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Beginnings Of ČESKÁ OSADA A JEJÍ SPOLKOVÝ ŽIVOT V CLEVELAND, O. V SEVERNI AMERICE. VYDANO ČECHY CLEVELANDSKÝMI . za odbývání . NÁRODOPISNÉ VÝSTAVY V PRAZE ROKU 1895, . TISKEM VOLNOSTI V CLEVELAND, OHIO . Translated as: “A Bohemian Settlement with Its Social Life in Cleveland, Ohio in North America. Written by Bohemian Clevelanders For the 1895 Ethnographic Exhibition in Prague Printed by Volnosti in Cleveland, Ohio” © Onward To Our Past® 2013 All rights reserved for English Translation THE BEGINNINGS OF CZECH IMMIGRATION TO CLEVELAND, OHIO Written by Hugo Chotek ---------------------------------------------- The birth, growth, development and flourishing of American communities and cities has been like a fairytale for Europeans, but there is very little information to be found about it in Czech literature. After all, these very beginnings are the most interesting part of the story as they are instructive, reflecting as they do the character of our predecessors and revealing what struggles they had to overcome, the intelligence they drew upon in order to combat such unfavorable conditions and the relentless endurance – so typical of the American spirit – which our emigrants soon adopted for their own. Our brothers and sisters back home have no understanding of the birth, growth and flourishing of such cities as Cleveland, Detroit, Omaha, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis and others, having only heard of what they perceive of as big cities (New York, Baltimore or Chicago) and assuming these others to be nothing more than small towns. I am speaking of the general European understanding, and not including select individuals who have either traveled throughout the States or who have learned something from articles written by Kořenský, Arbes, Náprstek and others – articles which are brief and incomplete and which cannot clearly depict the conditions and development of the abovementioned cities. For this reason, the committee of Czech associations <výbor českých spolků> found it suitable to include in this foreword a brief description of the birth, rise and development of Cleveland, in which 35,000 Czechs have made a good new home for themselves. Knowing from my experience that a clear picture is more eloquent than florid purple prose. I arranged for illustrations of some of the more prominent buildings, a considerable task gladly undertaken by Mr. Brett, librarian for the public library, Mr. Goldenbogen, Secretary of the Department of Public Schools and the editors of the local papers Leader and Plain Dealer. These illustrations clearly show that Cleveland is no small village but a big city. For the same reason I have divided my foreword into two parts: a brief history of the city of Cleveland, and the beginnings and progress of Czech emigration. The History and Flourishing of Cleveland [4.jpg] For Europeans the blossoming of some of the large American cities is like a tale from One Thousand and One Nights. A bewildering but elusive adventure, filled with the quintessence of the American: feverish vigor, entrepreneurial spirit and relentless endurance. The city of Cleveland, with its spectacular skyscrapers, refined schools, beautiful parks and cemeteries, and its mile-long streets housing almost 400,000 inhabitants, was the domain of Indians and free-roaming animals barely one hundred years ago. One story says that Cleveland's first white inhabitant was an Englishman by the name of Hawder, who in 1786 mediated a trade between Duncan and Willson, acting on behalf of the state, and Caldwell and Elliot, from Detroit, Michigan. Colonel and historian Chas Whittlesey claims that the first white person to have entered the county of Cuyahoga was James Smith of Pennsylvania, who had married an Indian war-captive from the Delaware tribe in the year 1760 and settled down there. We know of no other details and he is not as interesting a case as Hawder, but he did appear there a full 26 years before. Hawder's deal worked out well for him and meant that the mouth of the Cuyahoga River was first earmarked for success. Shortly afterwards the first settlement in Cuyahoga was founded by a German priest from the Moravian Brotherhood, named John Kechenwelder, and David Ziesberger. At that time most of the settlers were baptized Red Indians who had escaped a bloody massacre at nearby Sandusk and, with the help of Colonel Depuyster and private firm Duncan, Wilson & Co., fled in Deaver and Mackinaw boats to the mouth of Cuyahoga River, where they settled for good. But even there they found little rest, as they were continually monitored and raided by the unfriendly Delawareans and the English, who wanted them to join them in their fight against the Americans (1789-90). These problems, and the poor handling of them by the priests leading the community, resulted in the dismantling of this colony. Heckenwelder headed south with his supporters while Zeisberger founded a new settlement on the Black River. Although these settlements founded by the Moravian Brotherhood are quite interesting, I cannot delve into them within the limited confines of this foreword. A 1789 agreement with the Indians meant that the U.S. government gained all land lying west of the Cuyahoga River as far as the Mississippi River and south as far as the Ohio River, reorganizing the area under the title Reserve. Legislation in 1795 set apart three million acres of this area for sale, when a company by the name of Connecticut Land Co. appeared, buying all three million acres for a sum of $1.2 million. The owners were Oliver Phelps, Henry Champion, Roger Newberry and Samuel Mather. General Moses Cleaveland, who purchased his part of $32,600, was chosen as its superintendent and that same year headed out with Seth Pease, the head surveyor, to the mouth of the Cuyahoga River to assess the property. However, the Indians were not happy with this turn of events and attacked the surveyor, making his job extremely difficult. Moses Cleaveland, together with the surveyor and their crew, camped at the river's mouth and often drove away the redskins, as he was well armed. But preferring to end hostilities, Cleaveland started to negotiate with the chiefs of "six large Indian tribes" (the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca peoples) which the French called Irognois. <Googling doesn’t turn up this spelling at all… Iroquois?> He offered them cattle and several caskets of spirits and came to an amiable understanding with them. Now the surveying could continue unhindered and construction immediately began on the necessary buildings and storage facilities, under the supervision of Job P. Stiles. Nathan Chapman and Nathan Perry supplied the surveyors with fresh meat and started trading with the Indians. In honor of its founder, the new station was named Cleaveland. In spite of various difficulties, the surveying moved forward quickly, the city's first twelve roads being mapped out by September of 1796, when the city's land covered 520 acres. The first street was Lake Street, followed by Broad (later renamed to Superior), Deer (later renamed to Miami), Federal, Huron, Ohio, Erie, Outorto, Water, Mandrake, Vineyard, Maiden and Union Streets. In the center of these streets 10 acres were set aside for the public square. The city's best lots sold for $50 each and properties were sold as follows: $3.00 per acre if 10 acres were purchased, $2.00 per acre for 20 acres and $1.5 per acre if one hundred were purchased. Twenty percent of the purchase price was to be paid in cash, with the remainder paid over a period of three years. The district on the city's west and south side was named Cuyahoga, and Euclid to the east. The survey crew returned to their homes back east, with only Job Stiles with his wife and a man by the name of Landon remaining. Edward Paine moved there later to live with Stiles and trade with the Indians. Stiles fathered the city's first white newborn, who was tended and nursed by a female Indian. General Cleaveland returned to Canterbury to run a law firm, and he eventually passed away in 1806, deeply respected, valued and loved by all who knew him. By 1797 the small settlement was populated by numerous immigrants, the most prominent of whom were James Kingsbury and family, Major Lorenzo Carter, Ezekiel Hawley, David Eldridge and John Morgan. But the summer of that year was a tough one, and more settlers died, primarily because of the unhealthy fumes emitted by the swamps, affecting those who settled farther away from the lake and on higher ground. <I don’t understand. Surely noxious fumes would effect those people in low-lying areas more?> Major Kingsbury built the first cabin on high ground named Doan's Corner (where Kinsman Street now joins with Woodland Ave. and where the impressive Woodland Ave Bank stands), many families following him and settling down in Newburg. Cuyahoga District's first mill was built by W. W. Williams at the waterfalls of Mill River, the district's first sawmill built at the same location in 1800. The first school was built this same year and its first teacher was Sarah Doan. The fact that the founders of Cleveland were not laggards is evidenced by the fact that, in spite of their small numbers, they managed to set up their own wine presses, built in Newburg by David Bryant. It is no wonder that Newburg became the cradle of the present city. Between 1800 and 1820 the settlement continued to grow steadily. In 1817 the state of New York began work on the Erie Canal, shortly after which the state of Ohio began work on a canal to join Lake Erie with the Ohio River. Work was long and expensive, and it took until 1827 for the canal to be completed, when it reached the city of Akron.
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