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Med Ordet Som Våpen His 350 Martin Berland Øystese Med ordet som våpen His 350 Med ordet som våpen Husittane og ålmenta Universitet i Bergen Våren 2015 Martin Berland Øystese I Martin Berland Øystese Med ordet som våpen His 350 Innhold Med ordet som våpen ............................................................................................................................. I Forord ..................................................................................................................................................... IV Innleiing ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Historisk bakgrunn .............................................................................................................................. 1 Ålmenta i mellomalderen ................................................................................................................... 2 Litteratur og kjelder ............................................................................................................................ 3 Habermas og ålmenta i mellomalderen ............................................................................................ 5 Kapittel 1. Offentleg liv i Bøhmen før krosstoga ................................................................................. 10 Skriftleg og munnleg kommunikasjon ............................................................................................. 11 I. De sex erroribus .................................................................................................................... 11 II. Talarstolar ............................................................................................................................. 15 III. Falsk informasjon og trugslar ........................................................................................... 18 IV. Aural og oral kommunikasjon .......................................................................................... 21 Songar og bilete som ein del av det offentlege ............................................................................... 22 I. Songar ................................................................................................................................... 23 II. Bilete ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Folkesamlingar, demonstrasjonar og opprør .................................................................................. 32 Paveleg bulle og trugslar om forfølging. Den katolske stemma i Bøhmens ålmente. ................... 35 Dei fire artiklane ............................................................................................................................... 37 Eit forandra Bøhmen ........................................................................................................................ 38 Kapittel 2. Krosstoga og rekonstrueringa av ålmenta. 1420-1434 ...................................................... 40 Eit splitta Bøhmen. Innskrenking av den offentlege sfæren? ......................................................... 40 I. Praha ..................................................................................................................................... 41 II. Tábor – der alle menn er like ................................................................................................ 44 III. Orebitane .......................................................................................................................... 47 IV. Katolikkar i eit husittisk land ............................................................................................ 48 V. Samhald og splid ................................................................................................................... 52 Universitetet som samfunnsdebattant ............................................................................................ 55 Ålmenta i Bøhmen ............................................................................................................................ 58 I. Husittiske kvinner ................................................................................................................. 58 II. Born ....................................................................................................................................... 59 III. Jødar i Bøhmen ................................................................................................................. 60 Den offentlege sfæren under krosstoga .......................................................................................... 61 II Martin Berland Øystese Med ordet som våpen His 350 Kapittel 3. Former for offentleg debatt under krosstoga .................................................................... 63 Propaganda ....................................................................................................................................... 64 I. Propaganda før krosstoga .................................................................................................... 64 II. Propaganda under krosstoga. Kyrkja og husittane ............................................................. 65 III. Tyskarar og husittar. Nasjonalkjensle som propaganda. ................................................ 72 Offentleg debatt under krosstoga .................................................................................................... 75 I. Frå propaganda til offentleg debatt ..................................................................................... 75 II. Petr Chelčický ........................................................................................................................ 77 Husittrørsla og Europa ...................................................................................................................... 84 Avslutning. Frå Basel til Tábor .............................................................................................................. 89 Konsilet i Basel og slaget ved Lipany ................................................................................................ 89 Piccolominis Bøhmen ....................................................................................................................... 91 Konklusjon ............................................................................................................................................ 94 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 100 Kjelder ................................................................................................................................................. 102 Litteratur ............................................................................................................................................. 115 III Martin Berland Øystese Med ordet som våpen His 350 Forord Då eg for første gong, hausten 2013, fekk presentert husittane som eit mogleg tema for masterarbeidet mitt, var det eit emne som eg på det tidspunktet ikkje kjende så godt til. Når eg no, to år seinare, ser tilbake på det eg har lært, er eg forbausa over korleis eg har latt meg fascinera av denne rørsla. To år saman med Jan Hus, Jan Žižka, Prokop Holý og Petr Chelčický har, ved sidan av å tvinga meg til å bruke mykje tid på å finne ukjende bokstavar og teikn på tastaturet (eg har valt å bruke den tsjekkiske skrivemåten på namna deira), lært meg mykje om ei rørsle som noko ufortent har falle i skuggen av seinare store reformrørsler. Ved enden av eit slikt prosjekt er det mange som skal ha takk. Først og fremst må eg takka rettleiaren min, Leidulf Melve, som sette meg på idéen om å skrive om husittane, og som gjennom desse to åra har gitt inspirasjon og verdifulle tilbakemeldingar. Hjarteleg takk også til forloveden min, Tania Palm, som tolmodig har give meg tid til å lese og skrive. I innspurten har også foreldra mine vore til god hjelp med korrekturlesing og tilbakemeldingar. Det er mange fleire som skulle hatt takk. Både vener, spesielt Torbjørn Ek som har latt meg overnatte gratis når eg har vitja Bergen, og medstudentar som har gitt feedback og vore til hjelp på mange måtar. Eg vonar eg, ved å fortelje dei om korleis husittane forandra verda, kan gje litt tilbake. IV Martin Berland Øystese Med ordet som våpen His 350 Bøhmen på 1400-talet.1 1 Fudge (2002). V Martin Berland Øystese Med ordet som våpen His 350 Innleiing Historisk bakgrunn Byrjinga av 1400-talet var ei uroleg tid i Europa. Usemje mellom kardinalane etter at pave Gregor XI døydde i 1378, førte til eit skisma i den katolske kyrkja, med to ulike pavar. Skismaet i pavekyrkja opna for kritikk. Blant dei viktigaste reformatoriske røystene i denne tida var engelskmannen John Wyclif (1328-1384), som mellom anna kjempa for at Bibelen skulle vera tilgjengeleg for alle på deira eige språk,2 og kritiserte paven for å setja seg over Guds ord.3 Også i Bøhmen (dagens Tsjekkia) var det uro. Etter at den tysk-romerske keisaren Karl IV (1316-1378; keisar frå 1346) overlét eit svakt monarki til sonen Václav IV (1361-1419; konge i Bøhmen frå 1363 og keisar frå 1376), var landet prega av maktkampar mellom kongen, adelen og Václavs bror, Sigismund.4 I denne konteksten, og inspirert av Wyclif, stod Jan Hus fram5 og kritiserte kyrkja for avlatshandelen6 og prestane for å vere griske. Gjennom
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