the war, maintain Jewish life, and how they understood the policies and actions enacted upon them. -
The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 Ii Introduction Introduction Iii
Introduction i The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 ii Introduction Introduction iii The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 –1965 Michael Phayer INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bloomington and Indianapolis iv Introduction This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://www.indiana.edu/~iupress Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] © 2000 by John Michael Phayer All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and re- cording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of Ameri- can University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Perma- nence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phayer, Michael, date. The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 / Michael Phayer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-253-33725-9 (alk. paper) 1. Pius XII, Pope, 1876–1958—Relations with Jews. 2. Judaism —Relations—Catholic Church. 3. Catholic Church—Relations— Judaism. 4. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945) 5. World War, 1939– 1945—Religious aspects—Catholic Church. 6. Christianity and an- tisemitism—History—20th century. I. Title. BX1378 .P49 2000 282'.09'044—dc21 99-087415 ISBN 0-253-21471-8 (pbk.) 2 3 4 5 6 05 04 03 02 01 Introduction v C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi 1. -
Jews, Poles, and Slovaks: a Story of Encounters, 1944-48
JEWS, POLES, AND SLOVAKS: A STORY OF ENCOUNTERS, 1944-48 by Anna Cichopek-Gajraj A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Todd M. Endelman, Co-Chair Associate Professor Brian A. Porter-Sz űcs, Co-Chair Professor Zvi Y. Gitelman Professor Piotr J. Wróbel, University of Toronto This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and Ari ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly appreciative of the help and encouragement I have received during the last seven years at the University of Michigan. I have been fortunate to learn from the best scholars in the field. Particular gratitude goes to my supervisors Todd M. Endelman and Brian A. Porter-Sz űcs without whom this dissertation could not have been written. I am also thankful to my advisor Zvi Y. Gitelman who encouraged me to apply to the University of Michigan graduate program in the first place and who supported me in my scholarly endeavors ever since. I am also grateful to Piotr J. Wróbel from the University of Toronto for his invaluable revisions and suggestions. Special thanks go to the Department of History, the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, and the Center of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Michigan. Without their financial support, I would not have been able to complete the program. I also want to thank the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York, the Ronald and Eileen Weiser Foundation in Ann Arbor, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York, and the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC for their grants. -
The Holocaust in Historical Perspective Yehuda Bauer
The Holocaust The Historicalin Perspective Bauer Yehuda The Holocaust in Historical The Holocaust Perspective Yehuda Bauer in Historical Between 1941 and 1945, the Nazi regime em barked on a deliberate policy of mass murder that resulted in the deaths of nearly six million Jews. What the Nazis attempted was nothing less than the total physical annihilation of the Perspective Jewish people. This unprecedented atrocity has come to be known as the Holocaust. In this series of four essays, a distinguished his torian brings the central issues of the holocaust to the attention of the general reader. The re sult is a well-informed, forceful, and eloquent work, a major contribution to Holocaust histo Yehuda Bauer riography. The first chapter traces the background of Nazi antisemitism, outlines the actual murder cam paign, and poses questions regarding the reac tion in the West, especially on the part of American Jewish leadership. The second chap ter, “Against Mystification,” analyzes the vari ous attempts to obscure what really happened. Bauer critically evaluates the work of historians or pseudohistorians who have tried to deny or explain away the Holocaust, as well as those who have attempted to turn it into a mystical experience. Chapter 3 discusses the problem of the “by stander.” Bauer examines the variety of re sponses to the Holocaust on the part of Gen tiles in Axis, occupied, Allied, and neutral lands. He attempts to establish some general (continued on back flap) The Holocaust The Historicalin Perspective Bauer Yehuda The Holocaust in Historical The Holocaust Perspective Yehuda Bauer in Historical Between 1941 and 1945, the Nazi regime em barked on a deliberate policy of mass murder that resulted in the deaths of nearly six million Jews. -
Introduction
INTRODUCTION R On the day when the ‘Jewish star’ (Judenstern) decree came into force in the Greater German Reich, Petr Ginz, a thirteen-year-old resident of Prague, wrote in his diary: ‘It’s foggy. The Jews have to wear a badge … I counted sixty-nine sheriffs on the way to school, and then mummy saw more than a hundred’.1 So far, historical studies on anti-Jewish policies in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia have viewed the introduction of the ‘Jewish badge’ as the application of a German law and nothing more. In fact, it had a far more interesting and complex background. The impetus for this Reich-wide decree actually came from the capital of the Protectorate in July 1941 rather than Berlin, where Goebbels merely adopted the proposal. As we will see, however, the German Reich protector (Reichsprotektor) did not come up with this idea on his own. It was in fact proposed in earlier submissions from Czech fascists and had been discussed by the ruling Czech party. The present study thus seeks to answer a number of new questions. What was the relative importance of German and Czech persecution within the Protectorate? What scope and significance did local and regional initiatives have? How autonomous and radical were developments in the Protectorate in comparison with Germany, Austria and occupied Poland? How did discriminatory policies affect the Jewish population? And – especially important – how did the Czech Jews respond to worsening persecution? "THE HOLOCAUST IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses" by Wolf Gruner, Translated from the German by Alex Skinner. -
Jewish Question" 1939-1941
The Protectorate Government and the "Jewish Question" 1939-1941 Livia Rothkirchen Prior to the end of the war, while still in exile in London, Jaromír Smutný, chef de cabinet of President Dr. Eduard Beneš, already dwelt on the issue of "collaboration." In 1943, he wrote: "The problem of Hácha is as specific as are similar problems of Pétain, Laval, Darlan and other politicians." At the same time, he advised that the judgment should be left to a later date, when these issues could be examined in a broader context and "without passion." 1 Indeed, while the case of Emil Hácha, the Protectorate state president, is described in the historiography as "clear-cut collaboration," the stance of General Alois Eliáš, the premier of the Czech government, remains one of the most intriguing riddles in the history of World War II.2 His unique policy of retardation and "double game," as well his tragic fate are without parallel during the war. Eliáš was the only prime minister to be tried by the Nazis for high treason and executed. The American scholar Stanley Hoffmann, in his perceptive analysis "Self Ensnared, Collaboration with Nazi Germany,"3 discussing the stance of the wartime Vichy government, has come to some overriding conclusions. He distinguishes between two types of collaboration: (1) "State collaboration," i.e., safeguarding interests in interstate relationships between the defeated state and the victor; and (2) collaborationism with the Nazis, in an openly willful cooperation and imitation of the German regime [which in effect meant voluntary activity], either in a drive for career 1 This is a revised and expanded version of a paper delivered at an international conference in Ostrava in 1994; see "Motivy a zámĕr protektorátní vlády v řešení židovské otázky," in Ludmila Nesládková, ed., Nisko 1939/1940; The Case Nisko in the History of the Final Solution of the Jewish Problem," Proceedings, International Academic Conference (Nisko 1939/1940) (Ostrava: Facultas Philosophica Universitatis Ostraviensis, 1995), pp. -
University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton
University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES The Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile and the Jews during World War 2 (1938-1948) By Jan Láníček Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2010 1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Doctor of Philosophy THE CZECHOSLOVAK GOVERNMENT-IN-EXILE AND THE JEWS DURING WORLD WAR 2 (1938-1948) by Jan Láníček The thesis analyses Czechoslovak-Jewish relations in the twentieth century using the case study of the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile in London and its activities during the Second World War. In order to present the research in a wider perspective, it covers the period between the Munich Agreement, when the first politicians left Czechoslovakia, and the Communist Coup in February 1948. Hence the thesis evaluates the political activities and plans of the Czechoslovak exiles, as well as the implementation of the plans in liberated Czechoslovakia after 1945. -
Jan Masaryk and the Palestinian Solution Solving the German, Jewish, and Statelessness Questions in East Central Europe
S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. Sarah A. Cramsey Jan Masaryk and the Palestinian Solution Solving the German, Jewish, and Statelessness Questions in East Central Europe Abstract This article uses war-time speeches, notes scribbled on postwar planning pamphlets, confi- dential government letters and private conversations from the early to mid-1940s to demon- strate how Jan Masaryk’s understanding of postwar Jewish questions, namely who belongs to the Jewish people and where do those Jewish people belong geographically, cannot be unwoven from broader questions regarding German belonging in the Czechoslovak body politic. While the Czechoslovak Foreign Minister remained committed to resolving state- lessness as a condition and wanted to protect Czech and Slovak-speaking Jews in his recon- stituted postwar state, his commitment to purging Czechoslovakia of its German minority trumped his other beliefs. This obsession with cleansing the Czechoslovak body politic of Germans and German groupness captivated Jan Masaryk so much that he sometimes failed to differentiate German-speaking Czechoslovak Jews from the broader ethnically German mass. Therefore, scholars who desire to understand how Jan Masaryk utilized his power and influence to keep the bricha flowing across the Polish-Czechoslovakian border in 1946 or how he lobbied for the creation of a Jewish polity in the Middle East, must evaluate how his broader Weltanschauung necessitated the reorganization of all east central European peo- ples along political lines. In this way, Masaryk’s postwar commitment to enabling Jewish movement away from east central Europe and towards a faraway, ethnicized polity is best understand within the context of the overall ethnic revolution, which gripped the region between Berlin and Moscow across the 1940s. -
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UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Holocaust Writing and Research Since 1945 Sir Martin Gilbert W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Holocaust Writing and Research Since 1945 Sir Martin Gilbert JOSEPH AND REBECCA MEYERHOFF ANNUAL LECTURE 26 SEPTEMBER 2000 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, July 2001 Copyright © 2001 by Sir Martin Gilbert THE JOSEPH AND REBECCA MEYERHOFF ANNUAL LECTURE on the Holocaust has been endowed by a 1994 grant from the Meyerhoff family to promote excellence in and to disseminate Holocaust research. Lifelong residents of Baltimore, Joseph and Rebecca Meyerhoff were involved in philanthropic activities in the United States and overseas in music and the arts, Jewish learning and scholarship, and human services, among other concerns. Jewish history and education were a primary focus in their philanthropic efforts. This tradition has been upheld and enhanced by their children and their children’s children. Their son, Harvey M. Meyerhoff, is Chairman Emeritus of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. The annual lecture is held in the Joseph and Rebecca Meyerhoff Theater of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Mr. Meyerhoff, Rabbi Greenberg, Ambassador Kampelman, Sara Bloomfield, Paul Shapiro, ladies and gentlemen. I am greatly honoured to be asked to give the Joseph and Rebecca Meyerhoff Annual Lecture, and to speak to you this evening on Holocaust writing and research since 1945. -
Paulovicova Nina Spring 2012
University of Alberta Rescue of Jews in the Slovak State (1939 – 1945) by Nina Paulovicova A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics ©Nina Paulovicova Spring 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract This dissertation targets the topic of rescue of Jews in the Holocaust in World War II. It offers a thorough examination of the defiance mechanics of rescue and looks at how precisely rescuers undermine the pillars of totalitarian regimes. The locus for the empirical part is the Slovak State, a puppet state of Nazi Germany. This dissertation scrutinizes the mindset behind efforts to assist Jews, the obstacles on paths to rescue as well as strategies applied in order to overcome legal and societal persecution of Jews. This project builds on the premise that agencies of any individual fluctuate, merge and change accordingly with the developments of the war. -
Uncovering the Shoah: Resistance of Jews and Efforts to Inform the World on Genocide
Uncovering the Shoah: Resistance of Jews and Efforts to Inform the World on Genocide Proceedings from the Conference Žilina, Slovakia, 25 – 26 August 2015 International Christian Embassy Jerusalem Historical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences Proceedings from the conference Uncovering the Shoah: Resistance of Jews and Efforts to Inform the World on Genocide Editors: Ján Hlavinka, Hana Kubátová, Fedor Blaščák Žilina, Slovakia, 25 – 26 August 2015 The conference and this publication were made possible through a generous contribution by the Conference on the Jewish Material Claims to Germany Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 4 The Escape of Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler from Auschwitz and the Fate of Their Report7 The History of the Escape of Arnošt Rosin and Czeslaw Mordowicz from the Auschwitz – Birkenau Concentration Camp to Slovakia in 1944 ................................................................. 18 Dionýz Lénard and Leo (Ladislav) Junger – Escapees from the Lublin District and their Effort to Inform the World About the Mass Killing of Jews .............................................................. 39 The President, the Government of the Slovak Republic, and the Deportations of Jews from Slovakia in 1942 ....................................................................................................................... 63 Attempts of the “Working Group” to Save Jews from Deportations ...................................... -
'Frightful Crimes': British Press Responses to the Holocaust 1944-45
'Frightful Crimes': British Press Responses to the Holocaust 1944-45 Paul David Mosley, Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Master of Arts Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. Department of History, Faculty of Arts The University of Melbourne October, 2002 Produced on Acid-Free Paper ii Abstract This thesis investigates how the British press responded to the extermination of European Jewry in 1944 and 1945, well after the West first received reliable reports about the mass killings of Jews in the middle of 1942. Most historians have argued that the press was reluctant to publicise the mass murder of Europe's Jews in 1942, and they contend that this subject was also neglected in the last two years of the war. But their claims have not been substantiated by a systematic press survey. This thesis provides a systematic analysis of the British press's response to the Holocaust in 1944 and 1945. There were three crucial developments relating to the extermination of European Jewry in 1944 and 1945. With the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944 its Jewish population of approximately 800,000 faced extermination. Between May and July of the same year almost 400,000 Hungarian Jews were deported to Poland where, at Auschwitz-Birkenau, most were exterminated. In April and May 1945 Allied forces began to uncover concentration camps in Germany into which many Jews (including many thousands from Hungary) had entered after being expelled from Polish extermination camps such as Auschwitz. As the German concentration camps were liberated, many Jews were found among the freed inmates.