DOCSLIB.ORG

Project MIMEVA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Project MIMEVA Project MIMEVA Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Final Report 6 HH Pol HV Pol 4 VV Pol 2 0 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Norm. Backscattered Fields Backscattered Norm. Time (ns) Prepared for DG Information Society (DG INFSO) Unit E-6 Contract reference (administrative agreement): AA 501852 European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems, Informatics and Safety Technologies for Detection and Positioning Unit TP 272, Via E. Fermi, 1 I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining This final project report is based upon the contractually deliverable items listed below: D 1.2: Final List of mines for which Validation Tests will need to be Conducted with Advanced APL Detection Equipment D2.1:Report on the Available Methods for Replication of Landmines These documents, together with background text and supplementary information identified as relevant to the project have been edited together to form a coherent final report of the project. Compiled and edited by: John T. Dean, Ispra, July 2001 With contributions from: Joaquim Fortuny-Guasch Brian D. Hosgood Athina Kokonozi Adam M. Lewis Alois J. Sieber All experts are with the Unit TDP of the Institute of Systems Informatics and Safety, JRC, Ispra. MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Executive Summary The MIMEVA project aimed to assess available methods of production of mine simulants and surrogates in terms of the similarity of these replicas to real mines when viewed by a range of sensors identified most frequently as candidates for components in multi-sensor systems, namely: metal detectors, thermal infrared and a ground penetrating radar. The simulant designs resulting from this project may be used to support the testing of new equipment intended to detect anti-personnel (AP) mines – with particular attention to the difficult to find “low- metal content” designs. The main threat mines, affecting areas in where EC humanitarian aid programmes have been undertaken, were identified. In these areas the presence of mines has required action beyond the normal provision of development assistance. Mine types, which pose a post-conflict threat and against which detectors will be required to operate, are listed. Emphasis is placed on South East Europe. Tests that were conducted on surrogates and real mines using three classes of electromagnetic sensor are described. Metal detectors were used to establish the low frequency match between the surrogates and the live mines, radar measurements established the correlation in the microwave region and infrared measurements addressed the thermal properties. A number of surrogate designs were identified including new constructions based on the assembly of commonly available parts. The new designs include air gaps, which are demonstrated to be important in the microwave and infrared regions. Several designs have the possibility to exchange inserts that represent the fuze. It is shown that this is a valuable feature. The results confirm correlation between the electromagnetic features of surrogate mine designs and real mines in the identified spectral regions and thus confirm that the surrogates are appropriate for initial testing of the performance of new mine detection sensors in a controlled manner. The surrogates are completely inert, and are not subject to legal control over their movement allowing them to be used in a wide range of situations. The report is supported by annexes which · Describe the threat mines, · Detail the features of the main high explosives used, · Consider the designs of various surrogate solutions · List possible sources of mine surrogates References used in the compilation of this report are listed to support further investigations. AA 501852: Final Report Summary and Contents - Page i of vii MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Table of contents 1 Introduction.................................................................................. 1 1.1 The MIMEVA Contract ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope of work .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Applications for mine replicas ......................................................................... 1 1.4 Work undertaken ............................................................................................... 1 1.4.1 Initial Research 1 1.4.2 Simulants 2 1.4.3 Measurement plan 2 1.4.4 Execution of measurements 3 1.5 Structure of this report...................................................................................... 3 2 Initial research ............................................................................. 5 2.1 Landmines affecting EC projects – compilation strategy ............................. 5 2.1.1 Identification of threat objects 5 2.1.2 Scope of the threat list 5 2.2 Mine Types against which Detector Validation Tests will need to be conducted........................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Locations considered 6 2.2.2 Categorisation by mine characteristics 6 2.3 Occurrence of landmines in designated territories ....................................... 7 2.3.1 Study 7 2.4 Full List of Mines for equipment to be evaluated against ............................. 7 2.4.1 Mine List in alphabetic order 8 2.4.2 Cylindrical shape mines - detectability by metal content 9 2.4.3 Cylindrical shape mines – listed in order of increasing body diameter 10 2.5 Selection of mine types against which mine detection systems must be capable to operate in South East Europe ..................................................... 11 2.5.1 Cylindrical Shape mines, occurrences in SEE 11 2.5.2 Box Shaped AP blast mines occurring in SEE 11 2.5.3 Common Cylindrical AP mines in SEE: Detectability by metal content 12 2.5.4 Common Cylindrical AP mines in SEE: By body diameter 12 2.5.5 Common AP mines in SEE: Explosive type 13 2.6 Overview of the study into mine types that must be identified .................. 13 3 Applications and possible solutions ....................................... 14 3.1 Mine awareness training ................................................................................. 14 AA 501852: Final Report Summary and Contents - Page ii of vii MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining 3.1.1 Applications of replicas for mine awareness training and validation of models. 15 3.2 Replicas for mechanical demining systems ................................................. 15 3.2.1 Test and validation of the simulants for mechanical demining machines 15 3.3 Targets to evaluate electromagnetic sensor systems for mine detection 15 3.3.1 Test and validation needs 16 4 Proposed construction for replica mines................................ 18 5 Validation of surrogate mines .................................................. 19 5.1 Radar Measurements ...................................................................................... 20 Background 20 5.1.2 Equivalence Criteria 21 5.1.3 Results 22 5.1.4 Conclusions from the measurements at radar frequencies 30 5.2 Evaluation of mine surrogates in infrared .................................................... 31 5.2.1 Introduction 31 5.2.2 Experimental set-up 31 5.2.3 Results for mines and their direct surrogates 32 5.2.4 Measurements with simulant mines 39 5.2.5 Conclusions from the Infra-red measurement 40 5.3 Metal detector measurements........................................................................ 42 5.3.1 Introduction 42 5.3.2 Detectors 42 5.3.3 Targets 43 5.3.4 Method of measurement 44 5.3.5 Results from Comparison of explosive filled and silicone RTV filled mines 45 5.3.6 Discussion 54 5.3.7 Investigation of responses to ITOP SIM model fuzes 54 5.3.8 Discussion 63 5.3.9 Discussion 68 5.3.10 Conclusions from metal detector measurements 68 6 Replication of mines for test and evaluation of detectors ..... 69 6.1 Methods ............................................................................................................ 69 6.2 Recommendations........................................................................................... 69 6.3 Benefits and limitations .................................................................................. 70 Annex 1 : Distribution of mines by country. ........................................ 72 Annex 2: AP blast mine descriptions ................................................... 74 AA 501852: Final Report Summary and Contents - Page iii of vii MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Annex 3: Summary of properties of principal main explosives used in anti-personnel landmines ....................................................... 105 Annex 4: Example model mines from Maquettes Sédial .................. 106 Annex 5: Example posters .................................................................. 110 Annex 6: US mine simulants - ITOP.................................................... 113 Annex 7: Australian mine simulants................................................... 116 Annex 8: New simulants ...................................................................... 124 Design Outline 125 Annex 9: Acquisition times and file names relating to the Infrared
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of 155Mm M795 IM Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) Compatible Projectile
    Development of 155mm M795 IM Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) Compatible Projectile Briefed by: Philip Samuels October 7 - 10, 2013 973-724-4064 2013 NDIA IM/EM [email protected] San Diego, CA 1 Distribution Statement Statement A: A: Approved Approved for forpublic public release; release; distribution distribution is unlimited is unlimited Background • The Army Qualified IMX-101 as the main fill for the 155mm M795 Artillery Projectile in June 2010 • The Army is now moving towards guided fuzes, ie Precision Guidance Kit (PGK), which is a deep intrusion fuze. – Due to the supplementary charge being removed for PGK use, IMX-101 would not be compliant with this fuze 2 Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited System Description Changes via Army ECP (a) Changes via Army ECP (b) TNT PBXN-9 PBXN-9 IMX-104 TNT IMX-101 IMX-101 Legacy D529 DA54 DA54 PGK Fuze Compatible Non-PGK Fuze Compatible • Army developed projectile • Replaces TNT with IMX-101 • Similar to DA54 non-PGK fuze • Contains 24lbs of HE • Consists PBXN-9 compatible, uses IMX-101 and • Consists TNT supplemental supplemental charge PBXN-9 as supplemental charge charge • Less sensitive than legacy • Contains IMX-104 transfer • Poor IM testing results D529 charge to accommodate PGK • Not compatible with PGK fuze compatibility fuze • Maintains same IM performance • Currently not in inventory as DA54 non-PGK fuze and no plans to field compatible projectile 3 Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
    [Show full text]
  • Clearing the Mines
    CLEARING THE MINES REPORT BY THE MINE ACTION TEAM FOR THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE ANTIPERSONNEL MINE BAN TREATY June 2014 REPORT FOR THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE ANTI-PERSONNEL MINE BAN TREATY CONTENTS Report for the Third Review Conference INTRODUCTION ANNEXES of the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Treaty ASSESSING 15 YEARS OF AFFECTED STATES NOT PARTY ARTICLE 5 IMPLEMENTATION 1 Armenia 158 2 Azerbaijan 162 Progress in mine clearance 05 3 China 165 The remaining challenge 08 4 Cuba 166 The architecture of an effective and 10 Armenia efficient mine action program 5 Egypt 167 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Georgia 168 Sudan 7 India 169 Turkey THE TEN MOST CONTAMINATED Tajikistan Somalia Russia STATES PARTIES 8 Iran 170 United Kingdom 9 Israel 174 1 Afghanistan 14 Yemen Iran South Sudan 10 Kyrgyzstan 176 2 Angola 20 Afghanistan 11 Lao PDR 177 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 Croatia Serbia 12 Lebanon 178 * 4 Cambodia 32 13 Libya 182 5 Chad 38 14 Morocco 184 6 Croatia 40 15 Myanmar 186 7 Iraq 46 16 North Korea 188 8 Thailand 50 17 Pakistan 189 9 Turkey 56 China 18 Palestine 190 Angola 10 Zimbabwe 62 19 Russia 192 Myanmar Morocco 20 South Korea 194 OTHER AFFECTED STATES PARTIES 21 Sri Lanka 196 Ecuador Vietnam 22 Syria 200 1 Algeria 67 Chad Kosovo Cambodia 23 Uzbekistan 202 2 Argentina 71 Eritrea Iraq 24 Vietnam 203 Algeria 3 Chile 72 Peru Sri Lanka 4 Colombia 76 5 Cyprus 80 AFFECTED OTHER AREAS Chile Colombia Zimbabwe 6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 82 1 Kosovo 206 Mozambique Somaliland 7 Ecuador 86 2 Nagorno-Karabakh 208 Israel 8 Eritrea 90
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Anti-Personnel Mines the Next Generations Landmine Action Consists of the Following Co-Operating Organisations
    Alternative anti-personnel mines The next generations Landmine Action consists of the following co-operating organisations: ActionAid International Alert Refugee Council Action for Southern Africa Jaipur Limb Campaign Royal College of Paediatrics & Action on Disability and Development Jesuit Refugee Service Child Health Adopt-A-Minefield UK MEDACT Saferworld Afghanaid Medical & Scientific Aid for Vietnam Laos & Save the Children UK Amnesty International UK Cambodia Soroptimist International UK Programme Action Committee CAFOD Medical Educational Trust Tearfund Cambodia Trust Merlin United Nations Association Campaign Against Arms Trade Mines Advisory Group United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) UK Child Advocacy International Motivation VERTIC Christian Aid Mozambique Angola Committee War Child Comic Relief Omega Foundation War on Want Concern Worldwide One World Action Welsh Centre for International Affairs Disability Awareness in Action Oxfam GB Women’s International League for Peace & Environmental Investigation Agency Pax Christi Freedom Global Witness Peace Pledge Union World Vision UK Handicap International (UK) People and Planet Hope for Children POWER Human Rights Watch Quaker Peace & Service The member organisations of the German Initiative to Ban Landmines are: Bread for the World Social Service Agency of the Evangelical Church Misereor Christoffel Mission for the Blind in Germany Oxfam Germany German Justitia et Pax Commission Eirene International Pax Christi German Committee for Freedom from Hunger Handicap International Germany
    [Show full text]
  • PD544 Point Detonating Artillery Fuze
    PD544 Point Detonating Artillery Fuze for high explosive (HE), base bleed and rocket assisted artillery shells PD544 The PD544 is a mechanical point deto- penetration when the mode setter is set The fuze consists of the nating artillery fuze with super-quick and to “DELAY”. When not set to “DELAY”, the following major compo- delay functions. IDD provides a back-up function for the nents: SQ setting. It has been designed and qualified for • Upper fuze body use with 105 mm and 155 mm high • Lower fuze body explosive artillery shells, including exten- • Mode Setter ded range and base bleed ammunition. • Impact Delay Device The fuze is suitable for use with 39, 45 (IDD) and 52 calibre weapon systems and is • Safety and Arming safe and suitable for flick-ramming. The Device (SAD) fuze has also been designed and qualified • Booster assembly for use with 120 mm rifled mortars, providing full function at all charges including charge 0. The fuze design incorporates a fully Insensitive Munitions (IM) compliant firing train which provides enhanced safety during storage, transportation and operational use. Fuze arming is initiated by transitional and rotational forces after firing, with the fuze rotor moving in-line immediately after the muzzle safety distance has been achieved. The firing pin and SQ detonator assem- bly provide the super-quick action upon impact. The Impact Delay Device (IDD) is located in the rear part of the fuze and provides a 60 ms fuze initiation delay for target GmbH - *ld 07/16 Microtec Technical Data PD544 JUNGHANS © Muzzle safety ≥ 200 m (155 mm gun) JUNGHANS Microtec GmbH ≥ 150 m (105 mm gun) Unterbergenweg 10 Required setback for arming ≥ 850 g 78655 Dunningen-Seedorf Germany Max.
    [Show full text]
  • Landmines, Detection, Explosives, Thermography, Temperature
    Frontiers in Science 2013, 3(1): 27-42 DOI: 10.5923/j.fs.20130301.05 Literature Review on Landmines and Detection Methods Rasaq Bello Department of Physics Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria Abstract Detection of buried antipersonnel landmines (APL) is a demanding task in which one tries to obtain information about characteristics of the soil and of objects buried in it. Various methods that are used to detect buried landmines have been examined. None of these methods meets the standards that have been set by authorities such as the United Nations or the United States Army. Therefore there is an urgent need for new and improved methods to be developed, particularly in view of the threat that abandoned landmines pose to civilian populations. Various researches reviewed in this work showed thermography to be a good method to detect shallowly buried objects. Detection systems capable of quickly and accurately detecting buried landmines are the only possibility to significantly improve the demining process. Due to low signal-to-noise ratio, changing environment conditions that influence measurements and existence of other natural or man-made objects that give sensor readings similar to the landmine, interpretation of sensor data for landmine detection is a complicated task. Keywords Landmines, Detection, Explosives, Thermography, Temperature and as area-denial weapons. The latter use seeks to deny 1. Introduction access to large areas, since they are often unmarked and affect civilian populations after the cessation of military A land mine is a type of self-contained explosive device operations or hostilities. When used as a tactical barrier, they which is placed onto or into the ground, exploding when serve as deterrent to direct attack from or over a well defined triggered by a vehicle, a person, or an animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Explosive Scent Tracing REST
    Remote Explosive Scent Tracing REST REMOTE EXPLOSIVE SCENT TRACING | REST NOVEMBER 2011 CONTENTS FOREWORD 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 7 > Challenges to the Morogoro REST project 12 > The current status of REST 15 CHAPTER 2 THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM AND OLFACTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR REST 19 > Introduction 20 > What every dog trainer should know about the olfactory system 20 > Genetics of olfaction 21 > What every dog trainer should know about olfactory perception 23 > The perception of mixes 24 > Salience and overshadowing 25 > Previous experience with odours 25 > Experience with components in mixtures 27 > What is the key odour for detecting an explosive 28 > Species specificity and configurational processing 30 > Changes in thresholds as a function of experience 31 > The role of odour intensity 32 > Masking 32 > Adaptation to odours 33 > Sniffing 34 > Afterthought: Olfactory enrichment, rats mice and dogs 35 > Summary 36 > Appendix: extra sections, maybe worth reading 37 > Species differences 37 > Problems with the combinatorial theory 38 > References 39 CHAPTER 3 ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY OF EXPLOSIVES IN REST 45 > Introduction 46 > Chemical analysis of REST samples 48 > High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) (US-Environmental Protection, EPA Method 8330) 49 > Gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD) (US-EPA Method 8095) 50 > GC with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (GC-NPD) 51 > GC mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 51 > REST sampling for detecting landmines 52 > Storage and presentation of dust REST samples 53 > Variables that influence the availability of detectable chemicals 54 > Background information 55 > Time lag after rain before the mine search can be resumed 56 > Soil type 56 > Vegetation 56 > Temperature 57 > Climate 57 > Locating mines 57 > Preparing training samples 57 > Summary and conclusions 58 > References 59 CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIES FOR THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTAL OF REST USING ANIMALS AS THE PRIMARY DETECTORS 61 > Introduction 62 > What is Applied Behaviour Analysis? 62 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Daniele Ressler Center for International Stabilization and Recovery, [email protected]
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons CISR Studies and Reports CISR Resources 6-2009 Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Daniele Ressler Center for International Stabilization and Recovery, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-studiesreports Part of the Environmental Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons Recommended Citation Ressler, Daniele, "Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines" (2009). CISR Studies and Reports. Paper 2. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-studiesreports/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the CISR Resources at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in CISR Studies and Reports by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Presented to United States Department of State Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement June 1, 2009 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary .............................................................. 3 2. Introduction ....................................................................... 4 2.1. Background to the problem................................................. 4 2.2. Funding ........................................................................ 4 2.3. Project goal ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Buried Objects Using Acoustic Waves
    Minoufiya University Faculty of Electronic Engineering Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Classification of Buried Objects Using Acoustic Waves A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of M. Sc. in Electronic Engineering, Communications Engineering, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering By Eng. Emad Abd Elhalim Elsayed Elshazly B. Sc. in Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Minoufiya University, Menouf 2004 Supervisors Prof. Mohamed F. El-Kordy Prof. in Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Minoufiya University Prof. Sayed M. El-Araby Chairman of Atomic Energy Authority Dr. Osama F. Zahran Lecturer in Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Minoufiya University 2012 Minoufiya University Faculty of Electronic Engineering Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Classification of Buried Objects Using Acoustic Waves A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of M. Sc. in Electronic Engineering, Communications Engineering, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering By Eng. Emad Abd Elhalim Elsayed Elshazly B. Sc. in Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Minoufiya University, Menouf, 2004 Supervisors Prof. Mohamed F. El-Kordy ( ) Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Minoufiya
    [Show full text]
  • Low Cost Guidance and Control Solution for In-Service Unguided 155 Mm Artillery Shell
    Low cost guidance and control solution for in-service unguided 155 mm artillery shell Eric Gagnon Marc Lauzon DRDC Valcartier Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier Technical Report DRDC Valcartier TR 2008-333 July 2009 Low cost guidance and control solution for in-service unguided 155 mm artillery shell Eric Gagnon Marc Lauzon DRDC Valcartier Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier Technical Report DRDC Valcartier TR 2008-333 July 2009 Principal Author Original signed by Eric Gagnon Eric Gagnon Scientist Approved by Original signed by Alexandre Jouan Alexandre Jouan Head, Precision Weapons Section Approved for release by Original signed by Christian Carrier Christian Carrier Chief Scientist © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2009 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2009 Abstract …….. Guidance and control of artillery projectiles will be critical to future military operations. With the large quantities of unguided artillery shells stockpiled around the world, the course correction fuze could provide an attractive and cost-effective solution for munition control. This report proposes a drag brake and a spin brake course correction fuze concept, and compares their performance against the roll-decoupled four canard configuration. Specific guidance and control functions were designed and tuned for each using the 155 mm spin-stabilized artillery projectile as baseline. Dispersion sources included variations in muzzle velocity and gun’s azimuth and elevation angles relative to nominal conditions, and wind velocity perturbations. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to analyze the delivery accuracy. Results show that the drag brake concept compensates for muzzle velocity and longitudinal wind perturbations efficiently.
    [Show full text]
  • Equipment for Post-Conflict Demining a Study Or Requirements in Mozambique
    Working Paper 48 Equipment for Post-Conflict Demining A Study or Requirements in Mozambique by A.V. Smith January 1996 Summary The aims of this study were: 1. to find out what equipment mine-clearance groups use and its sources, and to inquire what alternative/further equipment they want; 2. to assess manufacturing capability relevant to the possible production of mine clearance equipment at rural and urban levels. Mine clearance A number of mined areas were visited and mine clearance observed. At some sites, mines were placed defensively around possible targets. At others, mines were laid to destabilise the infrastructure by denying access to an area. Nine groups involved in mine clearance in Mozambique were interviewed, one in their Zimbabwe offices, one in the UK and the others in country: UNADP Cap Anamur Demining (CAD) Norwegian People's Aid (NPA) USAID The HALO Trust MECHEM (British Aerospace) Minetech Special Clearance Services Handicap International All the above were asked about their working methods and the equipment they use. Mine clearance groups usually distinguish between the detectors, which are the single most expensive item of equipment used, and all other equipment which they call "ancillary,'. Of the detectors used the Schiebel and Ebinger models were the most common. No detectors were entirely satisfactory and the best were considered overpriced. We found a wide range of ancillary equipment in use, some of which was locally made. Each group was asked if there were any items of equipment they did not have but would like, and what variations on existing equipment they would find most useful.
    [Show full text]
  • Landmines in Burma : The
    IR /PS UNIVERSITYOF , Stacks CALIFORNIASANDIEGO W67 3 1822 02951 6960 V . 352 miGIC & DEFENCE STUDIES CENTRE WORKING PAPER NO .352 LANDMINES IN BURMA : THE MILITARY DIMENSION Andrew Selth Working paper (Australian National University. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre ) IR /PS Stacks AUST UC San Diego Received on : 03 - 29 -01 SDSC Working Papers Series Editor : Helen Hookey Published and distributed by : Strategic and Defence Studies Centre The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Tel: 02 62438555 Fax : 02 62480816 , DIEGO UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIASAN 3 1822 02951 6960 INTE RELATIONSRÁCIFIC STUDIES LIBRARY , UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO LA JOLLA , CALIFORNIA 92093 WORKING PAPER NO . 352 LANDMINES IN BURMA : THE MILITARY DIMENSION Andrew Selth Canberra November 2000 National Library of Australia Cataloguing -in -Publication Entry Selth , Andrew , 1951 - . Landmines in Burma : themilitary dimension . Bibliography ISBN 0 7315 2779 8 ISSN 0158 - 3751 1. Insurgency - Burma . 2. Land mines - Burma . 3. Burma - Armed forces – Weapons systems . I. Australian National University. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre . II. Title . (Series :Working paper (Australian NationalUniversity. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre ); no .352 ). 355.0332591 -01 , 3 © Andrew Selth 2000 4- ABSTRACT Since the signing of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty in Ottawa , considerable attention has been given to the problem of uncleared landmines around the world and the thousands of casualties they cause each year. Yet , in all the literature produced on this subject to date , and discussions of the problem in various international forums , mention is rarely made of Burma. This is despite the fact that anti -personnel (AP ) landmines have been, and are still being,manufactured and laid in large numbers in that country , with serious consequences for both combatants and non - combatants alike .
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the National Bureau of Standards
    WORLD WAR Ii RESEARCH (1941-45) CHAPTER 'TI! ThE EVENT OF WAR" The second worldwide war was foreshadowed in the Japanese in of Ethiopia in 1935, and Hitler's march into the Rhineland in 1936. Isolated and safeguarded by successive Neutrality Acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937, which barred the sale of arms or munitions to any warring nation, America watched the piecemeal fall of small nations, Austria and Czechoslovakia to Hitler, Albania to Musso- lini. With the German attack on Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war against the dictators and World War II began. The first amendments to the Neutrality Acts were enacted. By temperament strongly neutral and still in the grip of depression, the Nation had willed belief in Chamberlain's "peace in our time" until shaken by the occupation of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939. But cer- tain of war and of America's inevitable involvement was the small band of foreign-born scientists, their spokesman Niels Bohr, who had recently arrived in this country. Shepherding atomic research here, Bohn at once urged restriction in all Allied countries of the publication of further data on the possibility of nuclear fission. Many individual scientists refrained, but control of publication in American scientific journals did not become effec. five until almost a year later, following Hitler's invasion of Denmark and Norway. The National Bureau of Standards, convinced by the physicists on its Advisory Committee on Uranium of the certainty of a general war, began to put its affairs in order. On September 1, 1939, the day Germany marched into Poland, and one week before the President declared a state of limited national emergency, Dr.
    [Show full text]