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Project MIMEVA Project MIMEVA Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Final Report 6 HH Pol HV Pol 4 VV Pol 2 0 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Norm. Backscattered Fields Backscattered Norm. Time (ns) Prepared for DG Information Society (DG INFSO) Unit E-6 Contract reference (administrative agreement): AA 501852 European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems, Informatics and Safety Technologies for Detection and Positioning Unit TP 272, Via E. Fermi, 1 I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining This final project report is based upon the contractually deliverable items listed below: D 1.2: Final List of mines for which Validation Tests will need to be Conducted with Advanced APL Detection Equipment D2.1:Report on the Available Methods for Replication of Landmines These documents, together with background text and supplementary information identified as relevant to the project have been edited together to form a coherent final report of the project. Compiled and edited by: John T. Dean, Ispra, July 2001 With contributions from: Joaquim Fortuny-Guasch Brian D. Hosgood Athina Kokonozi Adam M. Lewis Alois J. Sieber All experts are with the Unit TDP of the Institute of Systems Informatics and Safety, JRC, Ispra. MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Executive Summary The MIMEVA project aimed to assess available methods of production of mine simulants and surrogates in terms of the similarity of these replicas to real mines when viewed by a range of sensors identified most frequently as candidates for components in multi-sensor systems, namely: metal detectors, thermal infrared and a ground penetrating radar. The simulant designs resulting from this project may be used to support the testing of new equipment intended to detect anti-personnel (AP) mines – with particular attention to the difficult to find “low- metal content” designs. The main threat mines, affecting areas in where EC humanitarian aid programmes have been undertaken, were identified. In these areas the presence of mines has required action beyond the normal provision of development assistance. Mine types, which pose a post-conflict threat and against which detectors will be required to operate, are listed. Emphasis is placed on South East Europe. Tests that were conducted on surrogates and real mines using three classes of electromagnetic sensor are described. Metal detectors were used to establish the low frequency match between the surrogates and the live mines, radar measurements established the correlation in the microwave region and infrared measurements addressed the thermal properties. A number of surrogate designs were identified including new constructions based on the assembly of commonly available parts. The new designs include air gaps, which are demonstrated to be important in the microwave and infrared regions. Several designs have the possibility to exchange inserts that represent the fuze. It is shown that this is a valuable feature. The results confirm correlation between the electromagnetic features of surrogate mine designs and real mines in the identified spectral regions and thus confirm that the surrogates are appropriate for initial testing of the performance of new mine detection sensors in a controlled manner. The surrogates are completely inert, and are not subject to legal control over their movement allowing them to be used in a wide range of situations. The report is supported by annexes which · Describe the threat mines, · Detail the features of the main high explosives used, · Consider the designs of various surrogate solutions · List possible sources of mine surrogates References used in the compilation of this report are listed to support further investigations. AA 501852: Final Report Summary and Contents - Page i of vii MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Table of contents 1 Introduction.................................................................................. 1 1.1 The MIMEVA Contract ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope of work .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Applications for mine replicas ......................................................................... 1 1.4 Work undertaken ............................................................................................... 1 1.4.1 Initial Research 1 1.4.2 Simulants 2 1.4.3 Measurement plan 2 1.4.4 Execution of measurements 3 1.5 Structure of this report...................................................................................... 3 2 Initial research ............................................................................. 5 2.1 Landmines affecting EC projects – compilation strategy ............................. 5 2.1.1 Identification of threat objects 5 2.1.2 Scope of the threat list 5 2.2 Mine Types against which Detector Validation Tests will need to be conducted........................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Locations considered 6 2.2.2 Categorisation by mine characteristics 6 2.3 Occurrence of landmines in designated territories ....................................... 7 2.3.1 Study 7 2.4 Full List of Mines for equipment to be evaluated against ............................. 7 2.4.1 Mine List in alphabetic order 8 2.4.2 Cylindrical shape mines - detectability by metal content 9 2.4.3 Cylindrical shape mines – listed in order of increasing body diameter 10 2.5 Selection of mine types against which mine detection systems must be capable to operate in South East Europe ..................................................... 11 2.5.1 Cylindrical Shape mines, occurrences in SEE 11 2.5.2 Box Shaped AP blast mines occurring in SEE 11 2.5.3 Common Cylindrical AP mines in SEE: Detectability by metal content 12 2.5.4 Common Cylindrical AP mines in SEE: By body diameter 12 2.5.5 Common AP mines in SEE: Explosive type 13 2.6 Overview of the study into mine types that must be identified .................. 13 3 Applications and possible solutions ....................................... 14 3.1 Mine awareness training ................................................................................. 14 AA 501852: Final Report Summary and Contents - Page ii of vii MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining 3.1.1 Applications of replicas for mine awareness training and validation of models. 15 3.2 Replicas for mechanical demining systems ................................................. 15 3.2.1 Test and validation of the simulants for mechanical demining machines 15 3.3 Targets to evaluate electromagnetic sensor systems for mine detection 15 3.3.1 Test and validation needs 16 4 Proposed construction for replica mines................................ 18 5 Validation of surrogate mines .................................................. 19 5.1 Radar Measurements ...................................................................................... 20 Background 20 5.1.2 Equivalence Criteria 21 5.1.3 Results 22 5.1.4 Conclusions from the measurements at radar frequencies 30 5.2 Evaluation of mine surrogates in infrared .................................................... 31 5.2.1 Introduction 31 5.2.2 Experimental set-up 31 5.2.3 Results for mines and their direct surrogates 32 5.2.4 Measurements with simulant mines 39 5.2.5 Conclusions from the Infra-red measurement 40 5.3 Metal detector measurements........................................................................ 42 5.3.1 Introduction 42 5.3.2 Detectors 42 5.3.3 Targets 43 5.3.4 Method of measurement 44 5.3.5 Results from Comparison of explosive filled and silicone RTV filled mines 45 5.3.6 Discussion 54 5.3.7 Investigation of responses to ITOP SIM model fuzes 54 5.3.8 Discussion 63 5.3.9 Discussion 68 5.3.10 Conclusions from metal detector measurements 68 6 Replication of mines for test and evaluation of detectors ..... 69 6.1 Methods ............................................................................................................ 69 6.2 Recommendations........................................................................................... 69 6.3 Benefits and limitations .................................................................................. 70 Annex 1 : Distribution of mines by country. ........................................ 72 Annex 2: AP blast mine descriptions ................................................... 74 AA 501852: Final Report Summary and Contents - Page iii of vii MIMEVA: Study of generic Mine-like Objects for R&D in Systems for Humanitarian Demining Annex 3: Summary of properties of principal main explosives used in anti-personnel landmines ....................................................... 105 Annex 4: Example model mines from Maquettes Sédial .................. 106 Annex 5: Example posters .................................................................. 110 Annex 6: US mine simulants - ITOP.................................................... 113 Annex 7: Australian mine simulants................................................... 116 Annex 8: New simulants ...................................................................... 124 Design Outline 125 Annex 9: Acquisition times and file names relating to the Infrared
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