From Protecting God's Law to Spreading Faith and Vengeance: Human Agency and the Shift Towards Offensive Warfare in the Hussit

CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Dr. György György Dr. Sz Reader: Second Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Riedl From Protecting God’s Law to Spreading Faith and Vengeance: In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Offensive Warfare in the Hussite Discourse Human Agency and the Shift towards Ę nyi Central Central University European History Department Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Master of Arts Martin Pjecha Martin Submitted to Submitted 2012 By CEU eTD Collection may not be made without the written permission of the Author. the of permission written the without made be not may suchinstructions with madeinaccordance copies form of made.Further copies any such a part in theCentral may Library. Details European be from obtained librarian. This the page must part,or may be made inonly accordance instructions with the by given Authorandthe lodged inCopyright textof the Copies restswith thesis this Author. byanyinthe either process, full i CEU eTD Collection countless victories, anditbegan tobe takenfor The granted. inflationconsequent of Hussite their by Hussites the to expressed been already had favor God’s however, ascendance, Holý’s of purgationinternalthe God through and behavior.of By dissidents proper of time the Prokop favor the of thenecessity in gaining 1420s emphasized masters early PragueUniversity the the between Žižka and defensivewarfarediscontinuity the under offensive the one under Prokop. adrastic illustrate to be reconstructed will andself-perception discourse theHussite manifestos, military letters, speeches, and which include a variety sources orders, of contemporary “glorious and rides”,attacking theirfaith.enemiesspreading their abroad analyzing By closely engagein Hussite began the armies to yearand building thereafter, 1426. Starting inthis military Holý in placecommand of to Prokop ascension the to offensive, after whichtook largely ignored is ortakenfor in granted from shiftmilitary the strategy,exclusively defensive last of which inthey defeated 1431. from five againstthem, launched Hussites such defended the themselves successfully crusades Holý, Prokop hissuccessor JanŽižkaand the military commander infamous leadership of the against crusade crushsupported the Hussites to their hisand heresy regain Underthe throne. 1420 the King of Hungary newand King of Bohemia,launched Sigismund, a papally- University, the city government, and alsoincluded many towns and aportion of nobility.the In endthe in of 1419, his followers controlled thecountry’s intellectual seat of Prague Prague It will be argued that the discourse of defensive warfare constructed by Jan Žižka of warfaredefensiveand constructed discourse It willbe the argued that historiography,in beenyetThe Hussite Hussitethe warshas of period well-researched By hereticConstance. burned Council atthe of asan was In unrepentant 1415, JanHus Abstract ii CEU eTD Collection participation participation with andcalledGod, for the spreading vengeanceof and faith true the abroad. which createdanew theuniqueself-confidence discourse roleelevated of human agency itsin iii CEU eTD Collection been been possible. and who professors supported and criticized my without allwork; you,of this would not have Sz his innovative suggestions and patience with me over the year. Imust also thank Dr. György Next Imust thank Dr. Matthias Riedl for seeing potential in me before he even met me, and for grandpa, great-grandma, and mymom especially who helped greatly and wasvery supportive. during my stay abroad. The same must also be said of the rest of my family,my grandma and Ę nyi I mustfirst thank my loving girlfriend Damarafor herand support for staying strong for his suggestions and comments. Finally,I must thank all other friends, colleagues, Acknowledgments iv CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 113 ...... Appendix: RelevantCharacters during the Hussite Wars ...... 108 FinalConclusions ...... 101 Conclusion2.9 ...... 99 2.8 Nicholas Pelh 2.7 Re-invented Hussite identity during the Offensive War...... 91 2.6 An Invitation to the King’s feast: Prokop atthe Council of Basil ...... 87 2.5 “Working in the field in the name of the Lord”: Hussite Manifestos and “Glorious Rides” ...... 70 Spreading2.4 Faith andVengeance in the “Glorious Campaign” ...... 67 2.3 “Our priests have drawn their swords”: Communicating the Hussite mission at Bratislava, 1429... 61 2.2 Vaclav Korandathe “Fighting-Priest”: The continuity ofearly Radicalism ...... 57 2.1 The Rise of Prokop Holý and the beginning of the Offensive Shift...... 53 Chapter 2:Fulfilling God’swill: Prokop Holý and the Offensive Shift ...... 51 Conclusion1.5 ...... 49 1.4 Hussite Identity during the Defensive War...... 44 1.3 The “Warriorsof God”: Gaining God’s Favorthrough the Morality of Discipline ...... 37 1.2 Jan Žižka,the “Severe Avenger”: Gaining God’sFavor through Purgative Violence ...... 30 1.1 Armaspiritualia orcarnalia bella?: The legitimization of Defensive Warfare ...... 23 Chapter 1: Gaining God’s favor: The Defensive War of Jan Žižka and the Prague University 21 masters TheoreticalFramework and Literature Review ...... 6 Introduction ...... 1 AbbreviationsListof ...... vi Acknowledgments...... iv Abstract...... ii 2.3.1 “Truth prevailsover all”: Hussite confidence and Identity in PeterPayne’s speech ...... 64 Ĝ imov and the Opposition to the Offensive Shift and to the new Hussite Identity ..... 94 Table of Contents v CEU eTD Collection JŽ Kronika Husitská HR HM HHR FRB FRA 'ý CAHB BRRP $ý $ý 6 3 5 2 Princeton UniversityPrinceton Press, 1955. Heymann, Frederick G. He Chronicle, the Song of the Victory at Domažlic]. Translated by František Vav Klassen. EastEuropean Boulder: Monographs, 1986. Bartoš, František M. 1986. Angeles: University of 1967. California Press, Molnár, Amadeo, ed. Amadeo, Molnár, Kaminsky, Howard. nadání Františka 1893.Palackého, Goll, Jaroslav, ed. Königlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 1865. Böhmen.“ In in Bewegung Husitischen der “Geschichtschreiber ed. von, Konstantin Höfler, Blahoslavova spole intellectual institutionaland of struggle yearsthe Prague: 1415-1420]. zápas Bartoš, František M. 2002. 1437: Sourcesanddocuments fortheHussite Crusades Fudge, Thomas A., ed. Zden The vol.Prague: Friedrich 6. Tempsky, 1872. morawske Palacký, František, ed. Palacký, František, vol.Prague: Kronberg 3. and Riwná morawske Palacký, František, ed. Palacký, František, Ĝ manský andJan Blahoslav Ĝ Bohemian Reformation andReligiousPractice inec of B Č Ĥ k V.David. let1415-1420 [Czech Archives, or old written memories of Bohemia and Moravia], [Czech Archives, or old written memories of Bohemia and Moravia], Fontes RerumAustriacarum Ĝ ezová. Fontes Rerum Bohemicarum þ nost, 1940. nost, A History of theHussite Revolution The Hussite Revolution,1424-1437 Do [Towards the Four Articles of Prague: From the Husitské Manifesty Husitské Husitská Kronika, List of AbbreviationsList of Archiv Archiv Archiv Archiv The Crusade against theHeretics inBohemia,1418- John Žižka and the Hussite Revolution þ ty Ĝ pražských artykul ý ý ý vi eský eský apek. Prague:Svoboda, 1979. þ þ þ e, 1844. ili staré písemné památky staré písemnépamátky ili ili staré písemné památky staré písemnépamátky ili Píse [Hussite Prague: Manifestos]. Odeon, , vol. 2. Vienna: Kaiserlich- Ė oVít Ĥ , vol. 5.Prague: Nákladem : z myšlenkových aústavních : z , eds. David R. Holeton and Č zství uDomažlic . Aldershot: Ashgate, . Aldershot: . Berkeley and Los . Edited by John M. . Princeton: þ þ eské i eské i [Hussite CEU eTD Collection SRS SRP RWE Neun Texte UB SRB MC Listy Bratra KJBB 2 1 6 3 3 Reifferscheid, Alexander. Prussicarum Hirsch, Theodor, Max Töppen, and Ernst Strehlke, eds. Hussitenkrieges ed. Palacký, František, Prague: J.S.Pospissila, 1829. Czech annalists from 1378 to1527].In Housley, Norman. Rerum Silesiacarum Grünhagen,“Geschichtsquellen Colmar, ed. der Hussitenkriege.” In der UniversitätGreifswald, 1905. in Deutschlandwährend des14.und15. Jahrhunderts. Palacký, František, ed. Palacký, František, University Press, 2002. seculi DecimiQuinti Palacký, František and Ernest Birk, eds. Prague: Blahoslav, 1949. Žižkovi Bartoš, František M., ed. Revolutionary Prague: Movement] Melantrich, 1951. Revolu Macek, Josef, ed. Macek, Josef, þ ním Hnutí [Letters of Brother Jan and the Very Pretty Chronicle of Jan Žižka]. , vol. 3.Leipzig: Hirzel, 1866. , vol. 2.Prague: Friedrich Tempsky, 1873. Ktož jsú Boží Bojovníci: , [You Warriors of God: Readings about Tábor in the Hussite Religious Warfare inEurope:Religious Warfare 1400-1536 , vol. 6. Breslau: Josef Max & Co., 1871. , vol.Vienna: 1. C.R.Officianae typographicae, 1857. Urkundliche BeiträgezurGeschichte des Sta Listy Bratra JanaaKronika velmip Neun Texte zur Geschichte der Religiösen Aufklärung Ĝ i letopisowé vii Scriptorum RerumBohemicarum þ Monumenta Conciliorum Generalium essti, odroku1378do1527 ý tení o Tábo Greifswald: Festschrift Greifswald: Ĝ Scriptores Rerum e vHusitském . Oxford: Oxford Č kná oJanu Scriptores [Old , vol. 3. CEU eTD Collection theology than that adhered to by the nobles and Prague University masters. The most infamous masters. Themost by University nobles adhered to theology and than that Prague the reformist of strain radical more a with associated became quickly which Bohemia, southern instruction outsideand communion thecities, gathering congregations, inhilltop mostly in Opposed by King many Vaclav,“Hussite” so-calledof the laity forced receive to was religious other. the on reformers the and hand, one the on monarchy Bohemian the and Church the between tensions abated than rather enflamed execution Hus’s expectations, Council’s to the covered extensively elsewhere, extensively covered Papacies andthe of GreatSchism. dividedbythe Prague, Archbishop the Vaclav, King with conflict into him brought soon heresies Wycliffite certain of movement. reform Czech the popular preacherin Bethlehem the Chapel in which had Prague, long been since centerof the IV. Hus’s in intellectual role the as combinedUniversity hisstatus was an immensely with supportof the University the King Prague, andinitially of of even Bohemian Vaclav the that enjoyed had and Wycliffe, John reformer English the of writings theological the by influenced morebut hadbeen recently which backcentury, fourteenth far into the which stretched movement reform figureof central a Bohemian Jerome recent religious most had been the and Hus burned. wasalsotried and Prague of Jerome his fellowyear, reformer following the In heretic. unrepentant an as Constance of Council the at alive burned was Hus Jan Heymann ( 1 Still probably the best works on this early period of the Hussite revolution in English are those of Frederick G. The details of the aftermath of Constance in Bohemia are complicated and have been have and in Bohemiaarecomplicated of aftermath Constance of the The details years several On July6 Church excommunications, with and of 1415, after conflict the JŽ ) and Howard Kaminsky ( His denunciation of indulgences, Church wealth, and his defense his and wealth, Church indulgences, of denunciation His 1 so the treatment they will receive here will be brief. Contrary brief. be will here receive will they treatment the so HHR ). Introduction 1 CEU eTD Collection St 4 generally. more eucharist ofthe practice and Hussite-Catholic theological disagreement at this early point, arguing that the problem revolved around (1974): 183-92.the Cooktheory challenges the historiographical assumption thatutraquism (see 4) wasn. the axis of the “The Kutná Hora Meeting of May, 1420: A Last Attempt to Preserve Peace in Bohemia,” 3 (1994): 37. himself. See David R. Holeton, “Revelation and Revolution in Late Medieval Bohemia,” 2 Sigismund andvarious Papal against Hussites,representatives the three between 1420-22,one by launched were Five crusades warfare. of constant and inastate was pariah Europe, within throne. Bohemian the communion of utraquist and preachingfree word the of God, mortal all clergy,the sins, of punishment the all subscribed throughout the wars; these mandated the seizure of Church wealth and poverty of called the “Four Articles of Prague” orthe “law God” of ( towns. ally its and Tábor Sigismund, Bohemianally the toPrague’s heir decisionitself contributed to throne, with to inat reconciliation King andtheHungarian between attempt May Praguers the 1420 incoup New the Town of citythe in July 1419. carrya andleda mob anxieties popularPrague whoenflamedeschatological to preacher out immensely an Želivský, Jan of and in Tábor, “Pikarts” heretical and “Adamites” violent zealously of appearance the the caseafter the increasingly Thiswas nobles. the and amongst inPrague elements Hussite themore “moderate” alienated soon communistic experimentation of these outdoor communities quickly became Tábor, whose eschatological expectations and The lay chalice, or communion under both kinds ( For agood discussionof the bothpractical and theologicalconcerns raised at this meeting, see William R. Cook, David Holetonsuggests that Želivský’s popularity thattrumped of previousall Prague preachers including Hus Ĝ íbro in 1414 after Hus’s imprisonment, but quickly became a central tenet in Hussite theology. For the next decade-and-a-half, the kingdom of Bohemia retained the status of religious failure KingThe subsequent VaclavinAugust1419and of death of a last-minute the 4 for all the faithful. In addition, they refused to acknowledge Sigismund’s claim to 3 In 1420 the Hussite parties agreed to a joint program of reform, sub utraque specie utraque sub 2 2 zákon božiho, lex Dei zákon božiho, lex ) had first beenadministered by Jakoubekof Communio Viatorum Communio Viatorum ), to which), to they 36 17 CEU eTD Collection of force, free of anger and hate, and only for the defense of God’s law. Proper behavior in behavior law. Proper of defense for andonly force,God’s the free andhate, of of anger to construct ahighly moralized theory of armed resistance which emphasized the restrictive use – which had long been intellectual the and theological seatof Hussitethe movement– worked were soughtby along mastersŽižka’s defensive latter, war.The of with the Prague University distinct breakfrom previousthe religious andideational motivations and goals which anddrove address thespecific andideational within religious it context occurred. which ascension several of toprominentmilitarypriests ispositions, unconvincingif it notdoes of specificthe timing of offensive the which shift, only followed Žižka’s death and the offense, as did the heavy emotional burden of years of devastating warfare. Yet any explanation strategic military positions, certainly played a shift inthe role to decision from defense to death inmaterial benefits bothin1424. The be abroad, theform won to and of ransoms three crusades and won countless battles, a streakHussite message andfaith by andword by sword. which showed no sign of abatingimportant enemy positions and extolling large ransoms from their towns, but also spreadingafter the his 5 rides” Žižka now andin became an war his captainsledso-calledoffensive which “glorious Prokop hadpolicy;for law” “defense the oncebeenan what war exclusively of God’s defensive under leadershipthe field of in the a armies inaugurated 1426,however, inradical change military of blindthe Jan Žižka general Holý.and the hissuccessor, priest Prokop ascension Prokop’s to leadershiplegendary defeatedunderthe in miraculously in last 1431,all of them 1427,and the different authors as “magnificent”, “noble”, or “graceful rides”. “graceful or “noble”, “magnificent”, as authors different Thus named in the Old Czech Chronicles, see Chronicles, Czech Old the in named Thus 5 Thus it will be argued below that Prokop Holý’s military command represented a why But theHussites suddenchangeinstrategy? the Žižka, Under hadalreadydefeated ( Spanilé jízdy ) – offensive attacks or raids intosurrounding) –offensive– capturing attacks territories, SRB 3:79. The term is variously translated into Englishby 3 CEU eTD Collection order order to establish may afoundation later which against contrasts be made. an overview of the construction written revealinginby Finally, bediscussed especiallytotwo documents will Žižka. reference of Hussite the atopic which behaviorHussite themselves, which armies proper the favor, of also required identity under Žižka purgation religiousof improper beliefs from movementthe wasnotsufficient win to God’s will conclude the chapterŽižka’s righteous persecutions of Catholics and radical sectarians within the movement. Yetin the debate surrounding the fourth Prague article on eradication the of sin, andits in illustration of discourse defensive warfare:internal These included the purgation of events dissidents. the linked which with events shaped andexpressedJanŽižka’s personal tothe contributions reluctantly defensivewill violence moralistic languagewith be masters which accepted the then which occupied the minds of both Praguemastersthe and themore radical alike. Táborites The military shift. agency,ignored by historiography,crucialHussite the for was offensive the precondition by confidencethe virtual of invincibility in battle. This human cooperation of and divine actions to be performed, but were now inherentin the Hussite identity itself, which was buoyed external an as perceived longer no were righteousness and Morality abroad. punishment, human faith,given of responsibility the was soon well his agency spreading God’strue as as and for granted, favor God’s take to them allowed victories Hussite countless however,the thewareffort.By for militarydangerous Prokop’s timeascendance to the of command, and thus asnegative andcorrupted, human perceived only while was generally agency military whichinwinforsuccess, of God required to battle favor was the order wasexpected In we willChapter 1, beginwith of legitimacy the discussion the armedof defense 4 CEU eTD Collection identity identity under Žižka. of offensivethe including period, of its consideration and opponents with contrasts Hussite discussed. Finally, the chapter will conclude with an analysis of the re-invented Hussiteidentity andmore in expressed powerfully wereeven manifestos Hussitesubsequently theseveral fundamental explainingto the “glorious rides” the “Glorious and Campaign” oflate 1429-30, be will themes These in 1429. Bratislava at Sigismund with meeting their of adiscussion with this,motivations Hussite self-confidence, along with beredefined and goals, will introduced the example of Vaclav Koranda, death with underŽižka – latter’s the persecuted after and actively shunned radicalism once – who played a role in the period earlier of continuity for the bemade will A case shift. military offensive the of beginning the of offensive war. Following inŽižka’s death 1424, andahistorical of background Holý’sProkop ascendance in 1426 and Chapter 2will begin with a brief of overview state the militaryof followingcommand 5 CEU eTD Collection almost uninterrupted victories”almostincited“richbe uninterrupted by and booty” won to the abroad. in favor of an invasion of neighboringthe countries remarked “feeling the in that Francis Lützow Early extension of ideology. century, the Hussite historians,itis as usually nothingpresented more than either apractical necessity anatural or long series of victories over the invading armies of the crusaders the country had Bohemia country of the of crusaders the invading armies overthe victories long series of in of the spite obvious: were shift] the offensive “The [for reasons component: an ideological century later, Frederick G.Heymann sawchange noreason to it this appraisal,adding only to ignored. been has time over change of analysis systematic a thus and end, the by unchanged same that those throughout, hopes, desires, andexpectations beginningat the present were static discursively and ideologically were that events of a series were they that namely, is, That wars. Hussite the of nature the about assumption basic a from come inattentiveness, and omission of complete of these approaches, Both attention. it andrarely given granted Norman Housley’s (1914), up modern Fudge’s to the of (1914), A. Thomas works which like Others death. Hussitedidinclude wars, later the F. Lützow’s investigationsby avoid in Žižka’s opted yearof to theclosing their issuealtogether 1424,the Revolution in likehistoriography twentieth the century, F. G.Heymann’s simplisticinhistoriography. influential much most of of Hussite on Some the works Hussite 6 Francis Lützow, Francis When the change inmilitary instrategy mid1420s the The treatment of The treatmentof fromthis shift, defensive tooffensive,has been uneven and often (1955)andHowardKaminsky’s The Hussite Wars The Hussite Religious Warfare inEurope Religious Warfare Theoretical Framework and Literature and ReviewLiterature Framework Theoretical (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1914), 195-6. Italics mine. A History of the HussiteRevolution of A History 6 (2002), have taken in change the forstrategy naturally The Magnificent Ride The Magnificent became stronger after a course of has John Žižka andtheHussite been commented upon by upon been commented The Hussite Wars The Hussite (1967), have (1967), 6 (1998)and Over half a CEU eTD Collection 11 10 9 Wishart, 1965), 59-62. booty”,“expeditionsof “glorious forcollecting purpose solely rides”to the events. of coincidence the be explaining Žižka’s thus anissuejust to after death, ceased campaigns, mounting offensive counterparts; apparently, internal the of Hussites,divisions which the themfrom prevented German or English its than shift offensive the of explanation deeper a with concerned more necessarily any isnot Czechhistoriography that illustrates Bartoš Macekand along with purely domestic years of of six context the warfare: within coherence implicit their wars,assuming ofthe narrative “From 1426in his sentences three of attention the tooffence from defense transition entire tactical the on, the Hussites did not hesitate to cross the frontier, 8 Hazard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 619-20. 7 andpoor peasantpopulations insurrounding kingdoms. international butas support, a Marxist he added the of role Hussitethe raids in defending the and establishing anti-Church propaganda of points the spreading Josef Macek repeated weaken hostile to neighbors” theirmorale and inthehope of ideasspreading their abroad. most urgent to shift the theatre of war from the suffering lands of Bohemia to those of her suffered greatdamage” in of terms land, andpopulation, productivity, thus and “itbeseemed to enemy abroad … against whom attack was the most effective defense”. was most the attack …againstwhom enemy abroad possibility of unifying a splintered movementby “turning its combined forces against the Josef Macek, in Hussites,” the against Crusades “The G.Heymann, Frederick HR Ji RWE Ĝ , 12. í Kej , 166. Ĝ , Husité The Hussite Movement in Bohemia [The Hussites] (Prague: Panorama, 1984), 158. 10 More recently, Housley has reduced some of so-called some the has reduced recently, More Housley , trans. Vilem Fried and Ian Miller (London: Lawrence and Lawrence (London: Ian Miller and Fried Vilem , trans. 7 A History of theCrusades 8 František M. Bartoš emphasized the emphasized M.Bartoš František 9 Ji , vol. 3, ed. Harry W. Ĝ 11 í Kej andFudgegave Ĝ agreed, and agreed, 7 CEU eTD Collection 1998), 108. 12 indefendsword hand to and propagate Hussitethe gospel.” phenomenon, or “proletariat” one, has worked to crystallize a specific narrative of the of narrative specific a crystallize hasto worked one, “proletariat” or phenomenon, the has interpreted movementHussite Slavic and asaparticularly Czechor exclusively wars still influentialremain in normalizing the offensive military Historiography shift. which Though notaspopular they interpretations as once were,nationalist andMarxist of Hussitethe offensivethe shiftand why these havequestions notbeen properly even addressed, or asked. war?”. andexpress of adifferentkind of andlegitimizethe newhopes and expectations to changed it was adapted how underŽižka and discourse Hussite “What wasthe andalso employed?”, was military strategy before anew Jan Žižka, their general andof death of the war, years six crusades, are:“Why three ittake of did events by narrative answerednot common the questions words, the Inother desires. change and the inexpectations own their accommodated the Hussite discourse (of themselves,in changes the ignores it Secondly, tactics. more aggressive into translates suffering emotional of the enemy, and of material and the that ontheassumption is this predicated invasion. Often repeated offensive after wars) which accompanied and itdual. First, assumes a normative in model which willinevitablydefensive warfare become well-documented. The andspreadingmanifestos, the of strengthening of wereall Bohemia’s borders andimportant problem, however, the of ransoms, collection Certainly, the change tactics. military in withto part decision the the historiographical treatment of hasaffirmedthe what bynow become in asilence continually Hussite historiography. recreated issue is Thomas A. Fudge, Several reasons may be offered to explain the unsatisfactory state of historiography on historiography of state explain unsatisfactory the may beofferedto reasons Several by not tosay This isplayed historians motives are suggested the that no or these wrong, The Magnificent Ride: The First Reformation in Hussite Bohemia 8 12 In doing so, he has merely (Aldershot: Ashgate, CEU eTD Collection English, Payne,was Peter theologians, and spokesmen of their key one German, werealso Hussites Germans, spread andHussitism hardly outside of Bohemia parts and Moravia. Yetsome mostly foreigners, were crusaders the a tenet; than observation an was more land”, this Czech the destroy who “those or “German”, “alien”, as enemies to and terminology, linguistic or national with other each to referred commonly Hussites Though character. national strongly contradicts much of historiography the which maintainedassumes self-perception Hussite a inclusivethe language thatHussites address used to enemies potential Thisas converts. islater explicit in especially early butthe wars is Already present “other” striking. category of the of impermanence and the clergy, the combatants enemy the viewtowards antagonistic a clearly had discourse Hussite the though even Moreover, movement. the behind motivations has. "otherness" 15 Räubervölker he Though Germans,whom called terminologiesforPalacký’s the Palacký (1798-1876). period of national revival in the nineteenth-century, with originated and romanticthe František surprising ItisGerman foundnot Hungarian oppressors. narrativeor thatthis first appealin the 14 Nakladatelství Rovnost, 1952), 74. 13 vyko ( exploiters” feudalist the “enemy, from masses the the oppressed to liberate an attempt as in either these terms, was explained shift theoffensive Accordingly, revolution. Payne was a Lollard exile from England and thus, in many of the Czech sources, is called Peter Payne-Engliš. Peter called is sources, Czech the of many in thus, and England from exile Lollard a was Payne Thomas A. Fudge, "The State of Hussite Historiography," Josef Macek, Ĝ ist’ovatelé Yet a thorough investigation of the Hussite sources suggests few “nationalist” or ethnic or few“nationalist” suggests sources Hussite of investigation the a thorough Yet 15 and some of their long-standing enemies were Czech. Though the dividing lines of lines dividing the Though Czech. were enemies long-standing their of some and Husité na Baltu a ve Velkopolsku , 14 ), have not survived into modern historiography, his basic dialectic of 13 or an attempt to liberatein Slavicpopulationsfrom oranattempt surrounding countries to [The Hussites in theBaltic and in Great Poland] (Prague: 9 Mediaevistik 7 (1994):96-8. feudální CEU eTD Collection commonly adapted in propaganda. commonly anti-Hussite adapted national symbols, well-established certain exploit to reluctant were Hussites conservative most all butthe that sucharguments were its mere instruments". as that of the Bohemian patron St. Vaclav, who was much more after Jerome, after radical communities like Tábor. radical communities Hussitesmore the itagainst moderate andsome used excludeallHussites, Czechs” “faithful to expressed their faith as a special they often “Czech” that and “faithful” associated soclosely Hussites Catholic. remained some gift from God, “ that by thefact ineffectual made Czechs was of “Czechness” to the appeal the once important Bohemi) fideles to as “Romans” ( referred they were and denied, wasoften Czechs Catholic of “Czechness” the meantthat This Centre Around AD 1000 by exclusively not Czech was determined atrue of Prague, 18 17 Argo, 2000), 165-6. 16 “thehere( term faithful” wasthe looking closely at the self-referential terminology which crusadingHussite forces and the Hussites, they hardly determined them.sources used. Most common between maythe coincided have languageethnicity religion of those usually with and František Šmahel, "The Idea of the 'Nation' in Hussite Bohemia" I, František Šmahel, František Ibid ., 185-6; Franz Machilek and Margarita Machilek, "St. Wenceslas: Cult and Iconography," in Iconography," and Cult Wenceslas: "St. Machilek, Margarita and Machilek Franz 185-6; ., Nevertheless, it was faith, not nationality, which defined Hussitism. As early as Jerome as early As Hussitism. defined which nationality, not faith, was it Nevertheless, Some modern historians have attempted to challenge the nationalist narrative by tochallenge nationalist havethe historians attempted Some modern fides . As František Šmahel has demonstrated, the qualification became more became qualification the demonstrated, has Šmahel As František . ě Idea Národa v Husitských ímané "gained predominance over all else, [and] patriotic, state national all or state "gained [and]patriotic, else, over predominance , eds. Alfried Wieczorek and Hans-Martin Hinz (Stuttgart: Theiss, 2000), 593. 2000), Theiss, (Stuttgart: Hinz Hans-Martin and Wieczorek Alfried , eds. ), expressing their “Roman”faith. Conversely,Catholics used the term 16 YČ rní , or 17 ý Moreover, several historians have recognized the fact have the severalhistorians Moreover, recognized echách fides 10 [The Idea of the Nation in Hussite Bohemia] (Prague: Bohemia] Hussite in Nation of the Idea [The ) or alternately, “faithful ( Czechs” “faithful ) oralternately, 18 praecipue legitimaBohemicaegentis fides In addition, it was religious rather than Historica lingua 16(1969): 176,178. butalso by fides YČ . In the years Europe's rní ý eší, or ”. CEU eTD Collection before battle. Translated in Translated battle. before 22 ( 21 a “psychological enigma” partially explained by“the dashing of hopeseschatological and the “extreme violence from FudgecitesTábor, as transition their blood-thirstiness” and to pacifism framework which“until framework 1437 andbeyond”. constant remained basic a had onwards execution Hus’s from myth” “Hussite evolving the and Hus” Jan Fudge “the arguesthat cultthe restedupon of Hussitism unity of chalice the and personof the of God”. “Warriors sectarians andŽižka’s soldiers, the violentchiliast the byboth expressed link between theology Hussite and theformation of aggressivean andmilitaristic identity, as necessary the andconsequently later, decades three wars Hussite the of end the until execution from is tooffensive warfare continuity thatof defensive from the identity Hussite of Hus’s stálí 20 19 Kingdom nothing would haveincommon with Czechnation the Bohemian kingdom. or Christ's whom for and Babylon, new the as identified was in Prague seat kingdom's the whom for Tábor, of chiliasm fatalistic the inform nationalism did less Still mediation. priestly minimal with God, with communication acloser achieve believer” “common the could was used language” “common the if only liturgy; vernacular the for pushed which motivations national those who were "of good repute, and steadfast in Law" ( God's and steadfast repute, whowere "of good those ( traitors" murderers, slanderers, "defamers, were who Germans those between distinguish to taken still was care and non-Czechs, duringideological the wars,no canbe justification a priori of of for evidence persecution found Ktož jsúboží bojovníci Fudge, The term appears often in Hussite sources, but perhaps earliest in the song “Ye who are the Warriors ofGod” Warriors the are “Yewho song the in earliest but perhaps sources, Hussite in often appears term The Šmahel, "The Idea" I, 200,202. Ibid ). ., 241, 243. 20 Another assumption made by historiansHussite haswhich simplified thestrategic shift Magnificent Ride ), likely composed by priestthe radical Jan , 125, 176respectively. CAHB , 66-8. hánce, tupitelé, vrazi, zrádce 11 ý apek in 1420 to inspire the Hussite soldiers 22 Speaking about the chiliasts of chiliasts the about Speaking zachovalí, avzákon ) of the Czechs, and Č Božském 19 Even 21 CEU eTD Collection 25 26 24 Bohemia,” 23 upsidedown”. turned armies –the ‘warriors –a of God’ Hussite king, aHussite archbishop,… and social the order argues that implications of churchthe “an independentfield wereclear: …standingthese in He mentality”. Hussite radical the present theapocalyptic tension of anxiety deepening to rest.” way for the Millennium”. the for way order to safeguard or further specific interests in simply not but ruthless are also - movements and above all “Chiliastically-minded - in an effort millenarianism”: to clear“revolutionary the for a argued influentially Norman Cohn Some“chiliast”. ago, time and “millenarian”, like and totheloose usage of “apocalyptic”, terminology and undefined contributes violence,in both Hussite wider and medieval ishistoriography, one.a dated Itboth comes from myth”.Hussite proper definition. In the strict sense, both "millennialism"Latin both definition. strictproper (from sense, the In imprecisemuddled should and a consideration and beavoided, some shouldone, begiven to emphasizing that Tábor] in Tábor, for example, Housley has commented that “[i]n the early 1420s there was a danger [in Adamite thesuppression violent sect the manner.Referringin to of undefined aconfusedand pacifist typologies andviolent of use apocalyptic butcontinue movements, to terminology the Norman Cohn, Fudge, Thomas A.Fudge, “The Night of Antichrist: Popular Culture,Judgment and RevolutionFifteenth-Century in RWE , 39. Emphasis mine. This assumption, however, which linkseschatological of to outbursts movements Both of these approaches, the lack of a pacifist-violent distinction and the use of distinction lack useof a and the the a pacifist-violent of Both of approaches, these 26 Magnificent Ride Communio Viatorum The Pursuit ofthe Millennium 24 23 , 170. The standing field armies in particular were a “direct by-product of “direct by-product the were a The inparticulararmies standingfield eschatology 37 (1995): 43-4. 25 More recently some historians tend to distinguish between the would revive the would revive (New Jersey: Fairlawn, 1957), 310. 12 chiliasm whichhad been painfully laid millennia ) and CEU eTD Collection Fondazione Centro Italiano Di Studi Sul 29 28 (Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005), 708-10. hortatory". than rather be consolatory to meant were usually change eschatological dramatic of "prophecies as common, most was movement millenarian pacifistic the examples, especially the cases of Thomas Müntzer and Münster. For the middle ages,however, sixteenth-century on based behavior millenarian normative a assuming and millenarians non- and millenarians between similarity false a by assuming possible only was “revolutionary” annihilation. worldly andmilitary political struggles andsuffering persecution until world'sthe believers,were tobesaved whomust byGod, demonstrate their by election from abstaining oftheBeyond. theperfectorder would anticipate the expectation third twelfth-century,the the who"immanentized" of andfinal age which in Fiore ofJoachim by writings was reinvented the and Eschatology Beyond. judgment, the last the resurrection, namely death, after things and death on doctrines Christian the with dealt label last ( for the is days a modern since seventeenth-century the "eschatology" seemed political reality subjugation theirof and exile. Therevelation ( to offerJewish tradition, when Jewish self-understanding as God's chosen people was a challenged by the solution kingdom after destructionthe of all "Apocalypticism"worldly empires. has along in history the to their crisis. Finally, the creation and popularization of 27 Greek (from "chiliasm" Robert E. Lerner, "Medieval Millenarianism and Violence," in Violence," and Millenarianism "Medieval E. Lerner, Robert Matthias Riedl, "Eschatology," in Ibid ., 709. Eschatological beliefs were in no way inherently violent. On the contrary, the just 28 As Robert E. Lerner has observed, Cohn's association of “millenarian” with “millenarian” of association Cohn's observed, Lerner has E. AsRobert chilia New Dictionaryof theHistory of Ideas ) are synonymous terms, referring to Christ's thousand-year Christ's to referring terms, synonymous are ) Đ alto Medioevo, 2004), 38-9. 13 27 Pace eGuerra Nel Basso Medioevo , ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz apokalypsis ) of the Beyond the of ) eschata 29 (Spoleto: ), which CEU eTD Collection initially formed one communityof the strongest was certainly bonds evolvedlegitimized for Hussites, in theological alongsideeven crusades, the during early which, discourse militantHussite a highly explain of the emergence stronger terms,and thethancontextualize to be will defensechapter first the of HusŽižka’s aim the phenomenon, himself.this of Acknowledging the realm As anddefensive faith identity. of Hussite militarization subsequent and itforced areconsideration that movement strategy of firstthe crusade, an whichevent inspired somuch hostility andwithin anxiety the Hussite of warfare.launch andthe announcement look to the must we Instead, insufficient. are factors theological Though the militarization inpartake sinforthis their sins have come upeven untoheaven”. of from John: wicked”andparaphrasedthe “get St. away from my these andnot things people do the and“departinbefore Táboriteanxiety thewarnedto escalating Sigismund’s crusade another one Táboriteit, song not “Doput resist evilbutgoout mountainto the herelearnand Truth”, to armedrather resistancebut flighttheir hilltop tothe congregations of southern Bohemia; as the persecution evil in of by heavenly Moreover, Hussites the Kingplaces”. leadnot did Vaclav authorities, against theagainst“our strugglenot enemiesblood and is of rulers, butagainst flesh, the the against cosmic powers of this present Bethlehemandthe successor at Hus’s Chapel – explainednatureof intheir enemy the 1410: darkness, against the spiritual forces of 31 30 St movement1420.prior to Callsarms to by Hus werealwaysmetaphorical, and Jakoubekof sectarians like the Adamites to make way for Christ’s return, in continuity with the Hussite CAHB RWE Ĝ íbro – a prominent Prague University master, theologian, originator of íbrotheologian,Prague Universitymaster,– aprominent communion,utraquist originator , 36. , 32. Thus, to explain the transition from spiritual warfare to physical warfare, internal physical warfare, to warfare from spiritual explain transition the Thus, to Nor was the militarization of Hussite self-perception, or the violence called for by for called violence the or self-perception, Hussite of militarization wasthe Nor 14 31 30 CEU eTD Collection 32 normative model offensive of warfare. Onemodern assumption has ledwhich tothebasic asked. been not have questions relevant the as required, been not have context, medieval the nuanced andcomplex explain which arenecessary explanations, to the shift offensive within more As a in result, modern warfare. for granted are taken which explanations ideological or materialistic simplistic offered have and wars, Hussite in the shift offensive the normalized has which warfare of model normative a to contributed have assumptions modern These War, when most modern Hussite historiography was written), are assumed to be fought for. Cold WorldWars the and two the especially (but period least theNapoleonic since at wars, most modern aimsthat materialistic and the inideological-propagandistic mainly to reference is This fought. be should wars why and how of ideas modern with well fairly coincides warfare offensive meaning of andnationality. religion, of modern the concepts respect, this In warfare, imposition modernof apparatus’ theoretical and narratives on Hussitethe including movement, duetothe partially arealso andoffensivedefensive of warfare perceptions andintentions for thepreviousapocalyptic predictions month. March 1420 coincided with escalation the their sect’s the violenceof purgative after dashed 1 on Bohemia against crusade first the of announcement Sigismund’s emperor that coincidence itisa simple for not Adamites, tothe inreference be made must Similar considerations of war. by demands the necessitated were undeniably butboth mentality”, Hussite “radical in the simply implicit not were and field armies the structure, social eventhe or theology such, Hussite identity not simply was a cultural whichconstruct evolved naturally from Fudge, “Night of Antichrist”, 42-3. Certain basic historical and theoretical assumptions have worked to encourage a toencourage worked assumptions have and theoretical basichistorical Certain The failure of properly historiography Hussite between to distinguish self-the 15 32 CEU eTD Collection conquest, an undertaking which anundertaking beyond certainly so far which theirconquest, was power”. they, [that view not of point this enforce to impossible not if the be difficult would it that well quite “knew King, were the legitimate representatives of the Kingdom] without a war of 33 militant his in references Biblical no virtually used Žižka Moreover, humans. by will God’s enaction of the for Tábor whohadcalled at extremists chiliast the eradicating for responsible aspersonally saw himself Žižka, who under Thiswas greatly restrained fulfilling God’s will. human agencyin of role saw agreater hereafter movement of discourse the the Moreover, defend scripture corruption Articles.also andsinfulness,but byuseto Prague of theFour of their cause. This they usually did with audiences righteousness convinceof Europe across by the by sought to which they Hussites the reference to concrete examples of clericalperception. One of innovations in important the isthis period the large-scale effortpropaganda and papal accompanied Prokop’s offensivefocusing military policy, onthe discourse ofself-Hussite shiftpossible andappealing. priestly leadership in andlegitimizingdetermining the Hussite wareffort, was offensivethe a importance of inrise military the and subsequent death, Žižka's after violence.of Only shared by assentmasters Žižka andthewhich PragueUniversity to theuse gave their reluctant concerns moral-theological the by restrained heavily theory, aresistance of those essentially are warfare defensive underŽižka's discourse and motivations theHussite one, in chapter speaking of nationalthe assembly of that the motivations and offensive, areinherently andwarfare isviolence shift that offensive of the misinterpretation and discourse of the Hussite wars remained static throughout. Thus, Frederick G. Heymann, “The National Assembly of Thus, my second chapter will discuss both the changes and continuities which continuities and changes the both discuss will chapter my second Thus, ý áslav in Heymannáslav 1421, has arguedthatthe Hussites ý 16 áslav,” Medievalia etHumanistica 33 8 (1954):33. As willbe argued CEU eTD Collection manifestos are summarized. Another modern study on Hussite discourse, though modern study aresummarized. otherwise though Hussiteon Another discourse, manifestos in twodecades as literary propaganda” Hussiteof which tothesection dedicated “Manifestos chapter titled “Paint, poetry, and pamphlets: the politics of reformation”, a mere eight pages are outof ishistoriography Againwith.work, Fudge’s content ninety-six the citing recent page modern assome as “simply cursory propaganda”, sufficiency of reading a superficial or is abroad, fordetracttaken granted,thisfrom doesnot shouldtheir Nor value. itimply the which they strive to fulfill. an identity,about evolving identity totheirwhich the they enemies,andthepurposes ascribe explicit are and reveal often they such, As history. recent of narrative Hussite a constructed andevents alsobut on recent terms, commented Hussiteand theological messageinhistorical Táboritethe priest Vaclav Koranda. documents Typically arguedthe these authority of the were also priests and religious leaders,including Prokop Holý, the Orebite priest Prok audience. These were usually co-authored by several significant military leaders,most of whom Hussite manifestos that were addressed either humanrole for initiative. to the Bohemian commanders Jan people such as or to an internationalfiguresbutalso such Prok as Prokop, (particularly and Orebite priests Táborite of leadership military new – and abating the horrors of crusade, but also the Hussite victories over them – both of which showed no sign of Prague Masters and Tábor’s bishopcorrespondences, and shared concerningthe roleanxieties ofhuman with both agency the Nicholas of Pelh Though the contemporary propagandistic role of the manifestos, both at home and several be will shift offensive the following period the for sources primary main My ý apek of toresponsesapek of Saný, contributed whichinvolved aheightened Ĥ pek, Ambrož ofHradec,and VaclavKoranda) and rogue 17 Ĝ imov. Thus the continuous and repeated Ĥ pek, and CEU eTD Collection G. Gaskell (London: Sage,2000), 175. desires, but informed,desires, but Asshaped, aswell.“man and Eric them Voegelin explained observed, explicitly implicitly.or 36 Cultures: Selected Essays 35 actually but “amere not epiphenomenon”, all are oflanguage that historianselements forget interpret, pains reference to and clearly took “getting wemiss said”. isso, what actually dignify some with meaning,disproportionate ofmeaning and empty others Indoing altogether. reify some cultural expressions and reduce others to choice with the ago, time some recognized to Geertz As politics. Clifford “proper” a religion to “brute pattern of behavioral events”, we role of subservient the ideason modern on based others above symbols certain arranges is hierarchically thisapproach course, amodern which one vitriol them. Of which accompany choice whichis peripheral somehow the (for moreto us) recognizable language of praise or stylistic and orasaliterary footnotes as simple usually regarded are passages the Biblical important,arguably most namely, referencesand the symbolism of Bible.the Unfortunately, from omitted examinations of Hussiteareperhapsthe discourse thosemost widely used and self-interpretation. and discourse of Hussite treatments self-conscious nevertheless of of two as representative most modern are the all Hussite they historiography, (Hussites on the offensive, in Basil, at Lipany). 34 “ section the to aslimsixpages very useful, dedicates Rosalind Gill, “Discourse Analysis,” in Clifford Geertz, "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture," in ofCulture," Theory Interpretive an Toward Description: "Thick Geertz, Clifford The respective sections are from Fudge, from are sections respective The By neglecting the discursive value of Biblical passages, which manifestothe authors virtually is which symbolism and terminology self-referential the of part important An (London: Fontana Press, 1993), 10-11. 36 Biblical passages offered more than asimple legitimation of events or Qualitative Researching with Text,Imageand Sound Magnificent Ride 35 social practice 18 34 Though these two examples cannot be taken examples cannot two Thoughthese , 258-66, and Šmahel, Husitství vofenziv , usedby “to people Idea Národa The Interpretation of Č , Basilej, Lipany, Basilej, do , eds. M. Bauer and , 169-75. things” either ” CEU eTD Collection only exists in aLatin translation. See n. 187 below. 40 Reader 39 38 Ann Schildhauer (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000), 109. itself appreciate to significancethe of Biblical quotationsthe and terminology, better thus and text to read the encouraged German, were intoGerman-speakers bythe reader translated or more personalized reading of the text; in other words, instead of the Latin text being read aloud, German version is(which itself explained inLatin)may have been attemptan promote to a read the in to illiterate Latin for suggestion those the that maybe It speculated also manifesto. Biblical the usedthroughout references importance totheterminology and exact significant wouldauthors have not found necessary it include such instructionsto if they notattach did a ( read understand illiterate inLatin “thoseinstructingor those cannot these things” – who to nec mutentverba ( and re-write “those from 1431 directly whoexplicitly copy by manifestoasks Hussites One themselves. the 37 as real to them as any of the other linguistic materials used. existinglinguistic resources”from which Hussitethe built authors meaning, andtheir thus were reality; in constructing role important an has it because such, is “false” as fiction mean notthe created that does Biblical references, direct or inspired, society”. of interpretation approaches by social hereality may thefield finds be pre-empted what calledthe self- does not wait for [political] science to have his life explained to him, and when the theorist istas non intelligat legere nesciataut Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, “Unfolding Discourse Analysis,” in Analysis,” Discourse “Unfolding Wetherell, Margaret and Potter Jonathan Gill, 175; Geertz, “Thick Description”, 14. Eric Voegelin Eric MC 1:170. Translations mine. original,The likely written inGerman, is no longerextant, and documentthe , eds. Margaret Wetherell, Stephanie Taylor, and Simeon J.Yates (London: Sage, 2001), 199. Occasionally we find the value of the Biblical citations and terminology expressed terminology and citations Biblical the of value the find we Occasionally , The Collected works of Eric Voegelin. Volume 5:Modernity Without Restraint rescribunt ), nor the names of the books or the numbers of the chapters”. It continues, It chapters”. the of numbers the or books the of names the nor ), ) the present letter not to alter or change the words ( 37 The fact that many of these self-interpretations areBiblically- many theseself-interpretations that of Thefact ) – to read it in the German in read it theoriginal. German ) –to 19 38 these passages were part of “pre-of the part passageswere these 39 Discourse Theory andPractice: A non transmutent 40 , trans. Virginia trans. , Certainly the Certainly CEU eTD Collection expectations for thefuture. for expectations religious and Biblical, usedby toexplaincontemporaries theirmotivations, goals, and more generally,believe constitutes contribution thiswork an important Hussite andto medievalhistoriography as one ofwould alsopotentially suggestadditional of avenues well.argumentation as Nevertheless, I its goalsand below, made arguments the strengthen to evidence more offer surely would isliterature to take seriously languageswhich are both work Istill intend in to Further researchon thefuture. into this the languagetranslated un- from drawn be still could documents resources additional andbelow, examined closely been have Czech, discourse,– especiallyand inEnglish both documents, original and Hussite translated many Though exception. no is work often manifestos – mostly written in Latin andimportant motivationsGerman, which made sense within their cultural-historical context. national, and ideological ones onto the past, modern historians necessarily fail to recognize the particular carein referencing, adopting, and interpreting –orby imposing modern economic, representation – especially those such as Biblical references, which their compilers took ignoring self- or the Hussite of appreciate symbols Hussite message.By misunderstanding Of course, the source base for any historical analysis may always be base may source expanded,andOf the this for analysis always anyhistorical course, 20 CEU eTD Collection Žižka’s unique moralitysense of legitimized both the massacer of non-Hussites – Catholics and strict discipline notwhich only made it fightinga better forcebutmadealso itpleasing toGod. eliminate sinsought to mandating thewithin from Hussite armiesthemselves by andenforcing foreign crusaders of the Universityand masters, Žižka led his armies against allCzech manner of enemies in Bohemia, from chagrin the to sometimes Catholics Thus, enemies. internal its of it purifying also but Bohemia, invading to Hussitewere who enemies foreign its defeating radicals only not meant necessarily law God’s of defense and heretical personalsects. emphasis on the elimination of sin towin the favor of God in their struggle. For Žižka, Moreover, he Testament. New the and mannerhighly by was stipulated which peaceful restricted the forgivingand of Christ example allow reluctantly cameto themasters useof violence faith,inonly the indefense of though a held bythetraditional seat of intellectualism:Hussite PragueUniversity. University The influence greatest was ensuingdebatethe in the heretical pacifists andthough war-mongers, – warfare physical underwhich theconditions and armed defence, of legitimacy spliton the was largely movement Hussite the Hungary, of Sigismund King throne, Bohemian the to heir legitimate itshape that cannot took be taken for granted.Before launching the first of the crusade by the the faith, but of survival Hussite the for the necessity asamatter of practical been accepted Žižka mostly accepted the decision of the masters, though he adapted it to hisit to own he masters, though adapted decision the of Žižka mostly accepted have leaderled JanŽižkamay military by The whichwas Hussite the war of defense carnalia bella Gaining God’s Thefavor: Defensive War of Jan Žižka – may be properly waged. There were extremists on both sides, and the Prague University masters University and Prague the Chapter 1: Chapter 21 CEU eTD Collection (1) (Prague: Main Library, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2004): 126. alternative to the defensive-style of being defensive-style of tothe alternative waged. warfare widespreadentertain in future corruption astoo Bohemiaaforseeable thoughtof to the judge,righteous butlike and the Praguemasters many leadershe sawreligious human the role of himwary hadmade and of heretics warmongers with radical Žižka’s experiences humancontingent. agency andreligiousinsisted thought, of was onproperhumanbehavior the favor God upon which in and conductinghistory previous with movement Hussite the of continuity the emphasized often They a righteous “moral” discoursethe of and warfare.a Hussite adheredclosely identity defensive which to war; obviously he saw himself as a 41 offenders of God. sectarians alike – andalso execution the hisof soldiers whoplunderedfor personal gain, as Thomas A.Fudge, “‘More Glory Blood’:than Murder and Martyrdom inthe Hussite Crusades,” By timethe ofhis in death 1424, Žižka and thehad University masters worked to shape 41 22 BRRP vol. 5 CEU eTD Collection 45 over1,600 Hussites suffered fate this in 1419 alone. See defense to protect the law of God. The ensuing rationalizations were important for definingimportant the were ensuingrationalizations The protectlaw the God. of defense to 44 676-7. Translated in et controversias de religione in Bohemia annis 1403-1418 motas illustrantia 43 death.” noluerint Constance bringingfrom the news Popethat “if thoseMartin accused [ofV toheresy] take refuse action to abjure ( against the Hussites. A Czech notary arrived from ambushed near the town of Živohoš of town the near ambushed occurred priorits “Tábor”coined for popularity for this purpose. to the formal mine and one of which they heretics,they forexecuted threwdown shafts, crusades, whom captured when The city rewards Kutná offered Hora. of town mining atthe Bohemian utraquists massacre of Hussite pilgrims on their way to Prague were Hussite”. aware that I can scarcely be person Latin and German …letevery all Czech, heretics exterminate forebears, of our wait for the day toVaclav, his“we half-brother, that cannot regardyouas our brother if younot, in do manner the come when I shall drownKing to hein hadwritten 1417, yearsDecember earlier, two King. Over Hungarian from the every Wycliffite had believe Hussites violent hadlong encounter persecution they reason that to soon would and 42 For an English translation of a contemporary account, see One of our most important sources for the period, the Hussite chronicler Vav František Palacký, ed., FRA 2, 252-4. Translated in 43 The anxiety leda debate The anxiety such events caused from concerning thelegitimacy to armed of Even before the crusades were formally by announced Sigismund inMarch 1420, the The decision of the Council and local prejudices also contributed to the ongoing ), they ), they be apprehendedby throughthewill secular emperor the and arm burned to 42 Several months later, on months on 22 April Several authorization full later, 1418, Sigismund hadreceived CAHB Documenta Mag. Joannis Hus vitam, doctrinam, causam in constantiensi concilio actam , 20-1. , CAHB The legitimization Warfare of The legitimization Defensive Arma spiritualia or carnalia bella?: carnalia or spiritualia Arma , 50. Ģ in November 1419. in November 1.1 23 CAHB ibid 44 , 40-1. ., 29-32. The first military engagement had also had engagement military first The 45 (Prague: Friedrich Tempsky, 1869), Ĝ inec of B Ĝ ezová, estimated that si desinere CEU eTD Collection 47 46 heresy”. carry on a regular fight with a physical sword against evils and abominations, against errors and “many arenowaggrieveditis commands, againstChrist’s supposingnot that necessary to complained that prophet Táborite One eschatological expectations. towards shifted discourse Papacy. tothe their arrival,he case appealing consider when would Sigismund’s in accepted coexistence city proposal Prague the Hussite-Catholic his of until reliedroyal on also authority. burghers,masters andwere anxious for officials andnobles while their own positions which Sigismund. At this point, legitimation of the reform magistrateswas still sought from above bywho the Praguewere installedoffered“humble itself”toVaclav inexchange to for his of its new recognition Hussite after the July coup,during even mostthe reactionaryand periodsbefore it. Before his death, thea Prague New similarTown had arrangementroyalism with faith more in Kingafter death 1419 than their was difficult August Vaclav’s was offered to their of reconciling task the Hussites, moderate For one. a contentious wasstill stage early this armed defense at of Hussiteimplications question the wars. Nevertheless, the throughout but carry in also would least Žižka’sdeath 1424, at until Hussite military discourse zealous for law the and lives your forgive covenant made the fathers…, byyour all have who 1 Maccabees 2:50-64 in defense of the “word of God” ( of God” in “word the defense of 1 Maccabees 2:50-64 cited Koranda Vaclav preacher radical the kingdom, entire the 1419to inBohemia) September law of God” ( Ibid. HHR , 320. , 296-304. Those for armed resistance had a significant voice in the movement, especially as the 47 In a manifesto issuedmanifesto In congregation meetinga bytheTáborite Bzí (south on Hora o svoboduzákona božieho 46 Despite the opposition of Želivský and his supporters there, the of Despite Želivský andhissupporters opposition ) against Sigismund the Antichrist: “now my sons, be my sons, “now Antichrist: the Sigismund against ) 24 slova božieho ) and the “freedom of the CEU eTD Collection several details are important to observe. Any degree of legitimate violence is strictly to attached is violence legitimate strictly of Any toobserve. degree important are several details HHR 52 51 B Žižka Lord and may by priests lawfully the laity asrequested use force, andunderwhatconditions may so, do unmistakable”. 50 in Translated instinctus according to Christ’s law Christ’s according to ( be moved “to defend Gospel truth ( do so. The answer of the masters was for the affirmative, though heavily qualified. lords, if by orby“faithful subject orunable lordssecular communities” the wereunwilling to mostdispute relevant for usaddressed the legitimacy defensethe of of “evangelicalthe Truth” of late February issues 1420. The early of January itor to Kaminskydates wings respectively. 49 and the law of God”, againstGod hascome [who] destroyer his andheathen the from den has emerged lion [who] 48 of Jakoubek St masters, Prague by priests between a two dispute istwo ofmediation of record the surviving document loyalties. their any reconciling dilemma and their followers, wicked.” of the fear threats not the Do have died. in never Lord the hoped who variously referred to Sigismund as “Antichrist” ( “The Treatises of MS O 13 on Adventism, Chiliasm, and Warfare: The Latin Texts,” [Hereafter “Treatises”] in “Treatises”] [Hereafter Texts,” Latin The Warfare: and Chiliasm, onAdventism, of MSO13 Treatises “The “ Ibid. HHR KJBB lew lew z lože swého alúpežník pohanský pozdwihls , 545-6. Parts are translated Englishinto by , 323-7. , 296. , 43-5. Translated in Another revealing document is authored by the Prague masters by is as authored Prague revealingdocument the a rulingAnother whether on The resulting disputes inlate1419and One The werepartofanextended early 1420 debate. resulting disputes ) or a certain revelation ( acertain revelation ) or CAHB 52 , 32. Ĝ en 49 Č itwas clearhad hardly he thus never king, that could beaHussite and k Švihovský of Skála, dated to February answer, February In their to 17, 1420. of dated Skála, Švihovský k Ĝ CAHB íbro and Christian of Prachatice, representing the moderate andmoderate radical the íbroand representing of Christian Prachatice, lex Cristi , 25-6. ). And what moves them must be divine inspiration ( ewangelica veritas certa revelacio certa 50 RWE Č jest to , 46-51 25 þ ž proti bohu a proti zákonu jeho” passim ), or at), or leastevidence whichisquite )… provided they keeporderanddoso )… provided they . 48 antikrista For such radicals . $ý 6,44. 51 They must They ), or “the or ), divinus CEU eTD Collection prophecies, dated early 1420. See “Treatises”, 521-2. See “Treatises”, 1420. early dated prophecies, 54 punishment of of punishment wicked”. the between just war and illegitimate rebellion, because “whoever serves God does not carry notcarry the does God serves “whoever because rebellion, war andillegitimate just between of St emphasis on its and exclusive tone pacifistic Testament’s New of the trap escape the to means asa elsewhere hereis and cited 13:1-5 Romans of authority by The its authority. a recognized command necessity by its with coupled legitimated be only can Violence 2:15). (John temple the from sellers and buyers of expulsion forceful Christ’s specifically Testament, New the on based again permissible, occasionally highly manner.qualified This form “is for dangerous body the and alsofor soul”,the butis legitimacy of the alternate way of fighting with secular force for the laity, but only did so in a not make any provision for anger” summarize the tone quite well. himselfdefend through andRomanspatiencenot death” and 12:19“Do yourselves, …and do send God’s son into the world to judge with coercive power but to save the world through citations follow, expounding the righteousness ofChrist-like pacifism: John 3:17 “Goddidnot of his life” and which was “safer and better and less dangerous”. Many New Testament 53 sword” ( “material the of that fighting, of typologies two the between distinguishing by begin They corrupted. humanagency,whichwaseasily of andwere one, any facilitating degree of anxious mastersKoranda asa usedScripture the andother radical to priests, New Testamentquotations.Contrary highly to language, appealsexclusively qualifying which “ " non vosmet ipsos defendentes, sed... date lucum ire Sublimioribus potestatibus secularibus … ad vindictam malorum. Ĝ íbro put it, the For the sake of practical necessity, however, the masters were forced to recognize the forced to were masters the however, necessity, sakeof practical the For gladius materialis arma carnalia ) and that of practiced patiently ) andthatof all endurance which“Christ patient 54 These passages from Romans 13 also emphasize the distinction the emphasize also 13 Romans from passages These may be used by the “greater secular powers … for the ". arma spiritualia 26 'ý , 97-8.Translated in ” This is from his refutation of Adventist ; master Jakoubek as the Prague 53 CAHB restrictive , 34. authority, not authority,a CEU eTD Collection legitimate” ( legitimate” importantly, “right intention” ( intention” “right importantly, 1420: “just vindication” ( 1420: “just echoed these conditions in a tract named in atract conditions these echoed been exhausted. essential to go to war ( Third that the impulse comes from God ( 57 intent and that there is love for one’s opponents ( opponents one’s for love is there that and intent 56 55 for the cause of God, truth or justice ( destruction of Catholic churches and monasteries wasinfamous. and pronounced whose whereviolent chiliasmwasquite priestsTábor, andcommunity of dependants”. ortheir powers lower the from not priests, and authorities from “higher can come sword only material the with fight to right the Similarly, both. them directs authority higher a but fight, the direct and control eyesandfeet is asthe employed, also metaphor body Themedieval power”. legitimate bloodshedunjustlypermission arm themselves for orcommand anda superior from without or precipit ettributa ministris quibus nedum dei, quinonsinecausanecessitate gladiumportant, subdi,reddi sed withoutsword cause and they have itnot only from necessity butalso by command” ( “Treatises”, 547. Translated from Translated 547. “Treatises”, 'ý 'ý , 99. Translated in Translated 99. , , 98-9. Translated in Further conditions are also enumerated for the legitimate practice of violence: “that itis “that violence: practiceof for legitimate the arealsoenumerated conditions Further rectificat bellum rectificat 56 Perhaps the most conservative of the Hussite ideologists, Jan P Jan ideologists, Hussite the of conservative most the Perhaps ), echoed by Augustine: “It is not right for anyone to take up sword the take foris right anyone“It to not echoed byAugustine: ), CAHB CAHB quod sittantabellandi necessitas , 35. Alterations mine. iusta vindicacio , 35; Augustine,"Against the Manicheans," book 22,chapter 74. ). 55 RWE 57 There can be little doubt that this last comment refers to refersthe to comment this last doubt that Therecanbelittle intencio recta As Erasmus would later put it, one should “kill the Turk and put it,“kill Turk should one the later would AsErasmus , 50. Alterations mine. causaveritatis dei, etiusticie quod instinctudivino provocetur ), “licit authorization” ( authorization” “licit ), Bellandi materiam concernitinfrascriptum ), “which principally and finally makes a [war] 27 intencio recta cumcaritateadadversarium )” because non-violent means have means non-violent because )” licita auctorizacio ). Second with the right ) and Fourth that it is ) and most ) and in mid Ĝ íbram, veluti ). CEU eTD Collection 60 59 of the Táborite priests on the Old Testament, particularly Maccabees. He argued that the that Heargued Maccabees. particularly Testament, Old the on priests Táborite of the counter insistence Jakoubekhimselfhard the to of coincided NewTestament. that the tried with it as insofar valid only message was its masters for the but below), (discussed Adamites the support eschatologicalemployed to fiveto the flight and cities then purgativethe of violence moralizedjust warand pacifism.outright from Justification OldTestament was the thoroughly between from a highly thetightrope Jakoubekand hiscolleagues NewTestament. the walked exclusively almost legitimation drew and moralistic, defensive, explicitly was which theory position. dominant as itsagents”, deficient be woefully would certainly for whom Housley correctly identified that “it was painful to entrust a holy cause to men who 58 Pelh Nicholas bishop by Tábor’s later a decade echoed was sentiment This antecessors. of its defensive Žižka andsharedby orientation under moralistichis contemporaries and characteristic beseen, is, aswill warfare of legitimization restrictive Their apprehensively war. agency and anxiety itsproperly abilityof to to adhere highlythe moralistic demands just of churches or alters, to plunder orabuse priests or anyone else”. monasteries, of break walls the down to think, undoubtedly will “assome license, give not this does that emphasize masters the communities, radical the to clear reference In another domination”. for lust the [and] rebellion, of rage insatiable the vengeance, of cruelty the harm, man”. the not RWE 'ý RWE , 99. Translated in Translated 99. , , 188. , 165. Thus, the Prague masters essentially constructed and of resistance used adiscourse constructed masters essentially Prague Thus, the What this response of the Prague masters exemplifies is a deep distrust of human of distrust isadeep exemplifies masters Prague the of response this What 58 Those things to be avoided, again referring to Augustine, are “theAugustine, are desireto bereferring to avoided, Thosethings again to CAHB , 35. 28 60 and under Žižka this was still the 59 Ĝ imov, CEU eTD Collection out tobattle unwisely” (1Macc.5:67). battle: “On that day some priests, who wishedto confound to do a theirbrave reliancedeed, fell on inthe battle, book he forcited they it towent exemplify the fate of priests who went to common and by certainby the direct revelation of the Old Testament: “such wars [in the Old Testament] were fought in revelation ( 63 62 61 ( violence” “menof for encouragement, aloud be read should Maccabees fantasies”. and counterfeit erroneous ( inspiration adivine he possesses happen;it butis itcome about, can unusual”,andsonobody should that “audaciously presume injuries “under the pretextof injury”. andGod’s God’s cause follow it literally would lead to “anger, sedition, and violent acts” as people avenged carnaliatheir bella own “Treatises”, 522,528. Ibid Ibid. ., 527. , 48. of the Maccabees was only figuratively related to the contemporary situation; to instinctus divinus certa revelacio 63 62 He called the Táborite priests, who argued that 29 ) to wage war in this way just because of ), which nowadays is accustomed not to 61 He doubted the mandate to war to mandate the Hedoubted percussores ), and asif CEU eTD Collection representatives to demand the first significant change in the articulation of This firstindemandchange articles. of the significantrepresentatives the articulation to the benefit kingdomof our languageand of Bohemia ( must “be cleansed from all harmful rumors and slander ( andslander rumors from all harmful “be cleansed must language which kingdom”, and “Czech isthe concerned with here Article The Fourth primarily differ from versionsnot which incharters substantially 1417. previous back to are traceable which expressedtheirsolidarity with Hussitethe Articles cause.Thisversion does Four the of 65 nobility, by principally burgrave the version endthe appears at of authoreda documentin April behalf 1420 on Bohemian the of he thefourth,in aprocess Articles,played earlier which The Four akey particularly role. of Catholics and Hussites alike. sins the eliminating by Bohemia, of all upon morality enforce personally to also but war, moral themselveshave would sanctioned.Nevertheless, Žižka tookitupon himself fight notonly a to masters beyond the what went which violence manifested which occasionally goal, asentiment this for strove they as insofar morally-legitimate be could acts all that meant This favor. God’s however,morality for him not a was goal in itself,but ameans achievingto victory through the breach of these rules,authorized violence in isforon restraints thepunishmentand observable hemandated penance which will be discussed in section 1.3 below. As a military leader, 64 $ý JŽ , 148-9. 3: 212. Translated in Several months later, however, in late June 1420, Žižka worked with hisfellow Tábor with in June Žižkaworked however, late 1420, later, months Several One indication of Žižka’s self-righteous morality was the change in the wording of the of wording in the change the was morality self-righteous Žižka’s of indication One and moralistic the regarding masters Prague the with agreed Žižka that The fact CAHB Gaining PurgativeFavor through God’s Violence , 63. Jan Žižka, the “Severe Avenger”: Jan “Severe Žižka, the ý en Č k of k of Vartenberk and the baron Old 1.2 30 králowstwie ajazykanašeho králowstwie zlé ak zlé Ĝ iwé pow iwé Č sti Ĝ ) for the common ich of Rožmberk, ý eského )”. 65 64 CEU eTD Collection 68 67 instead usingthepassive voice; that“all sinsserious shall be eliminated( article, the citing when implementation of agent the excluding both and Bohemia, within elsewhere. Two letters, both written by Žižkain November of 1420 toreal or potential enemies himself in any boundway is byit, evident from his own articulations of Fourth the Article have theauthority qualification limitedwhich theprohibition and punishment of sins “in each estate the of inclusion the on insisted they implementation, article’s the of repercussions public the of Anxious masters. University moderate the of resistance wassome there that indicates Article devil”. Church shouldin prohibit himself inand others, andhate shouldand despise suchsins asthe son andof the true Christ servantof true each “All these, issummarized article The death. their All Catholiccounterparts. even guilty,those found or approving, of such sins deserve even longerpractices,more and attitudes, sensitive and to with commonly behaviors associated sins follows; those of the laity involved criminality and moral errors, those of the clergy were 66 ( so do to authority the have who by those estate each offending theLaw shall against of God, beand properly sensibly andpunishedprohibited in disorders asother well publicly, as are committed that those especially and sins mortal explicit Scriptural on asthe support other did.three to In addition Aprilthe mandateditversion,rely “all that not did it discourse, Žižka’s of typical become would as and sins, mortal new emphasis of Article at Fourth the wasnow directed punishment the and extirpation of CAHB JŽ 'ý , 156. , 215-6. Translated in 66 , 98. As one of As biographersone of Žižka’smodern hasargued,the final wording Fourth the of ”. 67 That Žižka himself did not agree with this qualification, and did not see JŽ , 154-5. 31 jenž ú Ĝ ad ktomumají aby stavoval )”. A list of of such A list )”. by those who )” 68 or CEU eTD Collection all people”. all other 72 notes “they begged him in and locked resthe children, the ordered in church,whichthe hethe hadburned. The chronicler name of God to forgivehidetrying and to either killed them brought Žižka”. them or to Thoughhespared women the them and givethose capturing … themhouse, every to went …They streets the of thein all calves “like many chancekilling to do … I will not forgive ifyou name that “I of I conquer God inthe he confess threatened defenders, the from response and I shall order thatWe promise that neitheryour you belongings nor will be After harmed.’” receiving a negative everyone be killed”.calmly: ‘Open the gates and let us come inAnd with the blessed so sacrament ofhe the body of did,Christ people the heldby town of “addressed besieging the allies,Žižka … Prachatice Sigismund’s his soldiers seriously,a doctrine whichguidedhismorality. violent, often personal, late 1420,before In 71 70 smrtedlné ivšední exterminate ( exterminate himselflegitimatehe and judge “that wasa suppress,and endto, executioner: putand we people”. secular or ecclesiastical priests,lords, or “by squires or or king any destroy Christian, authority true sin to to 69 secular”. or ecclesiastical “that all manifest sins be driven out, be it of kings or lords, of squires or priests, of people As coined by Žižka’s biographerHeymann, in “Appendix II” in KJBB CAHB , 149. Translated in Translated , 149. , 99. As the “severe avenger” As the “severe abychme stavovali,rušiliakazili JŽ 71 ), firstin ourselves ( , 486. CAHB 69 In an address to the Czechs, also in November, he assigns the assigns he November, in also Czechs, the to address an In , 168. Alterations mine. 72 70 , Žižka took “first extirpationthe inourselves” , Žižkatook all sins of In his later military rule of mid-1423, he made it clear that clear it made he mid-1423, of rule military later his In nap JŽ Ĝ , 155. ed vsob 32 ) all sins, both mortal and venial ( Č ), after this in kings, princes, barons … and KĜ íchy CEU eTD Collection 75 No. 4(2003): 554. 74 73 Táborite errors”. It isinteresting to note Žižka’s silence at this dispute while the Táborites were were deaf”. they though as behaved Táborites “[t]he avail; no to but Hussites” the follow [and] … penance accusations of heresy. Lawrence of heresy. of B accusations of Lawrence 1420,wherehe against Tábor and in defended of moderates Táborites December the His mayinfluential status be fromnoted his atadisputation presence between the Hussite itheldand presence. any denieddivine that eucharist the viewsregarding heretical held certain Hussite movement. whom radicals toward distrustful heattitude marginalize and priests, actively to hoped in the Žižka’s explain helps and violence, and morality, warfare, defensive between connection close the illustrates This episode sects. “Pikart” and “Adamite” so-called of the eradication the was Antichrist, the with battle in the agency human of role the of anxiety Žižka’s of expression and shaping the also and purgative, internally then but defensive as first stage, early this at Catholicism and defended the Four Articles. were burned Catholicbounty for captured authorities, who alive unlesstheyrefuted his head club, battle priest’s with except for sevenmonks hadhe whom burned alive. In 1423 hepersonallycrushed acaptured Catholic clergy. InApril 1420 he sacked andburned Rábí sparingmany Castle, prisoners Thomas A. Fudge, “Žižka’s Drum: The Political Usesof Popular Religion,” CAHB CAHB , 127. , 95-6. The Táborite Pikarts were represented by a radical priest named Martin who Húska, Martin named priest byaradical wererepresented Pikarts The Táborite Yet crucial for understanding rolethe both came violence toplay thewithin movement instances,In hadother Žižka express the hisinfamous to opportunity hatredof the 73 74 and a certain Abbot Ludolf claims that Žižka offered a Ĝ ezová described him as “the principal disseminator of of all him asdisseminator “theprincipal described ezová 75 33 Central European History Vol. 36, Vol. CEU eTD Collection 79 78 77 furtherevidence of his weariness of the sinful teachings of priests, not just Catholic but Táborite as well. 76 whoneedfor them; wedonot”. those ask their prayers place1421. When inAugustprayurged toaskthe onlookers to for“Let them, Húskareplied byburning their which took execution ordered had recantfailed, personally Žižka followers to before a created thing they we butsmilingly you “Not areinreplied seduced error, by clergy into erring kneelingthe – the breadwhich to church”, the of “unity the of to return to theentreated were they sacrament”.tortured, While followers. After attemptsforced him from andTábor he was imprisonedsubsequently asaheretic along with several to force Húska and his movement. the from beliefs radical sinful purging for acquiescence and as leanings has forbeenevidence moderate interpreted heresies, which hisaccused various of 1410s inspiration and early drew from 1420s, butalso Pikarts. the in which itsAdamites, roots had ideology escapistthe theology andlate apocalyptic the of spring of that year, and was all but complete by the year’s end. from abandon theeschatology thecommunity had born.which This by was begun process the the requirements for the “real” advent. This was “the time of vengeance” and required Christ’s advent”; they called on the human agency of the faithful to destroy their enemies and fulfillTábor the to assert that Christ of a crusadein March some in emboldened Sigismund’s which announcement accompanied actually did come on the prophesized date, but this was a “secret For good overviews of these two movements and their overlaps, see overlaps, their and movements two these of overviews good For RWE HHR JŽ , 196-7., Heymann suggested that Žižka’s silence in such a situation,given hisleadership role at Tábor, is eschata , 37, and , 431-2. Húska’s influence would not last;Húska’s influencewouldnot againsthis the pressure program eucharistic soon We can again observe Žižka’s purgative violence against another Táborite heresy, Táborite againstanother violence We the Žižka’s purgative canagainobserve , set for mid February 1420, came and went, Tábor’s clergy began to slowly HHR , 343. 34 77 JŽ , 258-64, and 79 Yet the fear, anxiety, and rage 78 As the prophesized date of 76 HHR , 418-33. CEU eTD Collection 82 accord with his abovementioned conception of morality and the extermination of sin. As will As sin. of extermination the and morality of conception abovementioned his with accord exclusively defensive violence of masters,tointernally-purgativethe violence in which was the from transition important an observe we – heretics Adamite and Pikart and Sigismund, of Húska in 1421. months hisexecution after massacre – rather two –some or ledanattack himself failed, Žižka sexual inhibitions, andsomeimmortal. destroy thoughtthemselvesAfter had attempts to them believingname thatthey “Adamites”; lived in they allhad discarded noParadise, clothing, Here they believed thatthey innocenceof regained thestate ofAdamand Eveandearned the chiliasticintoexile sect inthe andwoods the countryside, where they forpillaged survival. to nothing the noble andbountiful land of Bohemia”. almost fireswhich reduced the lit them between they more cruel: Táborites the were their part and the radical chiliasts of Tábor: “King Sigismund was an overt persecutor of the truth, but for thecrusaders of extremes the between position Bohemia’s lamented and cruelty”, tyrannical such as B moderates, 80 each of faithfulthe washhishandsought to inblood ofChrist’s the enemies”. “Rather, wereaccursed. itout” pouring from personally Law, Christ’s of of adversaries the blood the from back sword his holds “who them among any vengeance”, of time the of plagues cruelty,just“theAs and retribution”.into army sent by execute the whole world God all to the fury, in “zeal, rather but mercy”, and mildness, “meekness, in not him imitate to faithful 81 University Press, 1979), 267. Bernard McGinn, JŽ RWE , 261-4. , 38. In all of these cases of Žižka’s exterminations – from the Catholic priests, allies of allies priests, Catholic the from – exterminations Žižka’s of cases these of all In Eventually the same spirit of persecution which befell the Pikarts also forced this Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages 82 Ĝ ezová, saw such unrestrained and merciless violence as “heresy and as“heresy violence merciless and unrestrained sawsuch ezová, 35 81 (New ColumbiaYork: 80 The Hussite CEU eTD Collection 83 moral mandating penanceandenforcing a discipline Hussitethe armies.upon by favor of whenhe byŽižkasome tokeepthe explicitly God later time expressed attempted aviewmasters in 1420. This of which was early by was stipulated debate the Prague the the Hussites did not justifyfavorable their status actions of the apart Hussites from only insofarmoral, acceptable asitwas cause God’s serving anddestroyingput the who those in jeopardy.those that In drewother motivationwords, enemies. his against committed the success from andGod, righteousness as of “knaves of the Antichrist”, false Christians and “hypocrites” ( sinfulness “firstmeant Sigismund within only that ourselves” the wasnot butenemy, all Purging be accepted. couldnot Pikarts, or Catholics whether kind, of any orheretics deviants faith, behaviorby correct so also Yetproper and defined was opinions Praguemasters. the of behavior including which was in on proper of turn dependant restrictive the enforcement be seen, Žižka saw the success of the Hussite war effortas primarily contingent on God’s favor, Fudge, “Žižka’s Drum”, 553. As the Hussite cause was that of God, Žižka had no compunction for the atrocities he 83 Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that such violence violence was such itthat must beemphasized Nevertheless, 36 pokritci ). CEU eTD Collection undisciplined arrogance as well aswell as betrayal arrogance ( undisciplined previousthe Brod year. he his Accusing in recallssoldiers, “we engaged pillage and greedand battle of N army at the of breach the of issued arare discipline was after document militarily andmorally, hiscallfor of was penance Hussitethe army 1 April,on 1423.The enemies of God’s law, but also the moral disciplining of the “Warriors of God” themselves.the at directed violence morally-driven the required only not favor Such favor. contingent Hussite cause,This Žižka not only event confirmed to andothers of the destructiveness forradicals the but also affirmed the necessity of moralistic priests calamity: to this of Prague response the warfare to win God’s highly led by the radical populist preacher Jan Želivský were massacred. B massacred. Želivský were Jan preacher ledby populist radical the behaviorimproper ininby AtMost August warfare1421, Hussite was punished God. forces blindness inŽižka himself wasinvinciblein battle faced and never defeateven suffering complete after the summer his crusadesbetween years three the by expressed time victories and again 1420-22. over time of 1421. Yet the flipside of the same coin was also expressed; 84 RWE , 162. An importantdocumentwhich Žižka’s expresses highlydisciplined warfare, both in his has ustobeanger permitted afflicted. of the belongings poor, and killing the seizing their fellow-humans moremercilessly cruelly spoils, than for the heathens. but So truth the the Lord for not fight they and ways, helped us felland laps. everythinginto our Butnowourbrethren have embraced wicked When wefought with and compassion humility indefensehis of sacred most God truth, Žižka’s restrictive and virtuous violenceconfirmed andvirtuous of Žižka’s restrictive by as was favor the God Gaining God’s Favor through GainingFavor through God’s Morality the Discipline of The “Warriors of God”: v lakomství, v lúpeže, vpýchuanev vlúpeže, v lakomství, 1.3 37 84 Ĝ ezová reported the ezová reported Č ru dalisem Č mecký CEU eTD Collection 88 87 86 “beneficial favor”, a “great and wonderful gift which was given to us bymost gracious wasgivento “great“beneficialandwhich wonderful our favor”,gift a N at for example enemies, So “hasGod us( matters. assistedandliberated deterministic discourse which eliminated all importance the of human agency in military a God, agency of was even more overriding the emphasized “aided considerably”. But us fought side”on “God that notes our and favor. Godfought Žižka God’s Hussites: alongside the inmilitary ofHussite determiningthebehavior fate andin roleaffairs, of proper ensuring the Hussites and their enemies alike. by wasshared city, which on the one destruction unleashed atthe theexpress deepshock times of the city’s abandonmentAlthough Žižkawe know that in didnot fact orderthecity’s destruction, andthe estimated in two of the accounts arethere” people exaggerations, German Christian the to suffering and grief these reportsanddeathbeat many to men, young women and children, both andold andthus caused great still Sigismund’s biographer,“[the EberhardWindecke, Hussites] that burnedit town]down [the deadbodies” ate the anddogs wolves all splattered walls.because the blood waslaidfor Thetown seven yearsover waste and hall onto swords, lances invaded hundred town the and theykilled several from people, manydown throwing town the and pikes. There are still indications of this to be seen to this day 85 se [Žižka] set fire to the town of of town N fire tothe [Žižka] set Ibid. Ibid. CAHB Listy Bratra Listy )”. 85 , 144-5. , 142. One contemporary Hussite source recalls the soldiers’ actions upon taking the city: “they , 147. What is emphasizedby Žižkain his call for penance is the overriding role of God’s will , 17., Translated in Č CAHB mecký Brod where God overpowered those enemies”. This was a was This enemies”. those overpowered whereGod mecký Brod , 165. Č mecký Brod and it remained desolate for fourteen years”. for fourteen anditremained desolate mecký Brod 86 . Additionally we hear from the German chronicler and chronicler German the from hear we Additionally . 38 nám pomáhalí osvobozoval 87 , and from a Polish chronicler “he chronicler aPolish from and , ) from strong 88 CEU eTD Collection argumentation which follows. quite convincingly, ruling out both the Spring and Fall datings of other historians with reference to an examination an to reference with of historians the document’sother of signatories.datings Fall See and Spring the both out ruling convincingly, quite 90 daru velikého a nesmírného ourselves in the first instance, after this in kings, princes, barons, townspeople, artisans, townspeople, barons, princes, in kings, this after instance, first inthe ourselves “in beall exterminated, sins were to that mandated Prague Article fourth the noted, already As as objective. butsecondary a future is stated world the across faith spreadof the the though isThe explicitly indocument its “todefensive goals, keep,defend itsand preserve” articles, rectification. matter’s tothe he attached urgency the reveals military and have Hussite the on incampaigning importance the emphasizes Moravia, a document to which was supposed such 1Č likely not coincidentaltouching from several circumstances,different soldiermarching protocolsto morality.is It that the rule was issuedthanksgiving God”. Lord the to only monthswe committed sin we shall undertakeafter repentance and penance. Following this, weshall offer up the call“At placewhere precise the in future. the repent andactwith favorrighteousness wasto God’s for penance Hence, Lordlittle justly God ofnote. our us.”All punishes ensurehis couldto that armies do at 89 ( the fact that “Ever since that time [i.e. the battle N of Without such gifts of divine intervention, Žižka emphasized, there was no hope, exemplified by Godconsiderably”. “we angered our God”, occasion praise properly andneither weon that did put their in him”. trust As “wenotacknowledge didthis assistance with thanksgivingproper who all “sets freethose God worthy”, because not we weresurely that fact the father despite vojenský Though historiography is not settled on the dating of the document, Heymann argues the case for its July issuing "...kdež sme zh mecký DatingitBrod. July have to 1423, which his removedwould Žižka from Even more revealing than the call for penance is Žižka’s famous “military rule” famous “military is Žižka’s for penance call than the moreEven revealing Ĝ ád ), mandating), strict for twelve disciplinary theirbreach and punishments protocols Ĝ ešili, abychme na témž míst ", Listy Bratra Listy JŽ , 374-5 n. 2. At any rate, its dating is not of critical importance to my 89 , 17. Translated in Translated 17. , Č pokání u þ 39 inili, svých h CAHB Č mecký Brod] we have accomplished very , 165. Alterations mine. Alterations , 165. Ĝ ích Ĥ v želejíc, Pánu bohu pok Č kovali z toho 90 CEU eTD Collection responsible shall be punishedby beheading ( regardless of rank. ( negligence or carelessness protectus so wesufferthat does not appropriately harm God “if punished: the through statcích person”, which will be “in accordance with the law of ( the with lawof God be“in whichwill person”, accordance explains thepunishmentdue for any “shouldwhohit, cripple wound[,] ( ninth the and soldiers, the among rioting or fighting any against mandates article eighth The sustained great loss both in terms of the life of our brothers and also in goods ( iniquity”. of andhypocrites workers “stubborn heretics, tothe brought be up”anddisgrace lifted “Through disobedience ( ( faithful everywhere in the blessed church in ( church blessed the faithful everywhere aidwith included in struggle”. “to Theirgoals the salutary thethis us exaltation saints the of 94 93 92 butfirstranks, andCzechsfaithful ( especially “all dearly beloved communities from all all places, barons,princes, knights … people from all 91 exception”. without place any …in are they who of consideration any “without “protectdesiring and to defend” the Four Articles, and unwillingnot tolerated were those as those defined was community Hussite inMembership the people”. all peasants and other jazyka KJBB KJBB KJBB CAHB , 151-2. Translated in , 150. Translated in Translated , 150. , 153. Translated in Translated , 153. , 168. As in April, Žižka associated all recent disappointments and failures to humanfailures all disappointmentsagency: andAs inApril,Žižka associated to recent )”. þ eského islovenského 92 93 Human carelessness is Human thecause lapse be carelessness andwill of of any protection, God’s 94 Similar treatment was mandated for immorality and breaches in discipline. breaches and immorality for mandated was treatment Similar CAHB CAHB CAHB neposlušenství , 168. Alterations mine. , 171. Alterations mine. ), but also throughout Christendom in order that the faithful might faithful the that inorder Christendom throughout also but ), neopatrnosti azmeškání , 169. Alterations mine. ) and improper disorders ( církvi svaté 40 k hrdlóm popraviti zvlášt Č ) especially … Czech and language Slav nap ) of the military captains … those Ĝ ed všechv zákona božího ) and loss of possessions” of loss ) and ne Ĝ Č ádné výtržky) rných ochromil ), and as the Lord ý 91 ech Žižka urged brat ), or kill that Ĥ v wehave ), to join to ), Ĝ ich ina CEU eTD Collection Wars] Wars] (Prague, 1913), 911. Translated in nezastavnjte” (“Remember your souls / That you do not forfeit life / Trough greed or theft / Never be tempted by be tempted / Never theft or plunder”).greed Zden Trough / life forfeit not do you / That souls your (“Remember nezastavnjte” to expected are soldiers war”, the of aspect “some into place” any “from moving before that, mandates therule of article fourth sole scriptural sole scriptural reference toAchan’s fate in 7:19-26. Joshua and community the ( willhis goods beexception without seized of status, “onthe thathe grounds has robbed God means”) and “someother or by decapitation (either by upon death him” out vengeance taken fashion”.Any person deviating from this by rule plundering for personal gain will“have SĜ God army”. Article seven stipulates that any loot ( also properbehavior. It warns: “na duše pomn expressed in the popular Hussite song “Ye Warriors of God” which was meant to inspire the soldiers to battle but has crept away from the Lord’s battle ( from Lord’s the away crept has 97 96 “on goods groundsthe thatheis worse than an ( unfaithful robber willany that and sufferseizureof Article this.deserter decapitation reflecting ten stipulates women.” men fornicator, or other definiteor sinners,either prostitute, lecher,adulterer, blasphemer, person ( 95 our God allows ( KJBB KJBB KJBB emoci aporaziti permits , 152. Translated in Translated , 152. , 152. Translated in Translated , 152. , 152. Translated in Translated , 152. As before, God’s providence is to be behaviorAs before, gainedmorality. God’s isto providence byproper and The Deserters and plunderers were particularly offensive to God and God deservedpunishments to andoffensive wereparticularly plunderers Deserters 96 nev us to conquer and defeat our enemies ( Č Č rný k Nejedlý, jako pánBuohdopustí ), disobedient one, liar,disobedient ), one, thief,drunkard, robber, plunderer, gambler, )” willbe dividedby chosen elders “among in rich and poor anda just proper zlod 'Č CAHB CAHB CAHB Č jiny Husitského Zp ji božímuaobecnému , 169-70; , 170. , 170. Alterations mine. CAHB Listy Bratra Listy Č te, /pro lakomstvie a lúpeže / životóv netra )”. od p , 67. Č 95 vu za Válek Husitských Similarly, there was no toleration for faithless “any notoleration was there Similarly, Ĝ e boží vzatek 41 , 22. Italics and alterations mine. A similar sentiment is )”. Notably,includes point this thedocument’s ) and away from the faithful brethren of the of brethren faithful the from away and ) ) of any amount gained “whenever the Lord the “whenever gained amount any of ) jest-li žeby kdePánBuoh dalnep 97 [History of Hussite Songs in the inthe Songs Hussite [History of Hussite nad zlod Č Ģ jem nev te / a na ko Č rným Ĝ istech se Ĝ ) who ) átely CEU eTD Collection turned from turned his fierce 7:25-6). anger.”(Joshua all Israel stoned him, and willyouLord today.’ bring The on this Then “‘Why have trouble you troubleonus? brought after they had stoned theto destruction.” (Joshua 7:11-12). When Achan admits hisJoshua, sin to latter the replies rest, they burned them destruction. notbe Iwill … you with you destroy anymore unless whatever among you is devoted Then the Lord against backsrun becausehaveliable their their enemies; been made and they they turn to stand cannot Israelites the is why … That my covenant violated have they sinned; has “Israel for himself some plunder. This terrible caused defeatfor Joshua’s army, asthe told Lord him: took Achan, fate of who the to whichrefers rule in themilitary reference Biblical is single the order for the future, but as a means of deflecting God’s angerfor the past. Particularly revealing and the harsh punishments for disciplinary or moral infractions were not only to ensure secular God.” 99 hope in Lord”,God our “havebut notdoubt expectan eternal reward ( beGod’s order was loved,to feared, his wrath and“faithfor all and needs andrequirements 98 fitting that we behavein God’s fight ( Faithfulness to these rules meant that “the Lord God shall be with us in grace and aid. It is KJBB KJBB 99 , 153. Translated in Translated , 153. , 151. Translated in Translated , 151. The clear message of the military rule was that God only gave victory righteous, the to victory only God gave wasthat military rule messagethe of The clear salvation and betterment of all the faithful ( faithful the all of betterment and salvation war that mightorder in help give might Lord almighty the God, be that pray should waged they town, to the ( God andthefaceof Lord the praise God kneeling…pray Lord to the of and dropping ( his holy name for the glory of this aid and for the CAHB CAHB , 170. , 169. Alterations mine. boji božímu SĜ ed tvá 42 Ĝ ) in this way”. All success came from God, so God, from came success All way”. in this ) í boží YČ rný ). Whenever they leave the camp or a ). kleknúc apadnúc kleknúc 98 YČþ ) before the body of né odplaty ) from CEU eTD Collection Punishment, and Pacifism in the Thought of Bishop Mikuláš of Pelh significance to the document, but still does not tie it to a broader attempt to win the favorof Sciencesof ofthe CzechGod. Republic,2007): See 153, n. 53;Thomashis “Crime, A.Fudge has recently acknowledged some religious Kej punishment mandated by the military rule had the “security of the army [as] the overriding objective”. See Ji objective”. overriding the [as] army ofthe “security the had rule military by the mandated punishment the field, and about the division of booty”, and recently Ji recently and ofbooty”, division the about and field, the Josef Peka 100 since both put in jeopardy God’s favor and thus the outcome of the war itself. Soldiers who offended Godwere just as dangerous as heretics, and shouldbe punished as such, itself. movement the theranksof from within also –but andCatholics radical sectarians purgeto improper behavior notonly from perceivedthose enemiesof – Hussitethe movement punishment of sinfulthe intofit morethe general strategy of sanctified violence which sought wouldfavor. God’s notmaintain to tool bespiritual a but ablediscipline, to stand against their enemies without the aid of God. Thus, the strict The religious importance of the military rule is a point which is oftenignored in Hussite historiography. Thus Ĝ , “The Death Penalty during the Bohemian Wars of Religion,” Wars Bohemian the during Penalty Death “The , For Žižka, therefore, capital punishment was not simply a secular tool to maintain to tool asecular simply not was punishment capital Žižka, therefore, For \ Ĝ long ago stressed that documentthe “is concerned only with obedience and order in the camp and in 43 Ĝ í Kej Ĝ agreed, stating that the discipline and strict and discipline the that stating agreed, BRRP Ĝ 100 imov,1420-1452,” Just as the Israelites, the Hussites the Israelites, as the Just vol. 6(Prague: Main Library,Academy BRRP 3 (2000):78-9. Ĝ í CEU eTD Collection raising bloody “thecross hands”… with cruel mouth announced “through and corrupted and snake has birthmalignantgiven a offspring,born to in of an evil report” form the of a crusade, expelled. They wish for us to settlein exile ( languagein infrom and Meißen our where been wehave Rhine, Prussia, the especially on enemies, the Germans” ( Christian ( kingdom” struggle, defense against crusade the isas anational posed struggle “goldenof the and most 1420, just weeks after Sigismund’s announcement of the first crusade. As much as a religious of fourth the articlefrom inamanifesto to the Bohemian Prague in Aprilkingdom early of of which were related to Žižka’s “moral asdiscussedabove. “moral toŽižka’s warfare” of which wererelated and its special aswell toGod, relationship as historic,legal, religious, andsocial continuity, all military would dominantthe in Czech-nationhood themes emphasize defensive discourse the that meant violence radical more legitimatized which references Biblical specific those avoid to masters by University the taken care manner. The in a restrictive also all, then at and references Biblical used rarely andŽižka priests, byradical likeMaccabees books Testament Old use of the qualify anddispute to NewTestament the on relied masters Prague seen, the As wehave a moralized in violencefunction legitimacy anddefensivetypethe to of warfare. of qualifying Some early patriotic element may be already observable in observable already be may element patriotic early Some Biblical apredominantly serving restrictive have citations of We the use observed zlaté anaizk nep Hussite Identity Hussite Identity during Defensive the War Ĝ átely nasse p átely nasse Ĝ es Ģ anileišie králowstwie Ĝ irozené, Niemce irozené, miesta wyhnanców miesta 1.4 44 ) who “are always antagonistic to ) of Bohemia with “our natural )”. The church, that “most cruel ý enek’s earlier formulation earlier enek’s CEU eTD Collection exile was an appeal to a national narrative of of a national history. narrative to exile wasanappeal complete of threat under now was Prussia, and Meißen Rhine, far asthe as extant was once which language, Czech the that assertion head.The on their “heresy” of accusations Catholic asitdemonstrated later wouldinvincibility by be the and of Hussitethe armies, the turned gavecontinuity. theirlegitimacy It which yet causea becouldnot as undisputedly important one, as it emphasizes their victimization and their own religious and historic linguistic one,with serving role.religion asecondary This ofCzech is innocence theme an by is completely means of them exile a The conflict primarily a crusade. territorial and to hopes now which nation, enemy an by lands distant of out forced systematically community all invoked. entire( realm “our “our patron”, Vaclav milowníky horliwé fathers, the old Czechs, fervent lovers of their country ( country their of lovers fervent Czechs, old the fathers, 53 (1997): 162-66. Translated in 101 ( knights “like brave imagery, that historic and national rather but religious, even or in Biblical, cast not is battle ensuing the Moreover, made the unthinkable necessary: “thevenomous lips” totake of …awayfrom has godless”.us likethe inorder truth This God Karel Hruza, “Die hussitischen Manifeste vom April 1420,” April vom Manifeste hussitischen “Die Hruza, Karel The narrative presented hereisThe presented one narrative of a peaceful yetbrave national and linguistic that youmight be prepared to stand up to resist all of our enemies … appeal your wisdom to language,anddefenseour consistent of with love justice and war, for weapons,Being full of tolerance and God’s goodness ( against that which we honour and will always honour … [but] we 101 ), and stand up willingly against this evil”. In the closing of the document St. CAHB , 58-60.Alterations mine. wšie wlasti našie iako stateczní rytie 45 dobroty božie) dobroty Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters otce naše ), and the kingdom and are kingdom ), the of Bohemia” Ĝ i , we cannot evenfor prepare , wecannot ý ), may you remember our echy staré,wlastechy zaswogi CEU eTD Collection of of battlein “following address 1421, when ashort everybody by priests[,] sank totheearth and eve the of description Lawrence’s by expressed also is Hussites the by norms social medieval which had with sided Sigismund atthebattle of Vyšehrad in 1420. The of embracement lamented the fall forMoravian of “flower centrists, chivalry” spokesman Hussite the of the previous medieval Bohemian society. The Hussite chronicler Lawrence of B of Lawrence chronicler Hussite The society. medieval Bohemian previous legal “just war” theory, but to religious morality and continuity as well. Christendom ( Christendom law isto both crusade againstBohemia “which ordering contrary wasone andthe right of in processof the manifesto: is another a language legalisticenacting the reiterated weeks later, slyšenie žádného dawši slyšenie žádného “admonishment,without trial,nor an audience ( with Czechs,whofullthe are “God’s of Sigismundgoodness”, has launched an“unjust war” Again in crusade’sthe from legal April manifesto, the isdeparture contrasted tradition noted; 103 ( warfare of war or art the knowing not defenseless, and harmless completely Joseph, of lamb small the “against Magog” 104 102 innocentes regnum ( blood” innocent in Thus, of amanifesto Newandthe OldTowns ofPrague, Sigismund“shedding isaccused of Hruza, 163. Translated in RWE UB 2: 489. , 41-2; Hruza 170. Nor did the Hussites neglect the social continuities which they made sure to inherit from inherit made sure to whichthey the social continuities did neglect Nor Hussites the In this vein, the legality, or lack thereof, of Sigismund’s crusade is also highlighted. proti wšemu ), driving Bohemia’s “natural enemies” ( sanguis innocens CAHB )”, but only a “shameful denunciation ( denunciation “shameful a only but )”, nudam penitus et sontem, bellorum et armorum prorsus nesciam sontem, bellorumetarmorum nudam penituset Ĝ ádu a k práwu , 59. ) in “our faithfulin ) “our kingdom”and innocent ( Ĝ es 46 Ģ anskému ani napomenuwšipohnawši, nás,ani ani )”. 104 naturaliter inimicae This was not only appeal Thiswas an to hanebné nar ) “like Gog and“like Gog ) þ Ĝ ení ezová, akey ezová, )”. fideles et fideles 103 Two )”. 102 CEU eTD Collection tied to Žižka’s own fairly conservative conception of Žižka’stied of fairly As to human own conception nature. hasbeen conservative argued above, Bohemia to the Catholic fold. Catholic the Bohemia to return to he plotted that itwas discovered after later years three was overthrown but year, inBohemia command temporary 1424, taking of in after Žižka’s Hussitethe armies death that Polish kingW communion, but his rule was fraught with difficulties: he was soon forced to return north by the Articles, utraquist Four received and the inaccepted Prague cameto 1422, eventually Korybut 107 106 105 followingyear, Žižkahimself addressed the kingdom, hoping others wouldfollow his example: aprovisional thenewking and until the In to thethrone arrive. would created government was part of the task of the 1421 national assembly of Bohemian crown to Princerejection Zigmunt of Korybut,Sigismund, the after for royal acceptance desire lingering the explicitof mostexpression perhaps the Yet nephew by moderate of the Grand Hussites Duke byhis acquiescence. be might their that hoped contrary, gains on the consolidated but religious ofand Lithuania. Žižka himself, This is their attempt to inspire themgive to be bolder in defending the truth”. the offeredprayersGod; updevout rising to from a numbercreated they prayer, new of knights,to For a further discussion of Korybut’s fall, see section 2.1 below. 2.1 section see fall, of Korybut’s discussion further a For Listy Bratra Listy RWE , 44-5. The Hussite emphasis on their own continuity with the past and the good are intricately SĜ likewise obey him just as you have committed to do so before God ( ( him gladly his faithfully and thisintendassist will Highness country …We to obey his andacceptin helperwe support asour prince Highness the assupreme and regent As has Praguehad been already noted, notoriginally Sigismund, intended tooverthrow chceme jehomilosti rádi poslúchati… aradnibýtiv ed PánemBohem , 12. á adis á aw. Korybut remained a devoted utraquistKorybutaw. remained subsequently adevoted and to returned ). 106 107 47 105 ý áslav, which rejected Sigismund’s claim Č rn Č ) …. We ask that all of you jakož jste slíbili CEU eTD Collection historical continuity as little as possible. as little continuity historical and social, legal, moral, of patterns authoritative disturbed it if is, that intent; right the by necessary and ifwasdirected it absolutely only was innocence, andwaspermissible corrupted masters. Violence by moral Prague the discourse the key of Žižkaand constructed to warfare was continuity innocence and of Hussite identity of an construction the Moreover, ourselves”. in “first it exterminate to anxious was and enemy, in the as well as him around all sin saw he 48 CEU eTD Collection enemies abroad, reveals his ideological commitment to the decisions of the University masters University the of decisions the to commitment ideological his reveals abroad, enemies invasions,northern and became spokesmanthe for many in agreed withPrague who him. of threat the eliminate would Silesia capturing that argued treason, with magnate chargedthe Ambrož Žižka. petitioned Hradecbecameand enraged of Ambrož priest theOrebite border, Bohemian the across army Silesian fleeing a attacking from troops his forbade who magnate for had warfare example, after of1421,Hussite InJune arisen. betrayal the a prominent of defense the law. of God’s to advantages wouldconsiderable borders reap kingdom’s crossing the believedthat sincerely if he a domesticof warfare strategy anddefensive himself Žižkahaveto that would restricted strategy givena highly Moreover, hisrecognizedmilitary isaffair.dubious it prowess, unlikely Žižka’smakeinfluence in military to material seemto their ravages regards “weighing” and emotional both of evidence abundant the though reached, been yet not had foresight strategic or destitution, economic emotional aggravation, of threshold a certain that historians by has been speculated It is telling. crusades three and yearswarfare after four of so do to Bohemia by means“inoffensive kings,princes,but [and]barons”, the fact he that never tried 108 JŽ , 241-2. Žižka's unwillingness to cede to such arguments, despite forsuch cede the disdain hisobvious arguments, to Žižka's to unwillingness Such anda strategy didhave for itssupporters, opportunities legitimate offensive leastinIn itmay be rhetoricabolishgeneral, at said Žižkadid to that sins outside plan Conclusion 1.5 49 108 CEU eTD Collection generally acknowledged his generally after death. moral crusade togain of favor but the God, permanentthe success of crusadethis wasonly 109 response N tothe his from isclear God to offensive as enemies, his against even violence, indiscriminate saw maintainto “love killing for one’s opponents”, “the Turkandnot the man”. Thefact that he offeredhis opportunity least at enemies indicates heconversion the of that, ostensibly,to tried hefact regularly his that enemies, violence the against Žižka’sdocumented despite Moreover, motivation. divine and necessity of requirements the fulfilled by definition Antichrist, the of justfor warfare. matters on especially of Jakoubek, opinion the requirements the the masters, of University the Heymann rightly argues violence. with restrictive thaton his emphasis warfare offensive of incompatibility and the Žižka’s adherence to a defensive strategy reveals that he shared defending God’s truth (synonymous with defending truth God’s is essential”. it that … and God from comes impulse the that … opponents one’s requirements from February of 1420, that war be for the “cause of God, that there is love for 110 Ibid. CAHB , 242, n. 3. , 35. See n. 56 above. 109 Č mecký incidentBrod andfrom his military rulehad of 1423. Žižka leda Žižka’s strategy was easily justifiable along the lines of masters’ linesthe the of along justifiable easily was Žižka’s strategy causa Dei causa 50 ), which was under attack from the forces from the attack under which was ), 110 For Žižka, For CEU eTD Collection arose from the wars at the Council of Basil in 1433, saying “we detest the abuses committed the “we detest saying Basil in 1433, Council of from atthe wars arose the ne been will.intention doneagainstour eliminate isallvices Our to andsuppressthem ( of our community perpetrates some injury community viceof our or ( perpetrates “ifsomeone it that happens asserted that May 1430 of manifesto behave assuch. Hussite One identify The Hussiteleadership andhoped to of continued military “Warriors the God”, with to moralistic legacy warfare, the remained following influential even which of the offensive shift. invincible”. were they banner this with battle into went [they] Whenever alive. was he when looked he as just club battle his holding “Žižka be paintedbanner, upon their sitting onhis in white horse, armourthe of a knight, flightturn as to soon as theyheardits sound.” fashioned from his skin.With druminthis leadthey the should gotowar.The enemies would deathafter “his body be flayed, flesh the fordiscarded birdsthe and animals, and adrumbe and Hussitism, Sylvius,Žižka Pope future the proclaimedthat wrote enemyof that commanded Aeneas father”. their lost had they though as themselves for Orphans name the up “took forms: the many in on Orebite lived warrior invincible the of memory The God”. of finger the by brotherhood, extinguished to which eventŽižka shook the entire Hussite movement, as the man “whom nomortal hadhand could destroy was grown close after his break with Tábor, 112 111 113 Ĝ Ibid. CAHB HM esti odstra , 145-6. Translated in , 190. Žižka’s death, however, did not immediately precipitate an end to his defensive and In October 1424, Jan Žižka died of plague while besieging the castle of P of castle besieging the while plague diedof Jan Žižka 1424, In October , 182-3. Ė ovat abránitjim Fulfilling God’s will: Prokop Holý and the Offensive Shift CAHB , 295., See 161 belown. for anote on language. )”. 113 112 Moreover, Prokop himself Moreover, Prokop addressedthe evils which Chapter 2: Chapter 51 111 The people of thatKrálové Thepeople mandated of Hradec NĜ ivdy nebone Ĝ esti ) we declare that it has Ĝ ibyslav. The všecky CEU eTD Collection self-perception into could mainstreamself-perception they enter the discourse. Koranda, butVaclav changesinafter leadership in only more military and generally Hussite and Such agency by had abroad. propagated themes long such as priests been advocated radical messagedivine wars whichlegitimized byhuman andpunishment spreadandGod’s the of theHussite anarrative of tocreate identity worked and are-invented leadersexpressed their and by manifestos speeches surrounding while their into on“glorious territories, rides” borders called upon to and God with in partnership now were they but it, defend and will God’s with accordance in simply moral to act of “Warriors God” ;nolonger the Žižka were under been neverpossible Hussite self-perception. It worked to raise benow could as by taken for had granted, been another. victory one after demonstrated the role of human agency favor,Finally itseemed that which God’s Žižkawashighly under and impermanent, contingent to an extent whichan inflate theirself-confidenceunprecedented toextent. to inbattle 1426worked of Ústi had 115 114 year in death. of Žižka’s the in last one Klatovy after the irrelevant became of war, torestrain abuses the priests by Táborite Žižka his under synods, three times reform did called The death. after once-enthusiastic wane we shall not cease pursuing those guilty of them”. duringmilitaryof the conduct happen;operations, however they weheartily regret them, and The two previous synodswere heldin Písek in 1422 and Táborin 1424. “Appendix II” in RWE , 168. This self-confidence foundanimated soon in ideological expression the change of Nevertheless, the discourse of Žižka’s highly moralistic and restrictive use of violence of use restrictive and moralistic highly Žižka’s of discourse the Nevertheless, fulfill his will. Beginning in late-1426 Hussite armies crossed the Bohemian the crossed armies Hussite in late-1426 Beginning will. his 115 Moreover, the Hussite victories over three crusades andatthe crusades three victories over Hussite the Moreover, 52 114 HHR , 500. CEU eTD Collection townsman, was the first among the Táborite clergy whomade use of their sanction marriage,of a and asa priest educated was better junior, Žižka’s years least wasattwenty latter the career. parties in the debate regarding the matter of vestments, of matter canonical regarding the debate parties in the Hussite bridge among divide the heto in worked brother 1423, AsTáborite arecent house. Minorite Bohemian in a time some spent and orders holy hetook before youth his in Bohemia 118 historiography. and the ideational discourse of the war and the Hussites themselves. captains. Theshiftwas agradual one, andwasaccompanied byboth inchanges political affairs Holý tobe whichmasters by superseded foughthis offensiveby warfare and was the Prokop years forthree Žižka’s after death defensive favored by the warfare himselfandtheUniversity would remain effective until both of death the men battleat the of Lipany in 1434.Still,ittook 117 1953). Though well-researched, itis in many respects inneed of revision. of B priest Prok Orebite In1427the finally control. effective assumed in commandProkop before transitions Korybut who assumed command, but this would not last; the Táborites made two more commanders the ascendency before itHolý inof Prokop wasKing 1426.First, Zigmunt of only one monograph known to me, Josef Macek’s Josef me, to known monograph one only of 116 Though he has received considerable attention in the form of short articles or chapters, to date he is the subject the is he date to chapters, or articles ofshort form the in attention considerable received has he Though Husitská Kronika HR Ĝ , 2. ezová wrote of him that he was “under suspicion of the Pikart heresy” in his early 118 Prokop himself is a man who has not received due attention in Hussite attention due received not has who man is a himself Prokop filledby several was in 1424 death by Žižka’s left authority vacuum of The One of Žižka’s modern biographers has contrasted him with Prokop by himnoting biographers One hascontrasted that modern with Prokop of Žižka’s Ĥ pek assumed command of the Orebite (or “Orphan”) forces, and this organization this and “Orphan”)forces, (or theOrebite of pek assumed command The Rise of Prokop Holý and the beginning of the Offensive Shift 116 , 243. He was born in is the 1370sandit known he that widely travelled outside Prokop Veliký Prokop 2.1 53 [Prokop the Great] (Prague: Naše Vojsko, 117 but the moderate Lawrence moderate butthe CEU eTD Collection 122 121 CAHB 10,000 to 15,000, but the crushing ofnature defeatthe at Ústi remains.See Heymann, “The Crusades”,612, and 120 119 futuremilitary reduceits Saxony capability; to andelevated it battlebecame bloodiest the date. between Germans Czechsand to was its importance violence recentreligious of the context within the conflict; territorial of Ústi was not technically a part of the anti-Hussite crusades, it was clearly more than a simple inbut 1426 astrong Hussite led army attempted byKorybut it.to recapture Though battlethe of Wettin, elector Saxony, by hadbeenpledged toFrederickseveral of the Sigismund others, with along city, This Bohemia. north in Ústi of battle in the forces Táborite the of captain and rigid”. “hadand issues openmind generally still an on final Žižka’s judgmenthadbecomeon which of Tábor and Oreb, brotherhoods military the and Rokycana Jan under moderates Prague the between relations the strategy of offensive warfare, as the expulsion of the divisive conservatives in Prague stabilized Catholic fold. Thishasbeenoften explained inhistoriography for as catalystthe subsequentthe the to return Bohemia to hoped hadking by which the was uncovered plot asecret after P Jan master University influential the including – followers his of many himself. would Nevertheless, this soon change;in April 1427 Korybutwas andoverthrown military strategy of the captains,partially but also the lackreveals of central theauthority extent in the tohands which of Prokop Žižka’s legacy of defensive warfare still controlled the Heymann, “The Crusades”, 612. from losses citetheir who chroniclers German contemporary the about skeptical are Fudge and Heymann Both HR JŽ , 458. , 27. , 200-01. After Hussite the victory,urged Prokop commandersthe follow to the enemy into Prokop most notably military authority in gained the Hussite leadership after his role as 119 122 who longwith been had at odds P 54 121 the fact that he failed to convince them Ĝ íbram.historian hasAs one explained, Ĝ íbram – were exiled –were íbram 120 CEU eTD Collection 125 124 123 radical the more with of relations Prague harmonized the hierarchy,and inthemilitary position Prokop’s elevated Rome, with reconciliation preferred who Hussites of conservative faction asignificant did eliminate fall ofKorybut the military strategy; alter the to in thedecision yetnot policy Žižka couldwhich achieve. military simply the offensive former andthe andenacted so astronger enjoyed better-organized but that andŽižka”, of Prokop conceptions in thepolitical nodifference essentially “there was that Some suggested haveeven factors. ideological, military-strategic and material, political, convinced tosupportProkop’s offensiveness. even Žižka’s who masters be that supported could defensiveness expeditions abroad University clear Hussiteinby its many Prague and future of moderate allies participation of the maintained strategy, leadership the butdefensive it military the himself.isAlso, also and Žižka had who masters only itthe was not above discussed Ashasbeen masters. University conservative by the dictated as strategy military defensive characterize the to inaccurate an Austrian at Zwettl. army himself avictory over scored March 1427Prokop winter of 1426-27, the in Hussites participated invasionsseveral into Silesia and Austria, and in by half Inthe arrest a year. Korybut’s shift offensive preceded the Firstly,in strategy. military masters. University of couldnow freely revolution”,the who abandon strategy purely the defensive the of wholethe upon this hada“liberating foreign effect standard-bearers and military the of policy Macek, Heymann, “The Crusades”, 619. Ibid ., 612. As has already been noted, this military shift is typically explained by a variety of variety a by explained typically is shift military this noted, been already has As change the explains partially only Korybut of fall the why reasons several are there Yet Prokop , 37, 65. 123 125 Needless to say, all of these played important roles 55 124 Secondly, it is it Secondly, CEU eTD Collection now finally attainable. finally now evaluated, and the spread of faiththe – which had been a desiredistant for even Žižka –was leanings of radical prior the with combined confidence, years.This overthe time andagain fact proved several of a Hussites, Prokop’sthe of side the wasclearly on God its goal: hadachieved by Žižka fought warfare commanders,moralistic and restrictive wars.The Hussite future of the human agencyin discourse role of the meantlent butalsoconfidence tothe and of election, hisconvincedtheir divine commanders Prokop that the meaning will hadbe arguedthat lostneverthis Hussite asingle(Žižka invincibility notonly battle) of theimpressive, by the immense victory won at Ústi,war in which he played an important role. Below it was re- favor of God had alreadythe Hussitesbeen proven the favor of God. By and warwhich leadinghighly moralistic wasconcerned gain would arighteous with masters, the time of Prokop’s ascendanceunderwhen it Abovewehaveargued Žižka. and not that Prague Žižka,asmuchthe did, to military command, the crucial strategic the shift.to Hussite faith, and the andthe future attacks; propaganda of spreadof the rallying-points abroadofferedanalleviation possibility of fosteringwas relationssurely with tempting all brotherhoods, of allowed aless-restrictivewhich foreign policy; the lureofforeign booty potential allies atabroad a timewere also of material devastation, and the destruction of key enemy The question which all these explanations ignore, however, ishappened The shift alltheseexplanations ignore,however, why which question the by the victory by victory the over three crusades and, perhapsmost 56 CEU eTD Collection sons, be for zealous lawthe lives andgiveyou ( “Buthe my congregationfrom in cites 1 Maccabees now Mattathias 2: 50, Hora September, would,butmasters as a permissive instigative of even and one.In Bzían the manifesto the of physical warfare andusedas a not scripture prohibitative reference toviolence, asthePrague manifestos. Hussite some Prokop enjoyed the position of military commander and also fulfilled the role of co-author of who periodically expressed thehuman function agency inof vanquishing the butenemy, under priest radical apocalyptic an been only not had who Koranda, Vaclav of is that example such best the Perhaps Prokop. under shift offensive and the 1420s early the of radicalism sectarian between the a continuity illustrated individuals certain cases, influential more but extreme less vengeance”. In of all execute of time the “to plagues the sent byGod whowere Adamites, of the violence chiliastic the motivated conviction asimilar As observed, new. wehave enaction andthe for crucial was the which a phenomenon legitimizationwill, his of fulfillment the for God with responsibility of the offensive military shift under Prokop, was not entirely “At the Crosses” ( meet Heclosesagain to tothedust”. have congregation the by inviting because hewill returned may ofhim benotrace there but he tomorrow may beexalted, Today wicked.of the threats your fathers”, and continues with an apocalyptic immanence from verses 62-4, “Do not fear the We haveWe 1419. Herehemaintained Vaclav already Korandainencountered urgency the shared which a role to agency human of elevation the that noted be should It Na K Ĝ ížkách Vaclav Koranda the “Fighting-Priest”: the Koranda Vaclav The continuity of early Radicalism early of continuity The ) tounite the realm “in order to defend the freedom of the law of 2.2 57 dajte žiwoty waše ) for the covenant made by made covenant the for ) CEU eTD Collection crusaders, Koranda killed a man, perhaps in self-defense. Though have Though he seems taken aman,inself-defense.the crusaders, Koranda killed perhaps to hewhenfrom by imprisonment Hussite being and after prisoners other escaped the captured also offers someinto insighthis ideasofhumanaggressive agency. In in incidentan 1420, in hand ( The time has come when wandering around with the staff isLord flourishing but ina goats wonderful are coming now whoisway wish grapes. toeatthe over. Now we march with swords commanded pilgrims on their way Pragueto to arm themselves:“Brothers! The vineyard of the Shortly after the Bzí Hora meeting, aware of the advance of Sigismund’s men intoBohemia, he and clearlysaw human agency as crucial for protection the andfulfillment of God’s will. not have need for any written books because they will all be taught by God ( sufferings” ( sufferings” day be in day houses will more there Plze will up and findget all others lyingthe dead,with their noses insticking up air,andthe on that priests” ( priests” 130 129 confirmed by much of what we learn about Koranda from P 126 rozdielowé conflicts scandals and abuses, “blatant the andthat God”, 128 127 SRB KJBB $ý KJBB HHR 3: 206. Translated in 3: 30. Translated in Translated 3:30. , 300. At Bzí Hora and elsewhere, however, Koranda abandoned the pacifist apocalypticism pacifist the abandoned Koranda however, andelsewhere, Bzí Hora At , 275. Translations mine. Translations 275. , yet butnot as“apocalyptic chiliastic”. This has beencharacterized rhetoric , 266. Translated in Translated , 266. nechodtež s holmi, alsbranj Život kn )” be“abolished and punished ( po t Č Č chto ranách ží táborských CAHB CAHB HHR , 330. Alterations mine. , 29. , 25-6. ), “those of God’s elect ( ). While still in Plze Ė ).” than evil people still alive”, still than evil people 130 staweni akaženi Moreover, his direct involvementin acts of violence 58 Ė , he assured hisfollowers that “one day we WČ m volenýmbožím )”. 126 (úrazowé zjewná apohoršenie a Ĝ íbram in his “Life of Táborite 128 and that “after all of these ) who remain… will remain… who ) Xþ eni od Boha 127 This is This )”. 129 CEU eTD Collection of the Táborite priests, and especially Koranda ( Koranda andespecially priests, of Táborite the 135 134 103-4. ( “Pikards heretics” and towards [affection reason this“For more Koranda personal: was toward buthis attitude in lay wasgeneral, priests affairs of minimize role the to Žižka’s effort ofTábor. priests the and Žižka between divide growing CAHB See himself. Žižka to troops of the command attributes incorrectly Žižka” ofJan Chronicle Pretty “Very The two. 132 preached only.” 131 died”. convert. beggedand to thelatter promised priests –though ordain had forcedtheir Catholicthe Nikopolis Hussitesthe to previously of bishop whom seriously, matter unfaithful” ( him with execution carried latter's whichthe of a list he misguidedarticles showed“tothe and among ruins. the and episode endedcorpse of abandonmentthe buildings the of king’s the with destruction the Vaclav IV,and him drink propped up withcrown astraw to with embarrassing them. The King late the of the body drunk,disinterred got cellar, wine monastery’s command the raided his under men The kings. of place burial the was which monastery a Zbraslav, of siege the led 133 According to P According to Žižka’s orders. 1421 upon whoheretic inAugust sect atTábor, asa wasburned radical Pikart The chronicler notes: “Thinking he may have killed someone, he did not permit himself to officiate at mass, but František Svejkovský, ed., Husitská Kronika KJBB Ibid. 135 , 187n.25, and 134 , 96-7. , 294. Translations mine. Translations 294. , Koranda’sradicalismhis tothe with Húskacontributed and friendship often uncouth The chronicler Lawrence of B of Lawrence Thechronicler bludným anev CAHB Ĝ íbram, Koranda was highly sympathetic to Pikart and after Húska’s teachings, íbram, to washighlysympathetic Koranda 131 , 123-4. 133 JŽ , 97. Korandapermitting hadnocompunction about the drowning of Hermann – Also revealing is Koranda’s friendship with Martin Húska, leader isKoranda’s with AlsoMartin friendship of revealing Húska, the , 168, n. 11. The episode is also treated by Lawrence of B Staro Č rným þ eské vojenské ), saying “Behold, it is for this that the brave Martin [Húska] Martin brave the that this for is it “Behold, saying ), Ĝ ezová also corroborated the connection between between the connection the corroborated also ezová Ĝ ády [Old Czech military ordinances] (Prague: Orbis, 1952), 31. 59 Pikardy a a zvlášt 132 Č kacie Korandy Moreover on AugustKoranda Moreover on 10, Ĝ e )] brother Žižka hated some Žižkabrother hated )] Ĝ ezová, see )”, and the feeling was Husitská Kronika, CEU eTD Collection 138 significance of. 137 136 priest” “fighting likely Koranda’sthat long history of reformist zeal and hismilitary experience made him a itseems indeed, violence; to itcame when force a restrictive not was Hecertainly manifestos. military strategy, hewould military play rolethe of and Hussitecaptain alsoco-authored Though itisProkop. Korandainfluence toascribe speculation to offensive adirect inProkop’s openly theexecutionsand of Žižkafor condemned Húska his adherents. Koranda“And ( shunned mutual: reason that for So characterized by Heymann, see by Heymann, Socharacterized HR KJBB , 2. , 294. Translations mine. Translations 294. , sameYet that radicalism such which created unappealingenmity with Žižka not forwas 138 which Prokop, himself a priest, could appreciate the spiritual and military spiritual couldandappreciate the himself apriest, which Prokop, JŽ , 355. 60 vyst Ĝ iehal ) him for two years”, him for) two 137 136 and he even he and CEU eTD Collection such a debate, and rejected the supremacy of Scripture Hussites the for their part, dogma; over supremacy the andrejected of such adebate, Scripture Catholic theologians insisted that only an ecclesiastical, not a public, forum was appropriate for the in Thesummit a deadlock: ended estates. their Bohemian on attacks constant cease the led byUlrich a Rožmberk, withof sought truce Hussites until the hoping BasilCouncil,the to Czechs, royalist the and time; years two within Basil in be held to was which Council, Church an agree to to the Hussites wanted Sigismund woulda lay where and have authority; supreme doctors early Church the public, Scripture andrepresented byProkop defend an before Payne, Articles demanded to opportunity the Four is available elsewhere and is not all pertinent to our discussion.all our not pertinentisisto and available elsewhere summit. agree Bratislava tothe him to convinced peaceful indebate; followingthe year, aHussite nobleman made with contact Sigismund and dash of not hopes the did failure, its ultimate and conference, the to opposition Martin V’s disputation with HussiteŽebrák, theologians Payne. whosespokesmen at included Pope Peter agreed toa Beaufort infailed Cardinal Henry English them crusadeagainst 1427,the of summit leading face-to-face a was not firstat after the diplomacy; attemptin April,Bratislava It 1429. diplomatic the at was themselves, rides” “glorious the from aside leadership, recently in recently of King Sigismund with the Hussite leaders in 1429] 1427-36,” 139 Bartoš. See “Zhis bratislavské sch 140 William R. Cook, “Negotiations betweenthe Hussites, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Roman Church, The Bratislava summit has been given attention by several scholars, perhaps most closely by František M. It is not important to re-create the detailed layers of the summit’s complexity here, as it here, complexity of summit’s the layers detailed the re-create to important is It not The most important early expression of the fully-fledged self-confidence of the Hussite East Central Europe HR , 41-3. Communicating the Hussite mission Bratislava,at 1429 5,Pt. 1(1978): 92-3. “Our priests have drawn their swords”: their havedrawn priests “Our Ĥ zky Zikmundakrále s husitskýmiv ý asopis Matice Moravské 2.3 61 a priori 139 acceptance of the findings of the next the of findings the of acceptance Ĥ dci r.1429,” [From the Bratislava meeting 49(1925): 171-95, and more 140 In brief, the Hussites, CEU eTD Collection invitation to Basil: lengthis the at quoting became partof to their evenmoreIt worth another pronounced. answer answering directly Godifto “didthey nothing againstsuch impious matters”. not whichindisputably for only butone they present, themselves atask mustundertake, the itwas atBratislava, delegation for the Hussite Yet future. indeterminate for the atask was still a year his before extermination death, the ofsinsbeyond the kingdom Bohemiaof Moravia and after this after endand to, exterminate all mortalsins, both inand venial,first ourselves ( compareŽižka’s this response plan to which maintainedof and1423, “thatwesuppress, put conscience ifconscience matters ( nothingdid suchimpious against they 142 they had likefaith whosince were of those have except noone with peace they to wished answered that the true intofaith another ( council”, faithnext the until it that to consent and peace the Crownup follow should Hussites] [the they and for“that requesting Church the properties time be Sigismund spoke, returned, that records secretary The secretaries. of Sigismund’s one record being and that but“[n]o onemust was to be forcedbe tolerated”.insisted on consulting with the Bohemian diet before any truce could be arranged. In response, “The Hussites 143 141 any rejected UB KJBB HR 2:24. Translated in , 42. When council. before the be heard glad to be would they that replied Hussites] They [the all ecclesiastical and Hussite delegation The grandinternational of and continued confident designs the secular princes and all other people were reformed Some measure of the Hussite self-confidence and righteousness comes through in the through comes andrighteousness self-confidence Hussite of the Some measure , 149. Translated in Translated , 149. in …and princes,barons people”,kings, all other a priori a acceptance of the likely detrimental findings of the Basil and Council, of Basil findings the likely detrimental of the acceptance CAHB CAHB den rechtengelauben , 257-8. , 168. Alterations and italics mine. 62 ). They would answer to God with their 143 the difference is clear; for Žižka,is difference clear; the vngelaubigen sachen nap Ĝ ed …v sob 141 ).” 142 If we Č ), CEU eTD Collection placed on it by the Hussite delegates. it Hussite by placedthe on emphasis the note to in wording variation slight very with record short in the twice statement distinguishedfrom measuredthe self-reform by emphasized Žižka. be must means violent by also but debate peaceful by reform international of task the with, to thefaith back them put not will they and faith the of in defense swords their leadfightin“Our[i.e. decision impious] the the matter andhave priests to drawn this already audience: the on belost to not was such reform out medium of carrying militant the Moreover, 144 145 UB UB 2:24. Translated in 2:25. Translated in whole world rest is no whocan one there since time forashort this only do can They faith. ( gereformiret ( bis daz sye yedenman vnder Iren gelauben pringen Iren bis dazsyeyedenmanvnder is reformed ( reformed is ), they will also be reformed. In the meantime they will remain in their remain will they meantime the In reformed. be also will they ), CAHB CAHB , 257. Italics mine. , 258. Italics mine. bis alldy werlt gereformiretwerde 145 Again, the immediacy of, and personal identification personal and of, immediacy the Again, 63 )”. The scribe records this records The scribe )”. ). until allhavebeen brought 144 until the CEU eTD Collection 147 thrashed, and put to flight by a bunch of peasants times equipped morenumerous and numerous muchbetter havebeen occasions on overcome, ( notSigismund beenyour asking as“O you astounded armies, that “have of king Israel”, ten forPayne addressed taken granted. directly noweasily onviolence, restrictions was proper Heaven”, from comes strength but depends, battle in victory that army the of size the on is not “It expoundincluding 3:19: to 1Maccabees meant his theme, citations with continues Scriptural apostolis Hussites, and their full international is scope aided by it: “ David andJudith (1 Sam. now on againstGoliath Holofernes, 17), against was sideof the the against Philistines the (1Sam.13-16), Gideon 14: against Midianites the (Judges 7:21-4), same divine invincible and – “ truth a most invinciblea most soldier ( and Prague warrior victory. He begins by identifying Christ himself as a Hussite warrior: “Our Lord Jesus Christis profound self-confidence Hussite“Truth prevails motto andit overall” (1Esdras3:12), most clearly the demonstrates of the Hussites, whospeechhisgave a enragedSigismund.was the Thethemeof speech thundering which of their elect status with God, and of their assured 146 “ “ ěHþ ěHþ husitského mluv husitského mluv The election of the Hussites by God, under Žižka still contingent on moral behavior and The chief speaker and undisputedly the star of the Bratislava summit was Peter Payne, Peter was summitBratislava of the star the undisputedly speakerand The chief 146 contra contra universum mundum and then proceeds to frame the Hussite wars within an Old Testament context. That Hussite confidence and Identity speech in Payne’s andIdentity Peter confidence Hussite þ þ ího”, 179-85. ího v Bratislav Č ” in Bartoš, “Z bratislavské sch “Truth prevails over all”: over prevails “Truth pugnacissima triumphatrix serenissima triumphatrix 2.3.1 64 invictissimo milite et bellatore Pragensi ”. a paucopercussorerustico 147 victrix felicissima Ĥ zky”, 179. Translated in ” – hadwhich aided Jonathan in eiusquebeatis )?”, and further and )?”, CAHB , 259. )”. He )”. CEU eTD Collection 151 150 andmasters”. legates popes, princes, to you that one single spark of truth for which we fightyou, is more powerful than all kings, 149 confirmed their religious war: this was their Jerusalem inmessage, crusading the 1099confirmed seriesof sothe victories Hussite Crusade incapturing success the First the of “[j]ust as has arguedthat onehistorian discourse, who did not yet Gideon, of have eldest the Jether, like thenot am “I explains he strengthwhen explicit this makes Payne Israel. of a man, notof enemies daring the slay who leaders military tocharismatic but kings unsheathe not parallels, Biblical important the sword against Zebah Gideons”. new the champions their new Israelites, Koranda, priest Prok and the Orphan like would butrather charismaticmade upof would priest-warriors Prokop, have wanted, kings andbe nobles,and made not would up army of the saints asŽižkaof hissupporters and possibility a Hussiteof king; new the political and military leadership would notbe held by the on up given had most earlier, years two Korybut King of fall the Since Christendom. and Bohemia throughout sent manifestos later the of and speech Payne’s of core important byvillagersdefeated ( 148 youGod, triumphed overpagans, butwhen leavesyou ( God “For you referringvictories behold, thenoted, emperor’s overwerewith Turks: to when the Ibid. RWE HR Ibid , 42. ., 187. Translated in , 52-3. , 51. It is of no small significance that the pre-Davidic Old Testament books form such an a villanis CAHB , 260-1 and ). An unheard miracle,of o king”. 149 Ĥ RWE Speaking of the building self-assuredness of the Hussite pek. As “thehas onehistorian Hussites noted, arethe , 51, respectively. 51, , Deus vult 65 151 Thus, figures like Gideon Thus,figureslike are Gideon and Joshua ”. 150 sed cum deum relinquisti 148 And further still: “I declare still: further And ), you are CEU eTD Collection et solus cum altero replere mortuis iugera atque campos. mandated the future responsibility Hussites:the of attack. explained thepast– Hussite victories strengthenedbut, – byBiblicalit parallels,also not only frames of reference Old Testament specific within conflict contemporary Hussite the dwelled though, “manly upon.Moreover strength” ( were still surrounding Israel; how Payne couldfind parallels with Hussite Bohemia need notbe parallel,still before the permanentkingship and is unification established, butwhile enemies a pre-Davidic as is relevant Jonathan with self-identification Here, shift. offensive the to linked confidence of Hussitethe soldiers,also tounderstanding but self-perception group the is which eximere in Zebee et Salmana 152 invadedefend butto just ( to willingness slayto one’s enemy, butit was man’scooperation with God which gave power, not invade andto fill acres onlywithand fields deadenemies andbutlike Zalmunna, [rather] Jonathan,in who faith the of and virtue earnedlegionsGod “…ne sim velud Geter, Gedeonis primogenitus, qui nondum existens circa robur hominis, non audebat gladium Thus, notonly importantisunderstanding speech Payne’s to profound the self- [Judges 8: 20-1] invadere , sed velud Jonatas, quiin fide etvirtute deimeruit legiones invadere ) and exterminate the enemy abroad. This orientation of 66 ” “ ” ěHþ husitského husitského mluv ”. robur hominis 152 þ ího”, 179-80. Translations mine. ) depended on the to CEU eTD Collection hindrance as far as Bamberg and from there they returned to Bohemia with a very great plunder great very a with Bohemia to returned they there from and Bamberg as far as hindrance without came They Thuringia. and Meißen of land the all through willed they as passage free obtain able to “were Hussites thatthe concludes chronicler River”, one Elbe the beyondland entire the “almost and Meißen in wake their in left armies the that destruction the documenting After material concerns. and economic often emphasizing of armies, Hussite the motivations castle. Beheimstein signat apeacetreaty to forced his allieswere and Hohenzollern of Frederick by elector month,February the and 11 Franconia within a forces reached unimpeded, their united under the explicit slogan “retaliation for 1426”, or the events at Ústi. the “retaliation forevents at united 1426”,or slogan underthe explicit butbrotherhoods, main the would target beSaxony,and inmid-December Hussite all forces October of 1429 smallerinto campaignswereled LowerLusatia andSilesia by the Bohemian and nobles, Moravian and the armies of Prague andits allies. Inlate September and expedition andincluding Táborite all of forces,the Hussite the Orebite brotherhoods, Campaign”, inhas aunited beencalled expression its whatfound the “Glorious greatest fulfilling his plan and spreading the faith. Soon after the Bratislava summit, this sentiment election feditand agrowing senseofvalue to attributed humanthe in with partnership God overestimated. Obviously, military the leadership, mostly took priests, this as a signof divine be cannot pikes and flails than more little carrying soldiers peasant mostly of army field 153 HR , 49-51. Understandably, many of the local German chroniclers were cynical about the about cynical were chroniclers German local the of many Understandably, The intense gainedself-confidence from virtualthe invincibility of an out-numbered Spreading Faith and Vengeance in “Gloriousthe Campaign” 2.4 67 153 Mostly CEU eTD Collection 157 CAHB 154 if to would agree thetowns completely waive ransom the offered to Prokop response, offered a ransom to thebefore Hussite the armiespeace inat anBeheimstein faith. Shortly of spreading notonlyvengeance, butalsothe arethe Hussite clearly sources effort to avert in February, their path the of townsdevastation. of Bamberg, murdered by Misniansthe Induring the reign Kingof Václav in forestthe before Prague”. his Scheßlitz, and Hollfeldtogether in “Inmanypast: … moreand distant … the more andMoravians gathered recent 1430 Czechs great force a curiouslost grudge,perhaps confusing is chroniclers,the revenge though on ascribed not to and marchedaccomplishedBohemia”. they here, their to themotivation purpose, returned though, Even of as warriorsmarched all way the Rhine the to conquered nations. andutterly numerous having But towardhave could they predecessors, their of manner in the glory, obtain to simply been intention Meißen to avengeAfter receiving“several aransom of Bohemia:gulden”, to thousand they returned “Had their the dear( ones 156 155 the entire Glorious Campaign. Glorious entire the cum predamaxima František M. Bartoš, "Nový list Prokopa Holého," HR SRP CAHB , 55. , 282. 3:492. Translated in return to the truth of the gospel ( the and events at look acloser on based primary as appear which motivations the Yet devastare war defendrather you from you those who would assault than youmannerplunder inthe of ( immediately and they will under no circumstances extort money from deducunt you.cottidianam hucusque They would Hussiteleadinghave armies] been a strugglepresent upuntil timedaily the ( A similar clause with the hope of spreading the faith was held to be the chief victory of , 279-81. magis vellent vos contra impugnantes defendere quam modis bellicosis ). 156 )”. 154 CAHB Another notes that economic motivations trumped that of glory. , 281. 157 With the rapid advances of the Hussite armies threatening ). If you agree to this, then the plunders will cease veritates evangelicas Jiho 68 þ eský Sborník Historický ). For these truths they [the they truths these For ). VII (1934): 10. Translated in 155 pugnam CEU eTD Collection 158 joyfully and were 21 February.their toPrague on armies upon return the received demands of the Hussites made over years of warfare, most recently at Bratislava, would be met, ifhadthey adoptfaith. conquered Hussiteit the repeated seemedthat Finally, agreed to the they Beheimstein agreement,agreeing hold to apublic dispute of Fourthe Articles in in late Nuremberg April.in Also the the Hussites wereby peace gainedatemporary lands,Frederick Hohenzollern many Nuremberg and other again prepared to waive the ransom of the towns Ibid. , 52-4. 69 158 CEU eTD Collection 70, which utilize two of the extant versions (one German, one Latin) in sources, see sources, 161 Armies] (Prague: MelantrichA. S., 1934), 105. Great], the of Prokop Matice Moravské politics the to A contribution 1431. and 1430 years the from manifestos [Táborite Bratislava. Itwas probably originally written in German at speech Payne’s of sentiment self-confident the continued Holý, Prokop and Koranda Vaclav intent. aggressive, even offensive, of expressions written their of powerful most the perhaps which are manifestos new several and distributed wrote parties Hussite the simultaneously, by historians as the principal gain Campaign. Glorious the of been has considered of theHussites what deprived prestige failure hurtProkop's and personal madeuntenable. them publicthe with Hussites the Church to disputes Despite Frederick's efforts to make good on his word, the opposition of Sigismund and the 160 159 gathering” ( itbewill a“holy not Basil, Council at that theupcoming concerning with concludes a warning Church, focus clericalhypocrisy in which and theirduties.on selfishness It performing addition Articles, Fourto the Prague it expounds points sixteen of contention with Roman the and worthy lords, together with the whole community, both rich and poor” of the Empire. In There exist one German and two Latin copies of this document, each a variance on the others. For details on the Cook, “Negotiations”, 94 n. 15; n. 94 “Negotiations”, Cook, HR , 54-5;, Jaroslav Prokeš, “Táborské manifesty z r.1430 a 1431. P The first of manifestos, these co-authored by five of Táborcaptainsincludingthe By May it1430 had become promisedthe clear Nuremberg that be. werenot disputes to HM congregacio sancta , 259. I use the English translationfrom 52 (1928): 18; Rudolf Urbánek, “Working in the field in the name of the Lord”: the of name in the field in the “Working Hussite Manifestos andHussite Manifestos “Glorious Rides” ) but rather a “satanic and devilish one” ( Lipany a Konec Polních Vojsk 2.5 70 CAHB , 285-94, and Czechthe translationfrom 161 and was addressed to the “venerable the to addressed and was Ĝ ísp Neun Texte Č vek kpolitice Prokopa Velikého,” 160 [Lipany and the End of the Field ofthe End the and [Lipany Consequently and almost , 12-23 1-11 and respectively. 159 sathane et diaboli To some extent this ý HM asopis , 156- ) like ) CEU eTD Collection inclusive languageinclusivemanifesto, Inanother written didnot. on 25 May inprobably German, couldnotbe taken for grantedand had tobe constantly earned. God’s help had that far Žižka,who believed never under gone had atnegotiations attempts novelty; fear. was holdforno could them a This orexcommunications” meaning that“threats own terms. “Godhas failed not to helpit us”, and could safelybehe assumedthat would not, they insistedmilitary believingon their ability ondisputations, could win thepeace that they in soconfident their were Hussites the Bratislava, with andstarting thaneverbefore More Yet, if debate is rejected and only new wars are launched, failureJust after of the westill Nuremberg debates, the find here hope for in the one future: the in and spread ability the inclusive languageused,confident the Hussitethe messageabroad. to original, all quotations are my owntranslations from the Czech, unless otherwise noted. 164 163 162 ( error” and blasphemy secret their up cover and “hide to only intend will clergy the where Constance, Translated into Czech in Czech into Translated CAHB Neun Texte occulta plasphemiaetheresim The manifesto’s The manifesto’s significance purposesis for our both self-confidencethe it portrays, Though theself-confident ran tone all through theinvitingmanifestos, May the and God has not failed to help us. May all thanks be given to God’s grace. well that theWe know his andbishops. pope, excommunications ofthe cardinals or fear the threats pope is not Godthen we wish protectto andno defend the truth withmatter the help of God until death. We do not how much he behaves as though he were … case you will andrepent unite with us and remain with us. and …[If] onesdefeatedyour arethe bishops …,thenword inof doctors that God[.] scholars] day our negotiationbishops …[where your willdobattleof and the using foryou a … a written agreement …tocome lords,sincere to people … weexhort and beprove impossible to their intention.and conviction reason, Forthis beloved and us to andsuperior be will will they defeatdoubt is no us there with truth, thehave word clergy of God. entire the However, and pope the if if they are on the side of lies, it will , 287-8. , 11., Translated in HM , 128-46. As I was unable to obtain access 1524 to the German reproduction of the CAHB , 285, 294. [sic]). 162 71 163 164 the CEU eTD Collection expressedin their Ezekielof use where theLordsays3:17-18, have "I you a appointed is salvation. This own the Hussites’ guarantees also which spread thefaith to mission inspired like ( old fathers the Czechs "our national, “good Christians”“good ( that of the Prague masters; the terms of self-reference are typically “the faithful” ( faithful” “the aretypically masters;self-reference the termsof Prague of the that in nature andits restrictive highly literature, in own attention Žižka’s lack virtual the Biblical of noted We already have ofdefensive resistance. discourse previous from the this takes departure and specifically parallelsOld Testament, andlikenessestotheHussite struggle, and the heavily influencedby leadership, which priestly the has istheeffort into citinggone Biblical, pollution comes from Jerusalem into the whole earth’” (Jeremiah 23:15). Iwilltelling look, the feedandprophets, wormwood make them drinkbecausethem gall, the is(Lamentations divine is promised:“Therefore 4:Moreover, the Lord punishment 12-13). and iniquity prophets the priests" gatesofJerusalemthe sinsof the the account of the of on enter could enemy the that believed not have world the of regions the of inhabitants the all and 167 theentireherd".infects 166 165 (23:11), prophet and a priest are polluted, and I have found their dishonesty in my house, says the Lord" heresy.infectious the sinfulness Explaining of priests, Jeremiah's prophecyisa the "both cited: rather aglobal but errors, their seeing of capable enemies longer no rational clergy are Roman CAHB HM CAHB , 140. Translations mine. Now, however, the terms of self-reference are explicitly Old Testament, referencing an referencing OldTestament, areexplicitly self-reference of theterms however, Now, One novelty One observed here,but elsewhere which also inthis series of manifestos, were 165 , 294-5. Alterations mine. , 294-5. and Jerome's interpretation, that "one sinner defiles all people, just as a mangy sheep dob Ĝ 166 í k This is connected to the failure of the crusades: "kings of failure Thisisconnectedtothe earth the crusades:"kingsof the of Ĝ es Ģ ané ), and when parallels are used they are typically historical or ý echy stare echy 72 ), fervent lovers of their country". 167 YČ rný ) or CEU eTD Collection 169 it you,will beheedmessage damned: “Truly places didI tell their more were not as those that of the Lord was aroused against his people and there was no remedy” (16). This was a warning, as the authors cited, “they mocked God's messengers andmessengershisbecause again and hehad again, hispity (2Chronicleson people” 36:15)but, despised their words, until the wrath not manifesto's belostwere also “through to wassendingmessage TheLord on audience. the a with kills his silence”. to herald the will of God to them.A shepherd, who is reluctant tocensure transgressors, clearly Gregory wished“if hehadnot blood”, havebeenexplains, cleanof theirhandsHis not would God’. of will entire the you to herald to opportunity any miss slightest in the not did I because blood, your“‘Clean aremyhandsfrom all of following: Gregory Great's commentary the youiniquity;but have yourself".“theApostle” with delivered Moreover, true isquoted, his in die shall he way, wicked his from or wickedness his from turn not he does and wicked 168 repentance”. lead to fulfillingmission, thispreaching is Christ's according which clearly to teaching, were people find youron hand.” redirect himfrom his way,wicked man godless that shall inhisdie iniquity,but hisblood Iwill me. When I say to the godless, ‘You, the godless, will from them surelywarn mouth, my die,’ from a word andhear youyou do not whenever speak Israel; of out house tothe to watchman 170 Ibid. HM Ibid. , 135. , 136. Translations mine. Translations 136. , , 138. Translations mine. Translations 138. , The eschatological implications of the Hussite mission, both in success and failure, and success in both mission, Hussite the of implications eschatological The 170 168 Implied here is also the next passage: “Yet if you have warned the warned have you if “Yet passage: next the is also here Implied 169 The manifesto's authors emphasize in their own words that “[by] that words own in their emphasize authors manifesto's The 73 CEU eTD Collection in Scripture”. Holy allowedpriests who evilanddidnotguardagainst their itaccording to ability,forever punished may be turned away from Israel”.“And thus”, the authors summarize, “are all judges kings, or my rage that sun, the against gallows the on them hang and people the of princes the all “Take they will perish salvationnecessarily not did ontheirdepend fulfillment success,but the of their role, only and herald of “to entiretheir the God”; every will take Hussitesopportunity nowneededto “watchmen”, it.Aslonger the contingent no and on forwas salvation be granted, taken Bohemia – “firstin ourselves” – acceptable, since the elimination of their own sin could largely heeded.was not Nolonger Žižka'sis to exclusive “inward”elimination adherence of sin within butspreading word, God's they also became vengeful ofhisexpressions angerwhen word that “messengers” and “watchmen” Hussites only were the humanNot action. through, enacted by,now weseeandaccompanied theHussite even present it but theme throughout discourse, inresponsibility,both in attainingis salvation punishingsins.and an punishment Divine ever- and agency human of is that Firstly well. as manifestos other in the themes recurring of the Lord's anger and am sorely full Iam reason this For them. for affection no have and Lord the of words the about joke they days to the aggressive rolehuman of in punishment present.ThusJeremiahthe 6:10-11 “Lo, 171 14-15). bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the Day of Judgment than for that town” (Matthew 10: 172 Ibid. Ibid. , 137. , 137-40. Translations and emphases mine. emphases and Translations 137-40. , 171 Several points are worth emphasizing from Several are worth emphasizing points from brief this overview, some of be which will At this point, the Atinthis againshiftsdiscourse focus on point, divine its of punishment end the by the sword 172 and die intribulation”, orders anddie and Numbers25:4,wheretheLord getting even with them 74 ”, Job 36:12 “But if they do not listen, CEU eTD Collection who I, Frederich Meißen, Margrave of the against Ústi battle at the narrative recalls the Continuing, ( eius agnitam implere continues: text the Maccabees, the of example the Noting length. at quoting is worth and terms, explicit insulsa paciencia of the Lord” ( period] (Prague, 1932), 302-3. Italics mine. such “generous such “generous gifts” ( 173 ( truths” holy “most those to adhere to decided have Hussites the that explaining by it. whorejected of those out made asitexamples word, God's ofspreading means legitimate a it, threat of the wasalso or Violence, blood”. enemy’s] [the their of “clean be would hands their that ensure would this tota Deiecclesia sacratissimae veritates sacratissimae František M. Bartoš, ( religionis prevaricatoresapostatae et zelo armati of the Almighty and armed ( with Mattathiasthe faithfulzeal of the iura … and because of this we realized that all laws and all rights ( offensivefrom in Moving explainstheto manifesto shift the warfare defensive on, the spirit of the borders....and More thempast chased our than once didwecourageously show them have resistedtheenemy both of God's law and of ( us Even more interesting for our purposes is another manifesto, written written in It begins Prague. is manifesto, purposes another for our interesting more Even vertitatisque agniteimpugnatores notorios et blasvemos ) allow force to counter force ( counter force to ) allow lex Domini ). ). The example of the Maccabees is given to legitimize violence, lest the “law 173 ), attacked them as fraudulent defectors of the Christian faith ( of Christian the defectors them fraudulent as attacked ), Manifesty m ). This they were doing by spreading his message to “all of God's Church” law retaliation law of munerum munificencia , i.e. the Four Articles) so as not to appear “ungrateful” ( to not so as i.e. Articles) Four the , ) should from be exterminated “our stupid indifference” ( Č sta Prahy zdoby Husitské ( vim vi repellere vim vi talio legisanimose 75 ), and “ ) and profane enemies of the revealed truth [Manifestos of the city of Prague in the Hussite to fulfill his revealedwillto fulfill )... so with the help of the Lord ...we ) whenwe, confiding in help the legis Dei et nostris adversarii nostris et Dei legis ). omnes leges et omnia fidelis Mathadie fidelis ” ( ingratus voluntatem christiane nostra ) for ), CEU eTD Collection 174 disciplined rules of warin 1423, but rather it is the unrestrained expression of the ismasters in of theory it1420, nor measuredthe University resistance Žižka’s that the of in highly personal punishmentemotional istaken: which and pleasure the itwas rather impersonal; or technical, legalistic, not was crime, other any against that as naturally is legitimizedas it though This punishment, carriers. were the Almighty” of the Christianity itself –that they divinerequired of punishment, which “with Hussites helpthe the “law of retaliation”. or force” –legitimized shift, counteroffensive the “force to – however this violence, defensive The crimes of the message, and also by protectingby itsameviolence. Those enemy “laws and rights” which legitimized were so heinous course of “Fulfilling”events. will wasbeing the of God accomplished byspreadinghis – against God’s law andnote that at this particular momentin time, the offensive shiftis considerednatural a step in the to is interesting It meanings. several given whichare date to wars theHussite of events recent incursion, they responded: their reasonfor the he askedthem Brandenburg, of of Frederick lands the When reached they Ibid. , 303-4. Italics mine. ( in regno Boemie more latronum patratamin regnoBoemiemorelatronum against thesemanifest ...raided truths theBohemian as arobberkingdom ( This account is revealing in several aspects. Firstly, it offers a historiography of ithistoriography of the Firstly, aspects. is a in offers several This revealing account mountains, villages, castles, and cities. fields, faith from butrather true rooftops, preach the ... our likeheretics, in corners vindicata inimiciarum, nobis et regno nostroillatarum we, with other faithful people ( ( contaminatus glorification ofthose evangelic truths four evangelicarum conveximus castigantes condignum dampnosi facti insulti dampnosi facti ) to neighboring disasterous attacks ) to lands.numerous Afteragainst us ) and to ), we launched a completely ), welaunched acompletely proportionate avenge cum populofidelium the hostilities raised againstusand ourkingdom ). 174 76 ) and spread his criminal infection ( infection criminal his spread ) and ( pro clarificatione quatorveritatum ) are working and fighting for for the fighting and working are ) ). ... We do not hide in caves or vengeance attack of punishment attack of human . This is not per predam will scelus ( pro . CEU eTD Collection Romansin 13,and direct was masters on doctrinerelied foremost of far how ithadthe 1420.Therestrictive since changed “avenge” is of toenemyhostilities by discarded of evidence war whichespoused discourse the doubted even for the period of Žižka’s militaryfor“love one’s opponents”; though practicalthe may applicability such arestriction be of leadership, the fact that it itwithbe is among carriedlegitimate them that out violence, for several preconditions mandated now so explicitly reluctant togrant the use of violence at all, and ultimately settled on a restrictive doctrine which the war, imposing the contemporary discourse onto the past. As we have seen, the masters were normalize andnaturalizefrom shift the offense historical byalteringdefense to discourse of the “glorification”vengeance), of the law of God. Thus,something“better”. the “glorious rides” wereboth an inend andof (for themselves It wasbut “with more theprotecting somethingzeal under threatimportantly but also attacking so asof to end that threatthe and return to faithfulself-perception of inherently Rebellion Hussites. the bothwas defensive and offensive, Mattathias” militarized highly the expressing for they important also was Maccabees Yet majority. blasphemous alsothat the wereexpressed aunique self-identity, arebellion of a fewof God’s faithful against acorrupted and the means injusthadas it by war, the 1420; been example referring to Maccabees,the theof Hussites to another end, that well. as themselves to but enemy isthe to just not wars, the thethroughout self-identity of continuity much-desired a established Maccabees which is considered the example upon which the Hussites had always referred innow, is violence. 1430,it of Yet from less-restrained used infavor Maccabees arguments the to. It The choice of Maccabees as a Biblical parallel is significant, firstly because it works to itworks firstly because significant, is parallel Biblical asa Maccabees of The choice No longer was it important to carefully distinguish between illegitimate rebellion and rebellion illegitimate between distinguish carefully to important itlongerNo was opposition to those tothose “men Táborite priests – violence” – of who 77 CEU eTD Collection plunder ( why notavoidyou inquire do to neglect that and damages…and damage this asto these “you stubbornly that theirexpress disquiet authors it, the been In plundering. had recently armies the which of Namyslów community to the communication ashort issued captains other which reached Lusatia as well before the end of the year. In late November, Prokop and several leadSilesia into used the Prokop had anewcampaign though, opportunity abated, to threat as a renewed this likely. abroad crusadeagainstvarious Bohemia excursions seemed Once glorification of the law of God. the and retaliation human between balance a exemplified, rides” “glorious Hussites’ between human example agency which divine samethe the and cooperation demonstrated divine “law prerogative, the and of otherfaithfulGod”, inspired his Asto cause. such,his and human a rageandhis hostility. Simultaneously the uprising though, ensuing protected according tojudgment Mattathias was the perfect Biblical parallel, in that he could not “forbear to show was Mattathias that his anger demanded by King Antiochus. sacrifices perform the pagan refusingto uprising, initiated the Maccabee had Mattathias When another Jew came was noaccident. choice of the precedent for thisinspiration task,and their Hussites gained to perform the sacrifice, we are told and the surrounding communities, which you seem not to be( to you tooconcernedand not surrounding communities, which about seem the Several months in later, August of Hussite1430, the from armies regrouped their and maintaineth law, covenant,letthe him followthe me.” (1Maccabees of 2:23-27) is zealous Whosoever saying, voice, loud a with city the throughout he Thusdealtdown. pulled hefor law zealously the And of cried God… Mattathias commissioner, who compelled men to sacrifice,according judgment: to wherefore he ran,slewhim and heupon altar.the king’sthe Also killed at the same time, and the altar inflamed with zeal,and his trembled, neithercould reins heshow his forbear anger to dampna etdesolationes ”; it was not legalistic and impersonal punishment but full of emotion of full but punishment impersonal and legalistic not was it ”; ) happens to you.” They emphasize that “such damages to youyou.” Theyemphasize that“suchdamagesto ) happens to 78 non vultis CEU eTD Collection late July, and in this context another Hussite manifesto was written. May from to assembled forces andHussite in failed at Cheb May, crusader early peace attempt talksAsin Cracow against Bohemia failure. ended that another inlateMarch,the ensured anew with proclaimed those of who combined city. actions, bishop’s crusade The Sigismund, offended by the presence of the heretic delegation, threatened to halt Holy Week services in the ArticlesFour against Polish theologians. The was event disrupted by localthe who, bishop AprilMarch to of summit1431, the again included himself Prokop whohelpeddefend to the Lithuaniahosta disputation to with Hussitesthe in followingthe spring.Held from inCracow intend for you”. good manifesto inclusivistmessage inMay,support, butbecause “we recalling of Prokop’s the also, was important to them to try winto new adherents to their cause. This was not only formaterial campis pro nominedeilaborantes also “working inthefield inthename of Lord” the ( but armies”, of Táborite simplythe “warriors werenot Hussites The for conversion. exchange in peace offer year, in the earlier Campaign Glorious in the case the aswas and perhaps, 176 you donotwish todo this,your damages will be increased”. “if that by threat the followed safe-conduct, of is a guarantee here Promised what weplunder.” desideramus 175 compati SRS SRS 6: 99. For more on this self-referential terminology, see section2.7 below. 6, 99. Translated in In December, the campaign in Lusatia was cut short by an offer of neutral neutral Poland- by of an shortoffer cut in was Lusatia campaign the In December, recoverisObviously, to an some thisattempt legitimacy eyesof in their enemies, the )[,] causes us pain ( ), we desire to meet with you … so that we could notify you in kindness … of CAHB doleamus , 296. ). 176 )”, and for “[s]ince weintend you good ( As such, the ends justified the means, but nevertheless it nevertheless but means, the justified ends the Assuch, 79 milites belli exercitum Táboritarum in 175 vestrum bonum CEU eTD Collection ( Satan” “proudest follow the Church instead Roman equality” the them, offered “righteous the to contrast In one. Nuremberg stillborn the and summits, Bratislava and Cracow, Cheb, recent the including arecited, debate peaceful for attempts several the and regions”, several over letters many in transmitting cost or work expense, no spared have “we Articles, Four stubbornness and corruption itthe with juxtaposing by righteousness convinceHussite them of to but enemy berate the to of the Church. To bring all of Christendomin battle butalso debate. “more fully” in especially partnership, is a human-divine clearly agentof the enaction ensure salvation.Yet to the to sin of elimination the other-worldly; ultimately is goal the since origin, divine of is enaction enaction previouslyof a desire heldthemselves byboth and Thelegitimacy byGod. of this human the policy: military offensive new the distinguished which novelty fundamental the find though the Even tone before. than fully” “more of be realized to this desire this for time now was it manifestoabsent, never is certainly more measured than some others, here we still affectamus venire affectamus all God’s people to come more fully to them ( have constantly desired faithful their andlove recognition, [and] observance, now weintend for historiographical explanation of stages the of Hussitethe wars:“even from beginningthe we followed … carefully and intend to follow … as long as life remains”. Then follows a brief 177 ( strength of our measure with the “[in] accordance superbissimus Satana UB 2:228-31. Translated in This is precisely why Julythe has1431 manifesto such a measuredtone:itdesires not Addressed to allAddressed to of itChristendom,begins by enumerating the Four Articles, which )”. 177 ), becoming “mute dogs” and “false prophets”, as they raise the cross astheyto cross the andraise “false prophets”, dogs” “mute becoming ), Though the desire for the “faithful recognition” of the Four Articles was CAHB , 308-09., Alterations mine. 80 ad illarumacuracius omnem populum dei iuxta virium nostrarum modulum ) we have we ) CEU eTD Collection marched in procession to the castle. Lawrence of B of castle.to the Lawrence in marched procession enemy in standards Old wereproudly displayed square andimmensethe Town crowds 181 180 179 wít them, saves them, fights own armies have. …The Kingabovekings above and Lord lords defends his rescues own, for them and wins troops.( We captured … nearly all of their wagons …I would estimate them beto more than our their directions with fled indifferent … they near, army waspressing thatour crusaders] saw treason. suspect yourepeatedly ( offer criminal helpthe cause opposed those …which righteous clergymen of to the …[who are] we nobleintelligent in yourdeath bodiessouls men, expose and the to of and with dangers warfare and andcloses rights”, manifesto by the enemy the potential entreating you,as “wouldallies: theHussites force by “we asis warn, attacked, with will ourselves laws permitted defend all 178 battle, a without virtually routed were they men, from variously 130,000 toover the crusadingforces 100,000 German estimated chroniclers Though August. 14 on battleDomažlice at the of crusaderdefeat weeks, after acrushing short legitimize offense. to used also is, previously “permitted by that byalllawsandrights” sources for– Scriptural granted–the is –and no “weexpense” forcehave useof – is taken spared the faith emphasized the spreading murder ( faithful” the to arm secular incite “the $ý CAHB CAHB UB Č zí 6: 424. 2: 230-1. Translated in )”. The consequent fifth and final crusade entered Bohemia inin wasover Augustand two fifth Bohemia andfinal entered The crusade consequent , 316. , 321; 181 An exhilarated thanksgiving festival was held inPraguethefollowing month, where FRB 180 5: 604. One Hussite chronicler commented with astonishment: “when they [the per nos vobis crebro oblatas CAHB , 309-11. Alterations mine. 81 swézachowáwajen brání, retujeiza 179 seculare brachiuminoccisionem fidelium leading some within their leadership evento Ĝ ezová, a symbolic figure of Hussite figureof the asymbolic ezová, )?”. 178 Here again the human role in Hereagain role human the Č bojujei ). If CEU eTD Collection 185 Finally, song the ends after appealinga to utopian vision, now realizable: only 184 Sigismund: to Frederick margrave As the Lord is the “shield” of his Czech servants, Lawrence imagines the fearful words of the 183 182 in abroad: Latin circulated inhis verse “Song 1,630 of Victory the which at Domažlice”, festival was sungin and the begginghelp,fororphaned”now expressed God’s widow jubilant his confidence and optimism center,in and thesameman who 1420shaddecried early the Bohemia’sas status a “lonely and FRB FRB FRB CAHB 5:561. Translated in 5: 555. Translated into Czech in Šmahel, in Czech into Translated 555. 5: 5: 561-2 Translated into Czech in Šmahel, in Czech into Translated 561-2 5: In the beauty of peace. ( And inhabitants of the world shall rejoice ( neighbors their against war In As the greatest plague As the greatest ( Bohemia flee They No longer shall nations raise swords ( swords raise nations shall longer No shall Weapons be made bells into … sicklesThe spears2:4) (Isaiah to The willswords toploughshares turn And like children before fire ( After all,yourinjured people are afraid ( Christian people … Before we lose our valiant By the furious, schismatic peasants ( us at areaimed weapons the Before From fieldthis together and fast safe retreat, Let’s May leaveyou me never times in treacherous these Oh, powerful King! songsSo that may gloriously sound … Lord the before Celebrate Now, my Czech people ( , 320. CAHB 182 , 320-1. Alterations mine. veluti pestem maximam pacis pulchritudine gens mea Bohemorum ut ignemparvuli Idea Národa Idea Národa rustici desperate scismtici Gens gladium nonlevabit 82 vestri populitiment gaudebunt terreincole ) (Isaiah ) (Isaiah 32) , 171. , 171. Alterations mine. Alterations 171. , ) ) ) 184 Alterations mine. 183 185 ) ) ) ) CEU eTD Collection new manifesto Hussites’ intheirinvincibility. confidence consequent prerogative divine and Simultaneously, a unapologetic radicalism, since enflamed by unapologetic radicalism, since lastcrusade. the changed, and most significantly, languageandBiblical the citations and reveal a heightened grievancesof list the alterations; significant several with predecessor its of vein in the continues document with the the that is clear it is unknown, authorship exact Church the Though captains. Táborite by the manifesto is increased from 16 to 20, the order of the Fourmovement. Articles damagingboth Orphan-Táboritethe partnership and is Prokop’s own prestige within the Prokeš, “Táborské manifesty”,15, 34. See below. be argued will as others, or Rokycana ofJan influence moderating the express necessarily crusades, with Prokeš’s supposition that the manifesto’s additions and Biblical citations, which are meant to deter further 188 Hussite army had ever suffered”. To saveface, To had suffered”. ever army Hussite in defeatsa “one resulted most disastrous of the conditions when until November, unfavorable raids their continued forces Orphan the yet rains, autumn the before back turn to Orphans the urged September Prokop endof joinedHungary. By the Prokop’s forces theOrphansinraiding from of inLusatia, Opava Hungary. prince After promise conversion the the accepting of 187 186 priest Prok –the fellow Orphan commanders while two Silesia, armies into led Táborite he the September muchsignificantly,fervor burstingthe for proved Prokoptoadequately too even In control. here, Yet territories. surrounding the on raids of series newa launched armies Hussite Jaroslav Prokeš, together with Palacký, argued that this manifesto is from the pen of Prokop himself. I disagree The original was likely German, but only the Latin translationsurvives. See HR , 74-5. Yet the internal divisions and the disaster in Hungary did nothing to damage the damage to nothing did in Hungary disaster the and divisions internal the Yet Again, in the height of height of of Again,in assured zeal and electedness, the passion their divine the and 186 Ĥ pek and Jan 187 – perhaps the longest to date – was written, a reissuing of the previous May’s ý apek of Sány – left for in meetTáborites MoraviaSány the apek of northern – to 83 ý apek blamed Prokop for the embarrassment, Prokop apek blamed 188 MC 1:153-70 for the text. CEU eTD Collection pursuing them”(Leviticus 26:36).“For this reason of servants the God ( is one no though even fall, will they and sword, the from fleeing though as run will They flight. to them put will leaf a windblown of sound the that enemies their of lands in the fearful even on their own native soil:and(Leviticus 26:7-8), consequently veryof enemywouldthe shudderatthe them,thought “As for those of you whohundred of you will chase ten thousand, and your enemies will fall by before sword you”the are left, I will make theirenemies hearts so damned, but also those who faced the Hussites in the neighboring lands: “You will invading Israel 14.Notonly inenemy seven”, wasthe in God’s Exodus andpromise to you will be defeated before you. They will come atyou from one direction but flee from you in prophesized byDeuteronomy“The Lordwill the enemies that grant 28:7: whorise upagainst virtually any before fighting,actual had again once theirproved election, time divine this 190 189 ( crucifier” gotlichengerechtikeit herzen seiner mitdemliecht ( justice with divine hearts your illuminate Father…would almighty the that ( original version,now include “evident heretic, prince hypocrisy of and thehighest Antichrist” destruetur ( destroyed!” be will Antichrist rules, “Christ exclamation manifestum haereticusmanifestum etsic hypocrisis princeps supremus Antichristus MC Neun Texte 1: 153-4. Recent history, especially the overwhelming victory of the Hussites at Domažlice, won Domažlice, at Hussites of the victory overwhelming the especially history, Recent The opening words of the manifesto, which in the 1430 version were simply “We desire , and they will fall by the sword before you. Five of you will chase a hundred, and a and hundred, a chase will you of Five you. before sword the by fall will they and , ). Moreover, pronouns and adjectives attributed to the Pope, virtually absent in the absent virtually Pope, the to attributed adjectives and pronouns Moreover, ). crucefigator papa crucefigator , 12. ). 190 84 )”, 189 are now preceededby arenow bold the Christus regnat,Antichristus famuli dei famuli ) and “pope- erluchte pursue your ) could not die CEU eTD Collection 191 it“because moreexplains, they arepunished the be ( defeated”, wagging his itself,butonly Jan nature military might, as proud head” their any longer to obstacle posed thethat enemyno Hussites’ wassogreat self-assurance once The theyhermits”. the or nuns the or monks the or “priests neither reached spared asthey mission religious their neglect thethey did Nor them”. resist and impede can waters who world the in one no is “there of the Baltic were unstoppable: armies Hussite andthatthe andretreated”, of grass movementthe like the sea: “Behold! Hussites] the [before “dispersed thatarmies lamented Chroniclers new reinforcement. found abroad campaigns recent and Domažlice by buoyed I elation and sayconfidence the Nevertheless, with motivation religious ones, asthegain Hussites hoped to Polish for support future military purposes. military-strategic pragmatic a shared others, than more perhaps campaign, assistPrussia,by in to Teutonic Assuch, their called Poles the the struggle against Order. this Council of Basil the following year. of than rather inScripture, placeChurch dispute.dogma, Thiswasa religious totake atthe insistence, they were finally ablegain to Church acceptance of the primacy and moderating role judge”, for theso-called“Cheb victory agreement, years theHussites: wasasignificant after of resulting year.The in following Church the Council Basil the invitation to latter’s the Council’s delegates, who met inindisaster a new Hungary,launched into Silesiawas campaign and Lusatia. Thispressured the May with Hussite delegates at Cheb, to discuss the terms of ( enflamed andstrengthened Ibid. , 156. In March and April 1432, after Prokop had for blame beenclearedOrphan In the of and Prokop March April 1432, after Meanwhile, Hussite armies continued their campaigns abroad, now in Poland and in Poland now abroad, campaigns their continued armies Hussite Meanwhile, accenduntur etconfortantur 85 ý apek of show of of “ina great apek Saný expressed )”. 191 puniuntur ), the more they are CEU eTD Collection 192 be out]”. carried [might celebration agreat that Bohemiain to order would take hehe which said water sea with filled some flasks sameplacehe “Atthe continues: Chronicler terre pertingens ( point this at earth the of end the reached having that you to proclaim I brethren, SRP 3:502. Translated in ) I cannot proceed any farther because of the hindering waters of any of proceed cannot sea”. becauseof farther the ) I hindering The waters the CAHB , 360. 86 192 hic infines CEU eTD Collection using Biblical metaphors, not to scorn invitations notto toGod’s the using metaphors, feast, whichthey from Biblical received Council, Hewarnedthe words. in hisown some points of these roseandreiterated Prokop Church, the on wars recent the for blame all put which speech emboldened an and chalice perceptionidentity. Hussitethe of group following On January, 19 of Rokycana’s the defense purposes,isour it tohighlight sufficient several speechesof which Prokop’s express his country”. and famous equally this courageous see]truly of delegates the [to windowson androofs in the crowded girls young and children, [w]omen, ... walls the climbed city the of “citizens that andrecorded excitement, the observed Sylvius Aeneas for peace. said Prokop aprayer later walked enteredand thesang hymns, city inprocession who andwith priests a contingency of thirty. about of delegation a among Znojmo, of andUlrich Žatec, of Payne, Petr Peter April April 1433, areacomplicatedand nuanced has story beenwhich in told detail elsewhere. a crucifix. snowballs at hadthrown theHussites that deny hadJan Rokycana and torumors and between Council, supportingthe wavered the Pope by controversy; Eugenius IVstillPope any negotiationsrejected with heretics,the Sigismund Pelh Nicholas Holý,Rokycana, Jan were Prokop delegation Hussite for the speakers W.Seton-Watson (New York: BooksLibraries for Press, 1949), 81-123. Bohemorum in Concilio Basileensi,” 196 195 194 193 Republic, 2009): 139-55, but also E. F. Jacob, “The Bohemians at the Council of Basel,” in Most recently, see Thomas A. Fudge, “Prokop in the Bath: Some Observations on the Fudge, Liber diurnus de gestis Fudge, CAHB The proceedings of The proceedings of Council,atwhichthe the mid- delegation Hussite until remained main fanfare. The significant reached Basil to delegation Hussite In 1433, the early , 350-1. Magnificent Ride Magnificent Ride 194 The solemnity of the opening of the proceedings, however, was counter-balanced however,was proceedings, the theopeningof of Thesolemnity , 110-11. , 110. An Invitation to the King’s feast: BRRP Prokop at the Council of Basil vol. 7 (Prague: Main Library, Academy of Sciences of the Czech the of Sciences of Academy Library, Main 7 (Prague: vol. 2.6 87 195 Prague Essays 193 , ed. R. Ĝ 196 They imov, For CEU eTD Collection 198 197 crux after berating the delegatesCouncil who had come to Prague to continue negotiations, for and is worth quoting at length.having Here, begun the wars by raising “the bloodyweeping andgnashing For of manyteeth. invited,feware but arechosen” (9-14). cross ( servants: “Tie himhand andfoot, and him throw intooutside, the darkness, will wherethere be as well as the good”, the kingnoticedproper aman weddingwithout his and clothes ordered burned their After (6-7). city” filling thebanquetwith all of kinds people from “bad streets, the and murderers those and destroyed his army He sent was enraged. king and them. The killed them mistreated [them], “seized or servants king’s the ignored they Instead, 3). 22: (Matthew come” come,butthey to tellrefused to invitedto the banquetthem been had who to to those a weddingfor his banquet son,which represents theheaven; kingdom of “He senthisservants Jesus’ is preparing parableof king the inreference metaphor him to This Hussites. the through Urbánek, 100. Urbánek, MC ) against us”, he admits that 1:419-20. Translated in God, would cause the unity of the church ( within the church and thereby lay hold upontheblessed peacewhich,with help the of place rightful intheir truths these we can establish that so war of burdens the tolerate followed faithfully ( faithfully followed an end ( come to militantthe church. opinion is Notwithstanding these storms itthis, before that our can ( truth the turn to to many God by used been have vice and war of storms [T]hese … Ghost. Holy the to and brutality.Was so[,] not this they might havebeen hostility moved byfear andfrom become unfaithful protected been have so and truths these to held faithfully have ( death ( voluntarily them they accepted the Four Articles Four togivethe verbally wereforced tothem assent ( will produce evengerminauere more. Quite ( benefits many spiritual cruel of war were years these that a fact the Despite number of those cruel enemies of the saving truth of mayProkop’s laterThis sentiment June be speechtothe comparedtoof delegates the sunt tutores acobseruatores adexicium ) have arisen out of them and may we hope that by the will of God they mouebunt mentes ad ipsarumveritatum cessabunt illitumultus CAHB fideliter acceptate fideliter , 351-2. vltronee agniti 88 ) by each member of the church. … We only ecclesie vnitas ), these holy truths must be accepted and accepted be must truths holy these ), ). Likewise a great number ). Likewise of people agreat ) and became ardent defenders until )…. ) which is fora greatvictory 198 ore profiteri 197 ). Afterwards spirituales cruentus CEU eTD Collection passages echo the sentiments of the earlier manifestos; the Hussites are confident in their divine byall. these followed Thusly, faithfully” and “accepted are “holy continuetruths” until the for of the“storms unbelieverswar” will will onearth, Godaccept Nor gnashing of teeth”. and weeping be will there “where hell into them throw will instead but heaven, of kingdom the abroad, butit also warns the Council delegates of future;the God will notaccept unbelievers in the Four Articles. Not enemiesdefenders”“ardent of converted quality, arenow Recognizing their these redeeming only does this legitimizefeast. tothe wedding andhave Holy the faithfulreturned Ghost, to saved, haveremained the offensive strategy Fourthe Articles.in But like so, doing childrenbeing disciplinedby they a parent, have been of spreading indeedmany benefits” have “spiritual from come them as people havebeenforcedassent to to the faith instructive has in anddisciplinary God nature; many usedthe wars“to turn truth”, the and to ofpunishment”. “attack leading an divine of becameboth agentsof “law and human the just retribution, retaliation”, of in spirit the armies, then Hussite the however, and killed, wereattacked of God representatives “watchmen” whoearned theirby salvation alerting godlessthe of God’s Whenthesewarning. the were Hussites the manifestos; the by proposed narrative the supports This city. their burn destroy sent murderers“Enraged”,the againstseized,histhem and and killed. God to army –inGod this possibly context like Hus himselfandothers Jerome of ignored, Prague –were by sent servants the and refused, heaven of kingdom the to by God invited those wars; Hussite the of narrative areligious presents feast wedding of the parable The manifestos. Hussite the These two passages express several sentiments in line with those already observed in observed already those with line in sentiments several express passages two These Yet to Council the and presents their Prokop this delegates, divine vengeance as 89 CEU eTD Collection the offensivethe shiftas bothpunitive and corrective. role, andin theircapabilities in fulfilling it, ahistoriography and they legitimizespresent which 90 CEU eTD Collection with agitation: Hussite with the linkingPopedisturbances an Eugenius IV, to recent letter Cardinalanxious Cesarini, wrote atDomažlice, army leader of crusading the 1432,the Inearly fruitless. abroad rebellions himself invincible in the face of every test and terror”. as his countrymen forheown brave was andfearless undefeated, the leader whohadshown upon SylviusBasil in describedhis Prokop arrival 1433 asaman “fearedto byhis foes well as and sothe nobles and cities “one after another” are entering intoagreements with them. Aeneas is fearof Czech attacks”, an “there exceeding in Bohemia lands German that surrounding the before them in thefield. had flee enemies and intentionally destroyed, towns,sometimes foundarmies deserted often thirty men. thirty mere a death of toll a reported sources while Hussite crusaders, sidethe the on of of casualties hadwheremilitary first authority, significant Prokop gained recordedthousands chroniclers the 202 201 200 199 Ibid. CAHB SRB CAHB 3: 78-9;Urbánek, 107-8 and 65-7.n. , 346-7. together gather considerable then will helpthey as … well as disciples. Czechs, the with alliance an create to be able they should bishop and laid siegeentered to him in a castle. have nearby for places acaptain.asked theHussites many other towns …[I]n the … of Both ofinto these townsHussites the they of themselvessurrounded with fortified wagons itis and rumored they that manner have are the agreementsIn town. close the of out priests and to Bohemia archbishop the driven have and [believing] thatsuch isaction pleasingGod. to In recentthe past, people inMagdeburg with us justas The laypeople will in mannerarise Hussites them. andexterminate … the similar Similarly, the citizens of Passau expelled their Recent history history Recent confirm to certainly seemed Atthe battle sentiment. this of inÚsti 1426, , 351. , 201; also see 120 n. above. 199 In the raids intoSilesia In in raids the Glorious Campaign1428, asinthe 1430, Hussite of Re-invented Hussite identity Re-inventedHussite identity during Offensive the War 200 In late 1431, a Church informed BasilCouncil was tothe Inlate1431, delegate 2.7 91 202 201 Nor were Hussite attempts to instigate to attempts Hussite were Nor CEU eTD Collection divine truths” ( the of freedom the of growth the for field in the fighting continually Tábor, of and Orphans righteousness of human agents or the divine cause were emphasized: “the armies of the felde; we gmeno bozy po we gmeno felde; 206 205 204 “working in the fields broadened:and and goal they “fighting was instead fordying thelawof the God” of were for the name of God” wasnormalized, the task dropped, human sacrifice was of aspect the perhaps asaeuphemism, ( liberatione legis deiiacentes 203 Prok Orphan Prokop orthe priest leaders,it thatoneof has beensuggested spiritual the and Táborite Orebite brotherhoods, the both of captains by the signed were they Though there. fighting were soldiers Hussite the begin tosee the first wave of Hussitemanifestos sent abroad which explain the cause for which identity which emphasized humanthe infulfillingrole God’s will.Already in March 1428, we clientes subject wasthe year, following rather the of April in in Austria time: and authorship on depending the slightly change “captains, barons, Orpanorum legepro divinaincampojacentes proeaquedecertantes soldiers, and clients”Orphans ( fightingstressing theand butalso excursions, of purpose the their explaining becamedimension standardized, which almost dying inof humanthe fieldssacrifice forinvolved the therein:law of God”“the armies( of Tábor and the Urbánek, 193 n. 69. Translations mine. Translations 69. 193 n. Urbánek, UB UB HR 2: 175; 1:602. Translations mine. , 34. These successes played an important role in inspiring a specific type of militarized of type a specific role ininspiring important an played These successes ) who were “dying in the fields of Austria for the liberation of ( liberation lawof the for the of God” Austria “dying fieldsof in were ) who the UB 2: 332; continue incampo obampliacionem libertatis veritatum divinarum decertantes $ý 6: 428. Translations mine. Translations 428. 6: Đ m praczu’e ). 205 On occasion, perhaps when facing minimal opposition or Ĥ pek, initiatedthis. ). 206 Still in other instances, Stillin into 1430s, especially other the the 92 pro nomine dei laborantes 203 Noteworthy here is a new formula capitanei, barones, militeset exercitus Táborum atque ). 204 ; The wording will wording The arbeytinde indem arbeytinde pro ), CEU eTD Collection since Christ himself was not only a “most invincible soldier”, but also a“Prague warrior”. himself hadalready expressed to them his favorby assisting them in countless victories, and the form of military rules, calls for large-scale penance,in or frequentstatus reform their of synods, sinceconfirmation God and disciplining constant required longer no They itself. identity favor,God’s asit had but been underit Žižka, was now animplicit inherentquality toHussite confirmed a re-interpretation of morality. No longerlaw abroad. the “liberate of God” was it an action to be and soitperformed was the responsibility of God’s agents to spread “the freedom of the divine truths” and to win – hadKorybut be convincedthey not relied them that reform could uponto theirrealms, own himself.God The kings experiences Hussites’ treacherous with own – Vaclav, Sigismund, and legitimacy from had direct Maccabees, the and like Mattathias orkings,because they,masters force forchange which require notdid authorization from human University authorities, wereapowerful now but of God”, been “Warriors the hadlong Hussites The of a movement. manifestos,suggestthe an increasingly militant whichbynow self-perception had character the 207 bojowníky oprawdy zákonabožieho… ustawi or “the brave warriors continually working in the field for the truth of God’s law” ( UB 2: 289-90; Moreover, thenear-invincibility of Hussitethe armies inBohemia gradually andabroad in expressed parallels Biblical and sentiments the with together formulae, new These $ý 6: 425. Translations mine. Translations 6:425. þQČ 93 polempracujícími ). 207 state þ ní CEU eTD Collection offensive shift:inadmissibleis “it for returning fight, Czechs to evilfor evil ( Thaboritarum Rokycana, by the headof this Pragueclergy,time inhis the 1431 resistance effort, which resistance effort, in andmurder,ended “greed, hatred plunder”. savagery, of the war on both sides, and elsewhere similarly complained of the state of the Hussite of of St his lamentedwarfare, themoral butstruggle death after hadtaken.downturn the that Jakoubek Yet there were also those who had originally supportedposition: his clear made he which Žižka’sin Warfare”, “On hisSpiritual 1421treatise warfare with onlegitimate debate tothe responded restrictive Chel was figures Peter beginning. most central these from of The the and defensive 209 and RenaissanceHistory always been those Hussitevehement pacifists of which who hadwere denounced from the physical earlier warfare generation – of the movement. Of course, there had 208 Fudge, “‘More Glory than Blood’”,134. Howard Kaminsky, “Peter Chel Ĝ íbro, for instance,in a 1426sermon the destruction,deplored greed,robbery,murder and power strength power willor him.destroy into the down walls smash attackers the When and care. mercilessly doesn’t Devil the there, up themselves shut destroy the evil have people who theDevildwells theevil among smash which the wallswithin down people, the Devil to seeking their with war-machines, a fortress] marchgoes up [to Táborites] [the [W]hen out from those walls and The Hussite military offensive shift was not without its critics, the most important and them (“On the seven faults of the Táborites”) of addressedthe specifically of faults Táborites”) 1431 of the (“On seven the , and he will dwell in their cruel and loveless hearts… And sono physical , vol. 1, ed. William M. Bowsky (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), 119. Offensive Shift and to the new Hussite Identity Nicholas Pelh þ ický: Treatises on Christianity and the Social Order,” in Ĝ imov and the Opposition to the 208 2.8 94 þ ický, who hadický, who already Studies inMedieval De septemculpis reddendo malum arma carnalia arma 209 Jan – CEU eTD Collection Czechs are arrogant he will give his gifts and this great honor and glory to some other people, some other to andglory honor great this and hisgifts give hewill arrogant Czechs are inlosing danger favor: of God’s “iffromhim,we depart he will us”, and“if abandon we inquieti and against whom. Just as restless ( as restless Just whom. against and Bohemia, who summon sinners to repent”, sinnersto summon who Bohemia, and Israel: “soGodhas doneunto us today,faithful sending tothe peoplepreachers in was fightGod sending evil, to hehad previously Nineveh sent as Jonah to and others toJudah his peaceful ( his peaceful exactly why the conflict is to be sanctified ( 213 See Kaminsky, “Nicholas”, 142 n. 8. Šmahel, in translation 212 Hussitismus Žižka, highly on proper behavior.contingent Pelh those whom God send against them [the clergy]”. countries will insatiable the recognize greed of and clergymen, from bewill removed by them, Biskupa Mikuláše z Pelh 211 Šmahel, in translation Czech 3. 2 n. manifesty”, “Táborské ab eishii, quosmisit (deus) contra illos 210 Pelh Nicholas Tábor, we in willturn repay them by invading their kingdom’”. pro malo Bartoš, “Táborské Bratrstvo”, 114. Translated in Translated 114. Bratrstvo”, “Táborské Bartoš, “ Howard Kaminsky, “Nicholas of Pelh “Nicholas Kaminsky, Howard “… Et fideliter credimus … quod eciam aliisin terries cognoscentes sacerdotum insaciabilem avariciam,auferent Quia Theutunici nostrum regnum invaserunt, etnos vicem rependentes, illorum invadimus regna Thus, beginningThus, fearthe in1430,heanxiously expressed Czechswere thatthe always Yet perhaps Yet most nuancedthe andmixed opposition would come from bishopof the ) will not be ( ) willnot able restore to ), as Czechs say invaded mouths: ‘Because the), asCzechssay Germanswith ourkingdom,their own , ed. Alexander Patschovsky Františekand Šmahel (Prague: Historický Ústav, 1996), 147. pacificus Idea Národa Ĝ imova,” Ĝ imov. Pelh imov. ) son Solomon was, so cruel and restless men ( ý , 170.Bartoš here misdated this Postil to1425-6,but later redated it to ca. 1430. asopis Spole ”. František M. Bartoš, “Táborské Bratrstvo let 1425-1426 Soudna Ĝ Ĝ imov clearly saw the Czechs as a privileged vanguard who vanguard privileged a as Czechs the saw clearly imov imov’s Tábor: an Adventure into the Eschaton,” in Eschaton,” the into Adventure an Tábor: imov’s instaurare inquietus þ nostip 211 RWE ) David was unworthy to build the Temple, while Temple, the build to unworthy was David ) propter quod sanctificandum estpropter quodsanctificandum prelium and so “we strongly believe that people of other of people that believe strongly “we so and ) the Temple”. ) the 95 Ĝ átel starožitností , 168-9. Idea Národa 212 Ĝ imov “Letus beexplained: specific about Yet, this divine election was still, as with 210 , 169-70. 213 þ eských Prazev homines crudeles et crudeles homines 29 (1921): 119. Czech Eschatologie und ”. Prokeš, ”. ), when, ), Č Svého CEU eTD Collection Translated in Translated 219 218 217 2: 481. Translated in contra contra propositum atque intentionem fidelium, qui pro illo dicto bono se fideliter ac catholice opposuerunt bella world” 216 214 “keep on with his war rightwarfare, defensivedown or offensive. Just as the devil would not“spare to us or leave us be”,the but would last of the elect ( abuses ( great the he decried kingdom”, the andthepriests of of Prague Masters by in detail said the andset out warriors of ancient times ( which was “set in motionappropriate. with great care and likethose against God, which heresy, blasphemy he for and punishment considered capital in accordance than leniently more punished be should theft, as such with another, one against offenses human the rulings of the virtuous lastfirst”. now becomewill butare] [who then of a worthy moral quality, Pelh quality, moral worthy a of with charity, because the goal of that law is charity”. instructions of the University opposed them fashion in in and catholicdefense of faithful good”. the masters, hewho faithful, stressed the of intention and will the against worked thatThey intentions. other “to quite with fight for the law of God is to fight 215 genti et populo, qui nunc novissimus est, utfiat primus Kaminsky, “Nicholas”, 153, n. 52. “… “… “ Kej Ibid Et sinos superbiBohemi extiterimus,ut predixi, dabit hec dona et gloriam magnam hanc ethonorem alicui )”: Ĝ qui se ipsis fraudulenter cum aliis applicarunt intentionibus, inmagnas versum eratdeordinationes semper ., 151, 45.n. bellare pro lege dei estbellare cum caritate, cum finis legis est caritas , “Death Penalty”, 149. 218 Though it was a Gordian-knot dilemma to insist that those who battled the Antichrist be Antichrist the battled who those that insist to dilemma Gordian-knot a was it Though 219 , so toomust thefaithful “wage war all livestheirthrough ( RWE 215 Moreover, even though he recognized the legitimacy of war, Žižka’s defensive legitimacy hethe of eventhough recognized Moreover, , 168. Alterations mine. deordinationes RWE , 164. regulas antiquorum bonorumbellatorumroboratum ) which resulted from ) which whoresultedthose from fought “infraudulent fashion Ĝ imov never abandoned the assertion of the legitimacy of legitimacy the of assertion the abandoned never imov ”. Kaminsky, “Nicholas”, 147, n. 24. 96 214 In the realm of crime, he suggested that 217 ultimum electum ”. Bartoš, “Táborské Bratrstvo”, 114. Bratrstvo”, “Táborské Bartoš, ”. per totum vitamgerit ) at the end of the of end at the ) 216 ), as confirmed ), Echoing the Echoing ”. FRA CEU eTD Collection grander role toplay in the battle: “The inhabitants of heaven rejoice because inhabitants the of “people countries of other … from insatiablethe of greed clergymen”,butman had amuch remove to sent God Czechs, whom the to heascribed which importance the cited have already Pelh ( itmatter if itand hopesthe samenot does happenelsewhere– out of one will do greed they them, expropriating by clergy the benefitted have in Bohemia powers secular “The Bohemia: hadin end,asthey legitimized byalegitimate thatsinful be meanscould He also admitted “only those who do not have( enemy” the the and “just the signboth plundered of wrongly Godwarriors on their faces ( such was not unredeemablesuch was not if it enemy,the targeted for Pelh whichfor poor, just “expedientneitherbeatitude”. the nor were of winning certain it. These troops of God were the Hussites, who not only resisted evil but were sent by God against 223 222 221 mine. Italics 220 agminibus contra antiquum hostem non quiescet, donec ad victoriam non perveniet finalem illum et comprehendat,ut regnum eius accipiat et possideat, sic dominus deus bellator invictissimus cum suis fecerunt exappetituavaro fecerunt Kaminsky, “Nicholas”, 165 n. 102. Translations mine. “ Ibid RWE Sicud enim armatus fortis contra debiliorem incedens non cessat illum fugientem persequidonec convincat Ĝ imov reject the importance of importanceof imov inthe with inhuman We God cooperation agency reject struggle. this ., 152, 49.n. , 165-6. Thus Pelh Thus the Ancient Enemy the Ancient so the Lord God, the unconquerable warrior, will not stop totakehis invanquisheshim them, possess him order takes domains and prisoner, and hestophim pursuing not until does a weakerone attacking warrior Just asastrong deordinationes Ĝ imov did not outright challenge the legitimacy of offensive warfare, only warfare, offensive of legitimacy the challenge outright not did imov attributed to it, such as press-ganging and extorting money from the from money extorting and press-ganging as such it, to attributed until he achieves a final victory. ), it still benefits the church ( church the benefits still it ), 97 220 iustum etadversarium eque tamenprosunt Ĝ imov imov complained that the Hussite signum dei in frontibus suis signum deiinfrontibus launching histroops against ”. 221 Ibid Even looting as looting Even )”. ., 153, n. 51. n. 153, ., ), rather than 223 Nor did )”. 222 CEU eTD Collection was still much more nuanced than that of the University masters. University of morethe that nuanced than was stillmuch wasearned andretained how hisopinion status this on status, of elect legitimacy Hussites’ the ordain numberordain priests. offoreign a thankfor influencemessage,Hussite and which extendingallowed their himto spreading andbattling evil. Norcould he ignore the fact that the offensive military strategy was largely to Church role in alegitimate the but play reforming could still destructive, like were surely greed 225 224 “cruel and restless” men. Yet Pelh the for a parallel is rather who David, “restless” the not but parallels, Biblical appropriate Nineveh, the “peaceful” along with whorestored Temple,the areidentified Solomon as remained contingent and could not be taken for granted. Jonah the prophet, sent by God to warn convince him,like Prokop and others, of their electstatus, but this status was always one which Hussite betweenforms Thenumerous victories did distinctions of andviolence. warfare moralistlike Žižka himself, thebishop draw a wasforcedTábor of to linethin nuanced and late Hussiteinto energeticbutananxious militarist thrust the confusion wars.Asan the of of body tasting andblood the of Lord”. the ( Satan conquer earth the Urbánek, 109. Urbánek, Ibid ., 154 n. 56. Translations mine. Pelh Ĝ imov usaunique of whowasnow Hussite a first-generation gives perspective habitantes terris vincuntSathanam in Ĝ imov was not a moral absolutist; crimes like looting and sins 225 If Pelh 224 98 Ĝ imov longevityimov was anxious about and the ), and for this reason are worthy CEU eTD Collection bring vengeance andpunishment, both human and divine, upon their enemies. with as God, they not only spread thepurefaith attainabroad to alsobut salvation, worked to and authority to fulfill will, God’s it power granted the step adheredwas only they to assumethat a small to were also that will. Thus theyagency; since Hussitescouldthe themorality of take their which for actions granted, obviously were in a cooperativehuman for role see an elevated to came which in self-perception, change wasanother victories and reciprocal relationshipCoinciding with of actions. their the explosionwas themorality too leadershipand his commanders, so Prokop of granted bythenew military butan inherentpartof favorperformed, words,asGod’s wastakenfor identity.their Inother of self-confidence victory victory after andinvincibility, virtual morality that was nolonger an beaction to but rather the cause of the Hussites had been so often proven to be identical with that of God by which assuch,abandoned denigrated wasnot or “Morality” battlefield. defeatthe on victory the or followedlonger determined violence, no of purpose motivation andthe the on which placedrestrictions such a code, to isadherence stringent that however, shift, military for theoffensive crucial the countlessfor Whatleadersin codeof perceivedhaslapses secular beenobserved conduct. as proper the Hussitethink of as themselves fightinga disciplined force,and received from criticism spiritual and to continued of God” “Warriors Holý; the of Prokop command the under warfare offensive This had animportant facilitating role for theoffensive inshift military strategy. of period into the stretched warfare moralistic Žižka’s legacy of is the that It clear Conclusion 2.9 99 CEU eTD Collection anything before. warfare, and of defensive in Žižka’sdiscourse present those to in contradiction weresomehow themes these illustrate All and inMaccabees. asJonathan, leaders Gideon, such military by charismatic out as carried the size and Leviticus 26, andthe community anddefinition legitimation divinely-inspiredof violence of the divide in invincibility elect28 prophesized36 andthe 6,the of armies of the Deuteronomy Jeremiah which distinguishedMatthew 22, the vengeance and punishment directed at reinvented Hussite thosespread identity; rolethe in electto of the lawof the God Ezekiel 3 and who rejectthe the lawthe in of themes God recurring in offensive Job emphasized references Biblical specific Moreover, this. to witness shiftreckless from enthusiasmconfirm the righteousness of Janof their mission. The speeches to worked rides” inthe “glorious abroad armies field victoriesthe of parties, repeated the of Peter Payne and Prokop Holý, the Despite the critiques from influential personalities across the spectrum thespectrum of Hussite across personalities influential from critiques the Despite ý apek of Saný, and the tone of the Hussite manifestos all bear 100 CEU eTD Collection with the movement prior to 1420. It was the anxiety by especially 1420. Itwastheanxiety caused and persecution, the movement to with prior the in continuity Žižka under Jan cametotake warfare strategy of defensive the that was the shape a “natural”linked to inherent violence, or drive towards some as historians haveargued, nor be cannot escapists, of eschatological its mass adherents to andtheologians, masters University defensive,internally purgative, and then offensive. formsitselftheology manifested the Hussiteand violence thein wars: that throughout Hussite between early false continuity a assume also and violence, offensive and defensive deeplythe and discourse religious motivations which enabled and shaped the use ofboth of downplay importance or the for granted, take ignore, largely they isbecause This enaction. leadership beforeits andachangein battles andcrusades, countless casualties, military address the questionnot they taken six years it defeated do of had warfare,why of three strategy. military a change andenthusiasticthemselves militarily for capable from exclusively the defensive had who proven already of hands those in power the centralize political helpedto Prague from faction conservative divisive and influential most the of expulsion the and Korybut king regent the fall the of such ashift. Moreover, contributingto factors were undeniable strategy, be from togainedan benefits ideological offensive and as wellthestrategic year,as year after Bohemia on placed burdens andemotional material, economic, The one. offensive changeresponsible forfrom an decision strategy the themilitary defensiveto to an exclusively The diversity of the Hussite movement before 1420, from its core of from itseducated of core 1420, before movement The Hussite the of diversity as insofar shift military offensive the explaining for incomplete are arguments such Yet hasAs Hussitea variety argued, historiography weremotivations of certainly Final Conclusions Final 101 CEU eTD Collection place within the movement, but now lacking the restrictiveness of the late military leader, the leader, military late the of restrictiveness the lacking now but movement, the within place its have always would God, of favor the win to be performed to behaviors and actions moral which stressed masters, and University moralism the Žižka of The leadership of Jan Žižka. the inspired andlonger aninflated sense invincibility no givehadof which credit to to exclusively todate, victory greatest Ústi, the at gained perhaps that addedto victories anti-crusade three builtover The combined self-confidence inÚsti 1426. battleof the leadership after military Apostles. and adherence to the patience and disciplineBiblical figures atall; when they they insteaddid, emphasized the restrictive of role scripture, of the New Testament parallels of with but past, the Christ typically shied away from drawing parallels with figures,Old Testament or and the continuity historical and their an theological stressed identity which hadconstructed Hussites the 1424, in death Žižka’s of time the by Hence, ones. internal from also but menaces, external the purpose of the perfect “Warriors of God”, who not only defended the law of God from a punished.be success Thismovement tothe threat and neededposed purged or of to was the – themselves soldiers Hussite or sectarians, radical Catholics, –whether God eyesof in the addition invadingto the dissidents crusaders, those within Bohemiawhoactedinappropriately necessarily which in therequired favorof required God, behavior. turn appropriate Thus, in war most avictorious victory. ForŽižka, crucial for hethought Žižka forendswhich the by in adapted masters 1420 was University Prague by withreluctance, the advocated, great violence in 1419-20. of on appropriateness thedebate the which necessitated crusade, firstthe of announcement This gradually began to change after the ascendance of Prokop Holý to the Hussite consequently was which violence moralistic and restrictive highly the Moreover, 102 CEU eTD Collection but forbut spreading God’s lawabroad,acting incooperation him fulfillwith his will.to The timing notonly wasappropriate, punishmentfor unleashing of the andvengeance,righteous the Thus granted. for taken be finally could favor God’s that and successful, been had strategy Žižka’s that hadproven armies Hussite ofthe thevictories all however, ascendance, Prokop’s though Žižka had given priority to the exterminationeven Hussites, the by of for sinslonged been “first always had in law ourselves”. God’s of expansion the By thesense; less time of mandated by God – and their own shrank, so too did adherence a strictlyto defensive war make itself.As Hussite betweenrighteous distinction actions identity the and approved –those the to inherent as identified increasingly rather were but actions, performed and behavior on appropriate identifiedas contingent weredecreasingly of andthe favor morality God invincibility confidence by accompanied virtual the of that meant Hussitefield armies the perceivedin as of cooperation with that God infulfilling his will. The growth of self- was it where a point to agency human of role the of elevation the was shift military offensive similar perceivedbreaches in moral Yeteven moreimportantdiscipline. ininfluencing the opponents”, andŽižka’s defensivewar which of sought penancefor discourse andpunished one's for “love with fought be war that mandated who masters University the both by legitimized the "glorious rides", even motivations though such had been expressly condemned and emphasized became divine, and human both punishment, and Vengeance change. commanders such as Jan increasingmilitary command was given to the priests of Tábor once and Oreb,case the and torogue especially was This offense. the to shifted consequently which strategy, of buoyed wasallowed animportant Hussites self-confidence roleininfluencingthe military The discourse which expressed the Hussite identity and whichidentity illustrated The expressedtheHussite defineddiscourse also this ý apek of Saný. 103 CEU eTD Collection return were enumerated in the 1436 Compacts of Jihlava, a document which also acknowledged which allowed them to continue"golden mostand Christian kingdom" abroad. their practice from faith true that vengeance andthe spreading instead like, the toanything of opposite of utraquistrather some but territory, re-capture religiously significant meantto “counter-crusades” communion. a new Palestine”. into Thewas converted Antichrist the fighting against terms of their far Insteadkingdom the soorganize acrusade... neverof Táborites, that they those to aspired of the preoccupations the from indeed far was Crusaders the of “The Jerusalem Land: Holy historian has recognized, thisis the what distinguished Hussites from intoearlier the crusades unique as roleheretical inspreadingafaith understood contemporarily As and godless. one whilepariah Europe, within simultaneously itsconvinced of thoroughly divine anditselection generally. before hadvirtually Never an entire kingdom achieved of such a status religious distinct in stage the revolution,Hussite medieval andarguablyin more history religious a military continuephase constituted The offensive permission the utraquist communion. to with Church the into re-entry promised were former the after allies Catholic their and Hussites moderate forcesby of combined the weredestroyed andTáborites of Orphans field armies the righteously andpunishing spreadingGod's law as they went. abroad, them andchase crush enemies their to leaders prophesized military and charismatic Biblical, and specifically Old in of narrative Hussitesthe warsandtheself-perception wasincreasingly of the expressed Testament, terms; they were the community of the elect, led by 226 A. Milhou cited in After the battle of Lipany, the moderate Hussites returned to the Catholic Church, Catholic the to returned Hussites moderate the Lipany, of battle the After This military continuedoffensive discourse until inLipany battlethe of 1434,whenthe RWE , 60. 104 226 Theirs were not were Theirs CEU eTD Collection Break up their altars.images Smash Iamnotangry you”. andburnthemsothat their with The commanded through Moses “You area holy shallpeople. not You have pity on idolatrous. the the sword only with great effort”. This vengeance was not only human, but also divine: as God And again:“Iknow for sure you that would holdyourselves backfrom exercising thepower of vengeance: but kindness, of out not – scale auniversal on potentially – violence in offensive army an lead to was with models, Hussites, the as oftheserole purpose you”. foryour The revelation interpret and too wouldin Müntzer, his infamous “Sermon to the Princes”, callfor “a newDaniel arise[to] Thomas Müntzer. Thomas by illustrated rather butwas to Hus’stheology, debt his own acknowledged he certainly though in Martin Luther, was not form of end the parallel wars.This the of Hussite after century the a in Germany but Land, Holy the to crusades earlier in the nor in Bohemia neither present Chel Unitas Fratrum until itsuntil fall the utraquist KingGeorge to of Pod Tábor of community in the only survived adherents radical Thereafter, castle. Sión stronghold, resistance, led by Žižka’s old ally Jan Jan Rohá ledby ally old Žižka’s resistance, radical of traces last the year following the In throne. Bohemian the to claim Sigismund’s 227 Thomas Müntzers und der Taboriten These and other parallels have been explored by Reinhard Schwarz inhis Schwarz by Reinhard explored been have parallels other and These þ ický. imagine howenragedat them you wouldbecome. shame ofof theChristendom princesthis same Daniel must goforth and… at the head of the troops. He must reconcilethat the anger of the andenraged the people. deception For if you were trulyof to theexperience false the clergy … then no one could Thus, the clearest parallelsThus, clearest pre-Lipany the the to offensive religiousTáborite warfare were , founded, officially in 1457, which drew inspiration from theology the of Peter 227 Just as the Hussites had looked to the Old Testament for role models, so models, rolefor Old Testament the to looked had Hussites as the Just (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1977). 105 þ of Dubá, were defeated with the fall of fall their of Dubá,with the weredefeated of Č brady brady in in the pacifistic1452, and sect of the Die apokalyptische Theologie CEU eTD Collection and take for granted the important local for conditions theimportant granted and were for itself, which take crucial revolution the profoundto come,which it hadin late-medieval neglectthe significance contextof the Europe, claims that the Hussite reformation was a “premature” one, ora precursor to something grander Bohemia, between and Hussite continuities andGerman werethe reformations minimal. Thus, century ofearly-fifteenth from those different weredrastically operated they under which from conditions Hussitethe inspiration the revolution, certainly Luther and Müntzer drew Christianity and the Bohemian kingdom, Church the Kingand Sigismund respectively. Though both of representatives legitimate of the armies the faith against that of defense successful and repeated wellas – and the religiously as largelylinguistically whowere masters, defined nobles byvirtuallyfrom adopted and toandUniversity anentire clerics peasants kingdom – faith included Hussite aheretical These history. were unique to which necessary preconditions itmotivated were anythingbut“natural” but developments, rather depended on several been offensivechangeand the military shiftin which the observed, and accompanied discourse “premature” reformation, aprecursor or comeof to things in acentury later As hasGermany. Müntzer with Hussitethe field armies, however, theHussites mustnotbe regardedas a simple notyou want do tobe servants of servants devilbutthe of God”. but what is done with evildoersGod’s servants was similar: “But what should one dowith whothese false spiritual leaders? obstructNothing the gospel: was for grantedbyMüntzer,butthemessageof salvation and already punishment taken of put them away and cutexpress to warfare Hussites the victorious for yearshad of taken in agencywhich faith human them off, if Reformation 228 Thomas Müntzer, “Sermon tothe PrincesAn (or Exposition of Second the Chapter of Daniel),” in Despite the theological and discursive similarities, both of Luther with Hus andof Luther Hus with of both similarities, discursive and theological the Despite , ed. and Michaeltrans. G. Baylor(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 26-7,29. 106 228 The Radical CEU eTD Collection vengeance abroad. vengeance by itspread thefaith Hussite and shift offensive violence,which and its the of legitimization 107 CEU eTD Collection King Sigismund of Hungary Hungary (1368-1437): King of Sigismund by defeated moderate force of Hussites anda combined their allies. Catholic He diedenemies abroad. in Lipany, battle1434 atthe of field Hussite the were where armies attack their to Bohemia of theborders across armies leading Hussite one, an offensive to followingyear. Hechanged military the strategy of from Hussites the an exclusively defensive in 1426,and gainedcentral authority Hussitethe of armies thefallafter KingKorybutthe of Táboritebrotherhood in the early 1420s. He rose militaryto command after at the battle ofÚsti Jan Žižka 1424): (c.1360- burned as a heretic in1415.Ashalf-brother Kingof Vaclav IV, Sigismund inherited the andeventually wasarrested latter where the of Constance, Council the decree to safe-conduct Prokop Holý (c. 1370s-1434): survived long his after death. 1424 he died of 1424 he of plaguewhilebesiegingthe the died castle of P Bohemialaunchedhimself.hewhere crusades againstandnever In three faceddefeat defeated battle, of field the in invincibility his for and “wagon-fortress” the of tactics military innovative prolongedafter differences withpersonalities. local influential He his prominence forgained Tábor in south Bohemia, from 1420-24. Hehad alarge role inthemilitary organization of radicalthe community of though he soon moved to a similar community at Oreb in the east Relevant Characters during the Hussite Wars during Hussite the Characters Relevant A lesser-nobleman by birth, he was the Hussite military commander military Hussite the he was birth, by A lesser-nobleman Born he in Born andjoined becameapriest and the Prague, educated Appendix: He enters Hussite history He Hussiteissuer history enters Jan Hus’s as the of 108 Ĝ ibyslav,military legacy buthis CEU eTD Collection Jakoubek of JakoubekSt of recognized asKing of inBohemia year 1436, a his before death. his outspoken Hussite atthe most opponents battle of Lipanyin1434, hefinally was means.After defeatof the by violent seek hisgoals to continue him negotiations convinced to Hussites, as exemplified by Bratislava summitthe at in 1429, though failurethe of these the with negotiation attemptpeaceful to convinced Hewaseventually defeated. repeatedly heyears, efforts repeated led supported to regain or by kingdom the military force, andwas his the inceremony fought soldiers take city. Praguein1420as to fourteen thefollowing Over faith, his claim was notrecognized by the realm, though he was able to stage a hasty coronation Bohemian after throne former’sthe death in Given his1419. hostile attitude Hussiteto the Jan P P suchasJan masters and of Tábor the conservatism figures, radicalismthe of arguingagainst Hussitemoderate influential he HussitetheCouncil most of wars wasamong Throughoutthe Constance. of by the was condemned it theology though Hussite tenetof central became a – which quickly wings on political Hewas theological matters. and also during adivisive Hussite character the and from moderate both the radical many Hussites heother attacked utraquist communion, theologian of the conservative wing of the Hussitemovement. Though he supported Jakoubek’s originating in communion utraquist 1414–communion as succeeded andinis of for Hus Bethlehem Chapel priest the Prague, commonly credited master from 1397, Jakoubekbecametheforemost theologian He Hussitethe of movement. Ĝ íbram 1448): (d. Ĝ íbro 1370-1429): (after Ĝ íbram. A University from A master 1413, P University A friend ofJan Hus and aprominent Prague University 109 sub utraquespecie Ĝ íbram soon íbram became the foremost soon , or under both underkinds both , or CEU eTD Collection of the Papacy Hussite theopposition buthis latter’s the movement, death. Moreover, waned after popularity to Witoinin Prague 1422 andwasinitially by supported Žižka and aninfluential segment of the arrived Zigmunt in as regenthisstead. act to Korybut, his nephew,Zigmunt andsent accepted Zigmunt KorybutZigmunt(c. 1395-1435): of abuses war grew. war effort throughout, he became increasingly anxious of the movement’s divine election as the then to the Lithuanian Grand Duke Wito Lithuanian Grand Duke the then to 1427 for his for Kingsupport Korybut’s plot torealize these hopes. in unity from Prague Oreb. Hecametoadvocate andwasexpelled Church, Catholic the with and Tábor of communities radical the from Prague distance ideologically to working wars, and writing posthumous history of and writing history 1434.Though after posthumous movementthe Pelh of inHussite wars,acting the CouncilofBasel as adelegate tothe 1433 radicalism throughout voiceHe remained elements of 1420s. in aprominent Tábor of radical early the the Pikart frienddestruction in ofthe him inJan Žižkaand community 1452.Hewas a of assisted ridding University, hewas electedin bishop of 1420,apositionTábor hehold would until the Hussites offered the Bohemian crown first to the Jagie the first to crown Bohemian the Hussites offered dynasty. The a sympatheticEuropean itselfattach but powerful to to hoped it early 1420s, Nicholas of Pelh influence. in in though and a somewhatdiminished capacity return of debates, theological participated Ĝ imov (1385- 1452): á d’s claim to the Bohemian throne worked to weaken Zigmunt’s As the Hussite movement sought royal legitimacy in the legitimacy royal sought movement Hussite Asthe Graduating with a Bachelor’s degree from Graduating degreefrom with aBachelor’s Prague á d after the former declined. Wito former the declined. d after 110 áá on King of Poland, W KingPoland, of on He was soon allowed to Ĝ imov supported imov the supported á adis á d reluctantly á aw II, and II, aw CEU eTD Collection Peter PaynePeter (1380-1456): Holý, Hussitehe manifestos. Prokop led where amilitary force co-authored and ideational death Koranda amilitary movement eventually under withinand the given role was latter’s the after Nevertheless, himself. Žižka Jan including personalities, influential several of Húska, views, behavior hisextremist theological uncouth and hisoften gained himthedisdain armed conflict supporter of andwas prophecies avehement heyear.following Here preached eschatological with the Tábor at arrived theeventually he and 1419 in city the flee to forced Hussites’ was he Bohemia, western enemies. His friendship with the sectarian Pikart Martin Jan Rokycana (1396-1471): later. years at Council several the Basil served asadelegate of andalso divine role, berated King with Sigismund a speechwhichexpressed the confidence of Hussitesthe intheir Hussite in community andnegotiationsdisputes with Attheir enemies. inhe Bratislava 1429 of the andwasoften lifemovement, a chief delegate the of the throughout rolehethe played persecutionPrague in hefledheinfluence to 1415 where gained asa theologian.radical Thisis escape To Wycliffe. John heretic denounced late reformerand of the adherent an became soon Vaclav Koranda (d.1453): Czechs adevoted and remained until utraquist his death. to re-unite Bohemia with Catholicthe Church.Nevertheless,grudge against no heheld the authority. Finally,in 1427 he was expelled from the country after it was revealed that he plotted then left to Prague where leftthen in to Prague he degree Though never earnedhis1415. the gaining Bachelor’s Born in Lincolnshire, England, Payne was educated at Oxford and Oxford at educated was Payne England, Lincolnshire, in Born A radical Hussite priest from the Catholic stronghold of Plze In youth hehis into theAugustinian entered monastic but order, 111 Ė in CEU eTD Collection Martin (d.1421): Húska thedefeatafter of radical inthe wing 1434. even status hiscentral inretained atthe Basil 1433, and Council a chiefHussite delegate of uncoveringre-unite Bohemiato KingKorybut’s in with plot Church 1427.Hewas Catholic the in instrumental politically was and conservatives, the and radicals the between course middle a sought hetypically disputes theological In Pragueclergy. the of acting representative status of Archbishop,Rokycana through rose ecclesiasticthe andin ranks became the 1429 and the radical clergy Tábor. clergy at and radical the spread hisgenerally souring tothe Žižka relations between the and event teachings, contributed After his hisexecution, friend andfellow-clergyman Vaclav Koranda apparently continued to 1421, having torecant, refused hewas burned todeathupon commandthe of Žižka himself. August inheresy. him force hisIn recantHúska subsequently anattemptto to was tortured Žižka. loyal by anobleman histo flee Húskawascaptured In an to attempt to native Moravia, from both Jan Žižka and the Táborite bishop, Nicholas of Pelh of Nicholas bishop, Táborite the and Žižka Jan both from againsthisteachings pressure building Despite this,heresy. the clergy from charges of Táborite with atadebate in representatives moderates hewhere the Hussite defended December 1420, by his as one of atillustrated role their is Tábor partially status His influential presence. held views andit radically eucharist, unconventional any generally on the divine denied Tábor, and soon became the leader of the Pikart movement there. As such, he andhis followers He was among the founding clergymen of the radical community of community radical the of clergymen founding the among was He 112 Ĝ imov, drove him out of Tábor. of out him drove imov, CEU eTD Collection Palacký, František, ed. 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