DOCSLIB.ORG

From Division to De-Nazification: the History of East and West Germany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Division to De-Nazification: the History of East and West Germany From Division to De-Nazification: The History of East and West Germany Roland Boer 2012 Division How and why were the two Germanies divided after the Second World War? Was it because of Stalin’s a ressive !olicy to !ut under the Soviet yo"e as much of #urope as !ossible? Was it a defensive act on the !art of the occu!yin !owers in western Germany a ainst communist world domination$ all of which was embodied in the %Berlin blockade’ of 1&'()'&? *ot +uite. -et us o back to the .otsdam and /alta conferences$ where Stalin$ 0hurchill and Roosevelt had a reed to three "ey items1 1. 2he four Ds: disarmament, demilitarisation, dena4i5ication and democratisation of Germany, 2. Re!arations$ vital for 7SSR’s recovery, 3. German unity, 9nd Stalin had even a reed to three occu!ation 4ones, with each symbolically re!resented in Berlin, des!ite it bein dee! in the Soviet 4one. :How the ;rench ever mana ed to et a shoe in was beyond many, since they had embraced the *a4is a little too enthusiastically,< 2his was des!ite the fact that the 7SSR had e=erted by far the major effort and lost the most in winnin the war, How did these three items fare after the end of the war? 1. The four Ds. @nly in the eastern$ Soviet sector was there any si ni5icant !ro ress on these items, 2he occu!yin forces in the western areas were too "een to rearm Germany, which already be an by the early 1&A0s, 2hey found %e=-’ *a4is willin !artici!ants in the anti)communist stru le$ and they fostered !liant overnments, @f course$ Stalin too favoured a overnment sym!athetic to the 7SSR’s concerns$ but he believed this would ha!!en throu h !opular roundswell, 2. Reparations. Soon enou h$ the occu!yin forces in the western 4ones rene ed on the earlier a reements. 2he last thin the 9n lo)9mericans wanted was for si ni5icant resources, technology and money oin to the 7SSR, so they stalled and blocked re!arations from the west of Germany, 3. Unity. Stalin favoured !olitical unity$ the 9n lo)9mericans did not – this is !erfectly clear from the increasin ly rancorous discussions over what was to be done with Germany. Whenever Stalin or Colotov or other Soviet re!resentatives !ushed for a uni56ed German overnment, the 9n lo)9mericans countered by ar uin that the economic situation had to be addressed 5irst. Dn other words$ they wanted to a=e re!arations and "ee! Germany divided. 1 Why? 2he 9mericans and British could see that communist !arties were becomin e=tremely !opular, not only in Germany but across #urope. ;or his !art, Stalin hoped that this %new democratic’ wave would continue in a united Germany and lead to a overnment favourably dis!osed to the 7SSR. Dn Carch 1&48, Stalin ur ed the east German communists to draft a constitution for the whole of Germany as a be innin !oint for discussion with western !oliticians, He was even !re!ared for a non)socialist overnment as lon as it was %democratic and !eace-lovin ’. /et he was realistic enou h to see that the 9mericans in !articular would not a ree since it would threaten their desire to control western #urope. @n that !oint he was correct: the 9n lo)9mericans were certainly not interested in such a united Germany, for then it would ris" fallin out of their control. So they !referred a divided Germany, #vents unfolded. Dn Eune 1&48, the 7K, ;rance and 7S9 issued a communi+uG statin their intention to form a western German state. 9 few days later a new currency was introduced in the western 4ones, By the end of Eune, Stalin ordered restrictions on access to West Berlin. Des!ite all the western !ropa anda concernin the %Berlin bloc"ade’, it was not a bloc"ade. 9ir access was !ermitted the whole time, for the !ur!ose of su!!lies. Stalin’s reason for the restrictions was sim!le: he wanted to et the former allies back to the ne otiatin table, 9s soon as they a reed, the restrictions were lifted in Cay 1&'&, Des!ite clear Soviet desires for unity, the fours 3s and re!arations, the 9n lo)9mericans were sim!ly buyin time, By this time *92@ had already been formed. Dn Se!tember 1&'&, the ;ederal Re!ublic of Germany was declared and the 5irst formal meetin s of overnment held. 2he east had no option but to res!ond with its own state soon afterwards, De-Nazification, East and West @ne of the standard lines you hear out these days is that #ast Germany never went throu h a !roper !rocess of Hdena4i5icationH :Entnazifizierung<$ unli"e the ood !eople in the West. Dnstead, oes the narrative$ nearly all the e=-na4is in the east sim!ly joined the new communist overnment, which e=!lains the Htotalitarian re imeH, the dreaded Stasi and now the su!!osed bur eonin of neo-na4i rou!s in the east. 2his dodgy narrative indicates that the stru le of the two Germanies is far from over, 2o be in with$ it i nores a rather inconvenient fact: communism was and is im!lacably anti-fascist. 2he Soviet Red 9rmyHs victory over HitlerHs Germany :for which the western front was a diversionary tactic of limited success< was e=!licitly celebrated as a victory over fascism. 9s soon as the war over, virtually all the na4is in the east were arrested, banned from any involvement whatsoever and !ut in Hre)education cam!sH. 9nd in ood old Stalinist fashion$ a oodly number of them were ranted an early funeral, Ceanwhile in the western occu!ation 4ones$ the 9mericans made a show of dena4i5ication$ with a massive censorshi! !ro ram that s!ent most of its time censorin criticism of the occu!ation, 9t the same time$ the 9mericans shi!!ed out most of the 2hird ReichHs leadin nuclear scientists, Hintelli enceH officers and whatnot, in order to bolster their anti)communist stru le. *ot a few of them were awarded !resti ious 7S medals, 2he British and ;rench didnHt even bother with the show of dena4i5ication. 2hey wanted !eo!le to run the civil service and since a si ni5icant number of the intelli entsia and the civil 2 service had been na4is not lon before, they were sim!ly rea!!ointed. 2he British and ;rench made a few token arrests of a few elite members of the *a4i !arty, But even the 9mericans ave u! on their efforts by the early 1&A0s, under !ressure from 0hancellor Fonrad 9denauer. Dn one measure after another, HformerH *a4is were released from !risons and !ardoned. 2hese included those res!onsible for dra in !eo!le off to !rison, for shootin s, e=ecutions$ causin bodily in>ury and so on. 9bove all, Harticle 31H removed restrictions on !ersons Hincriminated' with the 2hird Reich$ since they had suffered so much since the end of the war. Dn an early e=am!le of anti) discrimination laws$ they were iven favoured treatment for overnment, educational, medical and many other !ositions. Why? 2he new enemy was communism and who better to hel! in the 56 ht a ainst communism than unreconstructed fascists, So maybe there was some truth in the #ast German decision to call the wall they built the Antifaschistischer Schutzwall, the 9nti);acist Security Wall, 8.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Symbolae Europaeae
    SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE POLITECHNIKA KOSZALIŃSKA SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNE POLITECHNIKI KOSZALIŃSKIEJ nr 8 Filozofia, historia, język i literatura, nauki o polityce KOSZALIN 2015 ISSN 1896-8945 Komitet Redakcyjny Bolesław Andrzejewski (przewodniczący) Zbigniew Danielewicz Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca (sekretarz) Redaktor statystyczny Urszula Kosowska Przewodniczący Uczelnianej Rady Wydawniczej Mirosław Maliński Projekt okładki Agnieszka Bil Skład, łamanie Karolina Ziobro © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Politechniki Koszalińskiej Koszalin 2015 WYDAWNICTWO UCZELNIANE POLITECHNIKI KOSZALIŃSKIEJ 75-620 Koszalin, ul. Racławicka 15-17 —————————————————————————————————— Koszalin 2015, wyd. I, ark. wyd. …, format B-5, nakład 100 egz. Druk Spis treści FILOZOFIA BOLESŁAW ANDRZEJEWSKI Komunikacyjne aspekty filozofii chrześcijańskiej w średniowieczu .................. 7 ZBIGNIEW DANIELEWICZ Leszka Kołakowskiego apologia Jezusa w kulturze Europy ............................ 19 MAGDALENA FILIPIAK Status konsensualnej koncepcji prawdy w komunikacyjnym projekcie filozofii Karla-Otto Apla ............................................................................................... 33 HISTORIA BOGUSŁAW POLAK Biskup Józef Gawlina wobec powstań śląskich i wielkopolskiego 1918-1921 ....................................................................................................... 45 MICHAŁ POLAK, KATARZYNA POLAK Działalność Polskiego Komitetu Ruchu Europejskiego na rzecz sprawy polskiej w latach 1964-1978 ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Joerg Neuheiser Time
    HIEU 171/271: The Two Germanies since 1945 Winter 2018 Instructor: Joerg Neuheiser Time: Tuesdays, 3.30 – 6.20 pm Place: John Marino Room, 6th floor (H&SS 6008) Office Hours: HSS 6071, Thursdays, 10am-12noon, and by appointment Email: [email protected] Course Description Demilitarization, Democratization, Denazification and Decentralization: These were the four “Ds” that the allied victors set as their goals for Germany’s future in 1945. The story of the two German states that quickly emerged under the conditions of the Cold War can be understood as a constant struggle to achieve these goals. What is true democracy? How could the perpetrators of the Holocaust be turned into trustworthy democrats, and how could a democratic Germany contribute to a peaceful post-war international order? This seminar seeks to explore the different paths that the capitalist West and the communist East took after 1945, emphasizing the extent to which policies in both states were always dependent on one another. In particular, it will take a look at calls for democratization in both German states since the 1960s, including the 1968 student revolution in the West and the East German civil rights movement that evolved in the late 1980s. Finally, the course will analyze how the legacies of both German states continue to shape Germany after reunification and how today’s Germany deals with challenges to democracy in light of its totalitarian past Course Requirements: This seminar class can only succeed if everybody attends regularly and participates in class discussions. Each student will introduce the readings for one week in a brief presentation (10 min).
    [Show full text]
  • NWICO from a Vision of International Regulation to a Reality of Multilevel Governance
    The Rise and Fall of NWICO From a Vision of International Regulation to a Reality of Multilevel Governance ULLA CARLSSON Global flows of news and information were the sub- industrialized countries. “Development”, the process ject of intense debate in international fora in the of evolution toward a modern society, occupied 1970s. News gathering and reporting has been con- center stage. Scholars and development experts as- troversial, both within nations and between nations, signed mass communications a central role in the de- as long as mass media have existed, but never – nei- velopment process. ther before nor since – have information flows been In the Cold War era the newly independent debated with such passion as in the 1970s. The countries of the third world were of strategic im- United Nations, and UNESCO in particular, were the portance to both East and West. Development aid prime arenas where these issues were thrashed out. was an important factor for “winning the hearts and In the decades immediately following the second minds” of developing countries. New patron-client world war, the media debate was mainly a protracted relationships emerged; old, established ones evolv- trench battle in the Cold War, where the West rallied ed. The successes achieved by the oil-producing around the principle of “free flow of information” countries in OPEC in the 1970s strengthened the and the Eastern bloc iterated the need for state con- position of the third world as a bargaining partner trol. Although this East-West dispute was by no (albeit rising fuel prices had serious impacts on means resolved in the 1960s, the situation changed some developing countries).
    [Show full text]
  • People on the Move
    GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES No. 6 PEOPLE ON THE MOVE Migration, Acculturation, and Ethnic Interaction in Europe and North America DIRK HOERDER With Comments by Donna Gabaccia and James Oliver Horton PROVIDENCE / OXFORD German Historical Institute Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series No. 6 PEOPLE ON THE MOVE: Migration, Acculturation, and Ethnic Interaction in Europe and North America Dirk Hoerder Comment Donna Gabaccia Migration toward a New World Order A Comment James Oliver Horton BERG Providence / Oxford First published in 1993 by Berg Publishers 221 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02906 U.S.A. 150 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JJ, UK for the German Historical Institute 1607 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 U.S.A. © German Historical Institute 1993 Printed in the United States of America Introduction Topics related to the history of migration have been discussed in our Annual Lectures a number of times: In 1987, Bernard Bailyn examined the role of Protestant peasants and Jewish intellectuals in the peopling of America; in 1988, Carl Degler compared the thought of two major immigrant scholars on culture and race; in 1989, Kathleen Conzen analyzed the meaning of assimilation theory for our understanding of the experience of the German peasant pioneer. In the year of the Columbian Quincentennial, it seemed appropriate to probe, once again, the theme of "people on the move." Looking at current events in Europe, it is quite clear that the consequences of migration, namely acculturation and ethnic interaction, are problems of European as well as American history. Five hundred years ago, the peoples of the Old World first encountered the peoples of the world across the Atlantic-a world that was an old world in its own right but that soon received the label "New World" by the newcomers.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Long Road to the Federal Republic of Germany (West) by Robert A
    1945 to 1948: America's Long Road to the Federal Republic of Germany (West) By Robert A. Selig NOV MAY SEP Close 25 35 captures Help 3 Mar 01 - 28 Jun 09 2005 2006 2007 June/July 1998 1945 to 1948: America's Long Road to the Federal Republic of Germany (West) By Robert A. Selig The December 1948 report by General Lucius D. Clay, commanding officer in the American Zone of Occupation in Germany, to U.S. President Harry S. Truman was full of optimism. "I think in looking back on 1948 we can look back on it as a year of material progress, and I think we can take considerable satisfaction in the state of affairs." Clay thought that 1948 had "brought back a real hope for the future among the 40-odd million people" in the American and British zones. This progress and hope, however, had only been possible because by the winter of 1947/48, American policy vis-à-vis Germany had undergone a complete reversal since the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht (Armed Forces) in May 1945. With surrender came the time for retribution. In the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) Directive 1067 of April 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was instructed to occupy Germany "not...for the purpose of liberation but as a defeated enemy nation." Allied occupation was to bring "home to the Germans that Germany's ruthless warfare and the fanatical Nazi resistance have destroyed the German economy and made chaos and suffering inevitable and that the Germans cannot escape responsibility for what they have brought upon themselves." In Potsdam in July, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and Truman set their common goals—the four Ds—for Germany: democratization, denazification, demilitarization, and decartellization (the break-up of trusts and industrial conglomerates).
    [Show full text]
  • Interviews of Witnesses House of Representatives
    INTERVIEWS OF WITNESSES BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE 2012 TERRORIST ATTACK IN BENGHAZI HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, 2012–2016 VOLUME 1 OF 11 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on the Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi ( Available on the Internet: www.fdsys.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 22–153 WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON BENGHAZI TREY GOWDY, South Carolina, Chairman LYNN WESTMORELAND, Georgia ELIJAH CUMMINGS, Maryland JIM JORDAN, Ohio Ranking Minority Member PETER ROSKAM, Illinois ADAM SMITH, Washington MIKE POMPEO, Kansas ADAM SCHIFF, California MARTHA ROBY, Alabama LINDA SA´ NCHEZ, California SUSAN BROOKS, Indiana TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois PROFESSIONAL STAFF PHILIP G. KIKO, Staff Director and General Counsel SUSANNE SACHSMAN GROOMS, Minority Staff Director (II) PREFACE This volume includes transcripts of interviews conducted before the Oversight and Government Reform Committee of the House of Representatives. The records of these interviews became records of the Select Committee pursuant to H. Res. 567 (113th Congress) and are included in the publication of witness interviews conducted by the Select Committee for completeness of the record. (III) C O N T E N T S Page Interview of Diplomatic Security Agent #19 ......................................................... 1 Interview of Charlene Lamb ................................................................................... 127 Interview of Special Assistant to Under Secretary Patrick Kennedy ................
    [Show full text]
  • Barack Obama Columbia University Transcript
    Barack Obama Columbia University Transcript Subreptitious Osgood excising lingeringly or scrupled casuistically when Sandor is satiate. Nerve-racking and unstrung Kostas never unpenning his Yorktown! Emmet bracket wittingly while haunted Claus sorrow tellingly or crystallize pitter-patter. It is doubtful that Americans would care what his grades were, but they might be concerned if he got into Harvard deceptively as a Foreign Student by claiming to be from another country. Obama delivers a statement to the press on the Affordable Care Act and the Government Shutdown in the White House Rose Garden. American dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth, that, out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope. Obama recalls running three miles a day and fasting on Sundays during his time at Columbia. The president is out there, every day, being intelligent. After clerking on the United States Supreme Court for Justice Stephen Breyer, Mike worked as a federal prosecutor. Newspaperman on our founders is columbia university transcript or two. Please consult with your administrator. Instead, the Trump campaign continues to shrug off any suggestion of impropriety. Sloan School of Management. Can I tell one story about that, Chuck? Office of Special Investigations, which, at the time, was still hunting down those who were involved in Nazi atrocities in World War II. Mike had an extraordinary pulic service career, from EMT to naval flight officer, from Supreme Court clerk to federal prosecutor, from the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission to the National Counterterrorism Center. Keeper and other initiatives are going to make a big difference in giving young people an opportunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Logistics Matters: the Growth of Little Americas in Occupied Germany By
    Logistics Matters: the Growth of Little Americas in Occupied Germany By Linda L. Kruger Submitted to the graduate degree program in History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________________________ Chairperson, Dr. Theodore Wilson _________________________________ Dr. Adrian Lewis _________________________________ Dr. Eve Levin _________________________________ Dr. Nathan Wood _________________________________ Dr. Jacob Kipp _________________________________ Dr. Leonie Marx Date Defended: August 22, 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Linda L. Kruger certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Logistics Matters: the Growth of Little Americas in Occupied Germany ________________________________ Chairperson, Theodore A. Wilson Date approved: 3 October 2014 ii ABSTRACT The U. S. Army’s presence in Germany after the Nazi regime’s capitulation in May 1945, required pursuit of two stated missions: (1) to secure German borders, and (2) to establish an occupation government within the U. S. assigned occupation zone. Both missions required logistics support, an often unstated but critical mission. The security mission, provided largely by the combat troops, declined between 1945 and 1948, but grew again, with the Berlin Blockade in 1948, and then with the Korean crisis in 1950. However, the occupation mission grew under the military government (1945-1949), and then during the Allied High Commission era (1949-1955). The build-up of U. S. Army infrastructure during the early occupation years has stood forward-deployed U. S. military forces in Europe in good stead throughout the ensuing years. The United States military force, predominantly the U. S. Army, was the only U.
    [Show full text]
  • Jessica CE Gienow-Hecht on a Question of Priorities
    Rebecca Böhling. A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reform and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1996. Ppp. 301. Cloth $49.95, cloth, ISBN 978-1-57181-035-9. Reviewed by Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht Published on H-German (May, 1997) Twenty years ago, Lucius D. Clay recounted the municipal level in Frankfurt am Main, Stutt‐ his experience as U.S. military governor in Ger‐ gart, and Munich. many after World War II in a manuscript submit‐ Boehling analyzes the implementation of U.S. ted to the National Archives. "I had no policy giv‐ policies framed in Washington and Potsdam (in‐ en to me as to what kind of democracy we want‐ cluding JCS 1067 and the four Ds: denazification, ed," Clay recalled in an unforgettable passage on demilitarization, decentralization, and democrati‐ Germany's reeducation. "[W]e spent one whole zation). Her study moves from 1945 when the U.S. day disagreeing on a definition of democracy... military government (MG) still controlled the ap‐ [however, we] could not agree on any common pointment of German officials, to 1946 and 1948 definition."[1] when Germans reached self-government through For many scholars, Germany represents the the first local elections. stage on which the geopolitical goals of the United In line with previous scholarship, Boehling States during the early phase of the Cold War emphasizes the lack of cohesive planning in were most fully revealed. Decisions made in the Washington after the war had ended. While the decade after 1945 formed the basis for the politi‐ War Department and the State Department fa‐ cal, social, economic and cultural development of vored a reconstructive peace and the Treasury the Federal Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • The British in Occupied Germany, 1945-1948
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Winning the peace: the British in occupied Germany, 1945-1948. Knowles, Christopher Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: Winning the peace: the British in occupied Germany, 1945-1948.
    [Show full text]
  • A Special Report on the European Union March 17Th 2007
    Fit at 50? A special report on the European Union March 17th 2007 Republication, copying or redistribution by any means is expressly prohibited without the prior written permission of The Economist The Economist March 17th 2007 A special report on the European Union 1 Fit at 50? Also in this section Are you sitting comfortably? A brief refresher course on the workings of the European Union. Page 2 The quest for prosperity Europe’s economy has been underperform- ing. But whose fault is that? Page 3 Constitutional conundrum Damned if they do and damned if they don’t. Page 5 The ins and outs The EU’s most eective foreign-policy instru- ment has been enlargement. But how far can it go? Page 8 Four Ds for Europe Dealing with the dreaded democratic decit. The European Union has been far more successful than anyone Page 11 expected when the Treaty of Rome was signed half a century ago. But, argues John Peet, it now has three big problems to solve The European Union at 100 N MARCH 25th 1957 a gaggle of lead- the project’s historyworse than the per- Is the best yet to come? Page 14 Oers from six European countries iod of Charles de Gaulle’s empty chair in (France, West Germany, Italy and the Be- 1965, or Margaret Thatcher’s persistent de- nelux trio) met in the great hall of the Hora- mands for our own money back be- tii and the Curiatii in Rome’s Capitoline tween 1979 and 1984. museum. Behind them two 17th-century Yet today’s diculties should not be al- frescoes depicted ancient Rome’s bloody lowed to obscure Europe’s achievements history: a suitable backdrop, since one of of the past 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • German Prisoners of War in Britain, 1940-1948: Policy and Performance
    _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses German prisoners of war in Britain, 1940-1948: Policy and performance. Clarke, Gillian S How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Clarke, Gillian S (2006) German prisoners of war in Britain, 1940-1948: Policy and performance.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42278 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ German Prisoners of War in Britain, 1940-1948: Policy and Performance Gillian S. Clarke Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swansea University, 2006 ProQuest Number: 10797986 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]