MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES

No. 57

Introduction to Putting Family First: Migration and Integration in Canada

Harald Bauder, Mehrunnisa Ahmad Ali and John Shields Ryerson University The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

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PUB2019/003/L Introduction to Putting Family First: Migration and Integration in Canada

Harald Bauder, Mehrunnisa Ahmad Ali and John Shields Ryerson University 2 MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES | NO. 57 at www.ubcpress.ca/putting-family-first published on1May 2019.For more information editedvolume, onthe seeUBCPress webpage Migration bookPuttingFamilyof the andIntegration inCanada,editedby First: Bauderand Harald The IOMare and authors grateful toUBCPress for permissiontoreproduce their Introduction the subsequent chapters. many ofwhomare ofthe coauthors core emergedfrom ideas partners, the discussionsamong The bookisbased. this onwhich Research Humanities and Sciences to Social Canada, Council, This development draws Introduction proposal grant original onthe project for apartnership Acknowledgments . Introduction to Putting Family First: Migration and Integration in Canada 3 Migration, settlement, and the integration of newcomers are often seen through an economic through seen settlement,Migration, often are and the integration of newcomers cliché of the or families. The individuals rather than groups that involve lens and as processes and coming in Europe behind of impoverishment a life man leaving young entrepreneurial-spirited to North America the in late nineteenth or early twentieth century rags from and making his way that migrant-millionaire the realize we closely, Looking more richesto reflects misperception. this journey helped finance expensive the likely his success. Relatives for could not claim all the credit the Atlantic, and once in Northacross an had America,distant aunt or the migrant might have essential support, provided ranging likely a wife Later, and shelter. him with food cousin providing doing the laundryfrom to going shopping, cooking, and running errands. Furthermore, most these but continued to struggle becameimmigrants millionaires ends meet. never To to make immigrants, financial, – was – whether social, in the essential same for household or abroad family the survivaland emotional support. ensured unit often of itsfamily members. migrating The and cheaper; less racist;policies migration are and state policies faster, easier, is travel Today, family continues to be of crucial importance but tightly, much more flows migration regulate that families the role points towards migrants. body of research to many In fact, a growing in the migration, settlement, members,andhave integration of individual family and Putting in the contemporary their role family First Canadian explores how context.Family It investigates contribute to the socialwell-being of immigrants;members in Canada and and financial abroad dealing family members are individual and how newcomers; the benefitsfamilies provide that with the economic, political, social, and personal challenges. to light, By bringing these realities at the practical can be mobilized approach and policy a family-centred how this book shows integration of newcomers. to facilitate the successful levels Migration policy effectsfamilies. has on mixed On the one hand, the migration policies of countries thein Global North apart. families ripping many US are immigrant-receiving The policies, and enforcement border the brutalexperience shows consequences of immigration law, being are members their parents. Family separated practices. from administrative are Children deported,returning their dependants from without support.or income leaving refrain Parents not being members in their countries of origin because and fear family they to see their children to the United States. securityable to return Enhanced minors into the is driving border hands of tricksters, criminals, and rapists too, (Boehm, 2017; Zatz 2015). In Europe, and Rodriguez, impacts deportations (Drotbohm, on migrant families profound having and other policies are mothers,of Thousands fathers, sons, and deadly. increasingly is migration addition, In 2015). desert, in the Arizona dying every year daughters are off the Australian coast, or while trying to 2017). the (Bauder, Sahara Desertcross Europe or Mediterranean Sea to reach largeby oceans to east,the geographical Isolated west, situation. Canada has and different a Country with the StatesUnited Agreement north,theThird to south, the a Safe and by protected the Canadian state. inaccessible to migrantscountry by not authorized Nevertheless, is relatively has resulted Program Caregiver families. The its on many immigration policies also impose hardship Canadian families. for to care in order and elderly relatives children their own in mothers leaving the children to separate from caused fathers have programs worker temporaryThe foreign recent implementation The benefit. is supposed to greenhouses in Canada’s whom their work of a super visa, which permits and to visit but not settle grandparents parents permanently in Canada, Xiaobei Chen and Sherry (2015:81) to observe prompted Xiaohan Thorpe that “who counts as Canadian ... has immigration policy.” family been biopolitically determined by an importantOn the other also hand, plays the family supportive policy, in immigration role immigrant-receiving especially when it comes to immigrant selection. Western In many legal entryis themigration mainchannel and for countries, into the country, family-related as animportant recognized are factorrelationships to the when it comes family settlement of family on whether the presence opinions diverge and However, integration of newcomers. family 2016). In countries such as Spain and Italy, members benefits 4 MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES | NO. 57 contingent nature offamily, word the as by isunderstood many migrants. family nuclear “Western” notion of the and the oflove, ideas and deny which complexity the government, however, narrow arather applies definitionof family, anchored adefinition to this definition. –to implications and legal Canadian The financial, complexcultural, – with dimension migrationexperienceaddsatransnational the volume inthis chapters the illustrate, As (1983: 3–4),for writes: example, Eichler Margit over conceptchanges the that illustrating differs timeand contexts. between considered afamily member. multipledefinitionsof Patriziafamily, (2013:8–9)lists Albanese onwhois awiderperspective adopts onethat framework aholistic ofanalysis, of family as researchersof Canadian-based 2006;Tyyskä, (Kustec, 2007).We therefore concept buildonthe Similarly, attention the family of the value integrationis increasingly the in immigrant attracting becoming increasingly aware role ofthe families that play settlement. migrationand infacilitating 2006).However,2006; Collacott, providers, publicare general the and service makers, policy (Triadafilopoulos, tosociety ofimmigrants contributions social economicand in determiningthe longbeenconsidered family the has arelatively discourses, publicpolicy In Canadian minorfactor oforiginorare already country intheir inCanada. stay either by families their migratewith when individuals orwhenthey arefamily memberswho supported from be separated cannot – either familial the context settlement migration and that illustrate These statistics 2015wereand applicants. ofprincipal children, dependants other spouses, and moreexample, economic-class the half than who entered 2006 immigrants between Canada however, modeofimmigration.These dominant oncethe statistics, was are For misleading. (Government 32.2percent(2010) and total (2013)ofthe class this 2017),although ofCanada, 23.4percent between constituted immigrants 2015,family-class 2006and Between obligations. grounds refugeesand tomeetCanada’s and onhumanitarian based are admitted international purposesoffamily the reunification; toserve are immigrants selected market needs;family-class labour well ondomestic as as applicant principal ofthe criteria capital human onthe based Canada’s three current economic-class has classes: are immigration system immigrants selected tiedtoreproductioneconomic production isinseparably family. the within infeminist progressive and surrounding ignore largely them longbeenestablished whathas circles: government These debates inclusion. and political the address and that policies policies settlement in tendstobeneglected ofimmigrants family Inaddition,the context newcomers individuals. as governments of economicvalue onthe have emphasis a one-dimensional pushedforward Canadian over decades, considerations are Infact, by outweighed last the economicfactors. family selection, immigrant inCanadian Nevertheless, selection. ofimmigrant portion family reunification through In Canada, accounts for aconsiderable the class immigration family sponsorship regulations have beentightened. UnitedKingdom,familiesthe are often considered family impedimenttointegration,and an and Netherlands, the France, Denmark, as such incountries Meetoo,2008).Incontrast, and reunification isconsidered (Kofmanthe helpful into inintegratingimmigrants receiving society awe. relationship may ormay notinvolve and feelings love, as patterned socially such attraction, residence (e.g., commutingcouples). The may adults or may sexually, notcohabit the and (e.g., origininmarriage its common-law couples), they may ormay notshare acommon ofaprevious union).one adultpartner The relationship may adults ofthe ormay nothave may ormay nothave wedlock beenbornintheir (e.g., adoptedchildren, orchildren by parent families), may ormay oneormore notinclude children (e.g., couples), childless who A family group isasocial may which ormay sexes ofboth adults (e.g., notinclude lone- Introduction to Putting Family First: Migration and Integration in Canada 5 Multiple characteristicsMultiple families in settlementthe role of define the processes. and integration in facilitating or impeding a role all they can play relevant: First, are all members of the family on and families draw the of other integration members, and newcomer can they all affecthow contribute to diasporic Scholars communities and acknowledge the arrival of immigrants in society. support decision in migration making; of the family in providing across to members the role andspace time; andmaintaining, creating, in and largeraccessing social networks (Brycesonand shape little these processes about how known Butis 2006). relatively VanderPlaat, 2002; Vuorela, the specific challenges and opportunitiesfamilies.migrant of financial, social, various contributions to the migrantfamily’s members make Second,family migrant in cases where Even and society. and the to arrivalandeconomy emotional well-being and policy increasingly makers economic lens, researchers a narrow through viewed are families members of primary either that the family applicantsrecognize also entering the labour are and nonmonetary or that their enabling reproductive other members market contributions are nurturing critical for are 2007). Families and establish to work (Tyyskä, of their family careers human capital and social and capital” future and sustaining present (Skolnick, 2005: 4). “society’s the costs interacting international borders; and benefits are members across family of Third, While concepts not contained of the arrival country. migration are within the territorial borders the concepts of recently, history a long more such as chain migration have in migration research, captivated not only of academics but also the of interest remittances have and brain circulation policy rapid pace of globalization makers. The in the has study interest increased of transnational maintainwho families,families economic, political, strong social, and emotional theirto ties 2007). Problematically, and Preston, 2011; Kobayashi 2003; Tyyskä, countries (Kelly, of origin in different in which members live – families in “split” families results international migration often migratorycountries – because of national immigration policies or the decisions. families’ Support members can an be immigrants important family dealing for by of resilience source provided Landolt (Bernhard, and Goldring, in the immigration process but 2008), inherent with stressors impactsand negative Procyk (Lewchuk, on families have longer durations of separation often in which these transnationalShields, way Díaz 2017; et al., 2000). The 2017; Cohen, Mendiburo ties and separations affect the settlement and integration trajectories of immigrants in Canada still gap. a considerable knowledge presents Firstfamilies immigrantPutting Family reports into how the findings of our investigation settle the presumed and integrate into Canadian society navigate members family and how sexuality, race, ethnicity, socially constructed(i.e., and imposed) boundaries associated with gender, or ultimately challenge, transform, families how also explore and nation. We community, family, these limitations. fluid understanding This role in settlementfamilyreproduce and its of the and Same-sex relationships in Canadian society. familial reframing of integration reflects the ongoing accepted much more are single parents, relationships, and adopted children and common-law in the by past.Canadian faced the than same time, At difficulties they were the increasing today applications, for reflect immigrants delays members, to sponsor family including long processing as experience and the to devalue family a catalyst a tendency newcomers’ for to individualize settlement and integration. us to tackle that allows between adopt a two-pronged approach the complex relationship We a range of thematic perspectives. on the integration and integration through family First, focus we reception to their deep initial the newcomers’ that extends from the fluid process trajectory, An integration-trajectory in and attachment society. is to the approach involvement receiving the complexity to address of the settlement because it enables researchers especially useful 1999: 9–13). a continuum of activities and in Canada, COSTI (OCASI process which involves stages: is commonly understood as integration process possessing a number of progressive The in their new orient themselves families newly arrived when adjustment), (aka (1) initial reception services, and referral settlement information language context acquire and when members often 6 MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES | NO. 57 the blame onto immigrants for failing to integrate, ignoring structural circumstances and obscuring and circumstances for ontoimmigrants failing blame the ignoringstructural tointegrate, 2005;Arat-Koç,Shields, 1999;Trudeau, have inpolicy changes 2017).Such 2008;Gabriel, shifted orexcluding often newcomer restricting and process Richmond access inthe (Evans, services, (Lowe,organizations restructured welfare 2017)and the Shields, to trim and Richmond state not-for-profit and toregional jurisdictions local and services ofsettlement charitable or aspects families by their contributions and (Gabriel, immigrants 2017).They have devolved also many (Bauder, ofmigrants utility important other immigrationand 2011)while devaluing family-class for own their accountable integration. These ideologieshave shifted focus the economic tothe families ofholdingimmigrant aim the more integration with and responsiblesettlement and program and areas designinthe making ofimmigration,citizenship, newcomer and policy Triadafilopoulos, and 1998;Siemiatycki families (Reitz, ideologieshave 2010).Neoliberal changed ofwelcome”newcomers families“warmth their the and indicate and experienced by newcomer reflectasociety’s willingnesstosupport practices programs, and policies, 2005). Settlement (Omidvar inclusion and ofsuccessful are elements Richmond, settlement and critical services and governmentThethread context. Public policies for settlement first the policy is support integration trajectory, we threads dohighlightsomeofthe inacomplextapestry. the shape While we toaccountfor that donot–claim –and factors the simplycannot all indifferent categorize normsthat cultural the immigrants and waysare the process. in implicated levels atvarious policies ofgovernment, practices, show These clearly institutional that questions live activities? work and political and why? economic, and social, orlimitingtheir Whatisenabling own,Did theycomeontheir families? membersoftheir ordidtheybringalong Where dothey For were example, factors. postmigration migration, and theyrefugees oreconomicimmigrants? by isshaped premigration (including factors trajectory mentionedabove), those process the of immigrant’s inthe factors communal and mediatesindividual and integration.The integration a difference.the is Whatislesscommonlyunderstood the role of and how family itunderscores Theimmigrant. individual’salso make identifications ornational religious, linguistic, ethnic, racial, ofeach gender,age, trajectory wealththe settlement personal and education, –affect language, as –such attributes relations. individual Furthermore, geopolitical global and nation-states, cities, towns, neighbourhoods, families, ofindividuals, contexts nested addition, itisembeddedinthe In ideological. the and political, the social, the economic, the including domains, intersecting ongoing process Itengagesseveralis amultidirectional, shifting with mechanisms. and goals ofimmigrant 2017).Integration (Sullivan, families trajectories the integration affects factors 2016)ofvarious Bilge, (Hilland weSecond, intoconsiderationhow take intersectionality the Lovell, Kerr, 2010;Liuand 2003). ways (Bauder, 2011; Qadeer, 2010; Shields et al., 2006; Shields et al., 2006; Galabuzi, Agrawal and of residential persistence the segregation integration in different affect – that and intersecting levels, and highpoverty poorjobmatches, discrimination, cultural and hurdles, racial institutional have Scholars –including barriers identifiedvarious discursive, obstacles. individual and structural, families migrant confront a diverse stages, of at all range ways. in similar speeds and In fact, newcomerNot all families membersmove individual their and through atequal three the stages process. isnotamechanistic integrationtrajectory the Furthermore, activities. nonmonetary involves integrationalso because offamilies contributions and inreproductive challenges the and market labour inthe integrationshouldnotbemeasuredthat purely performance individual as inplacetopositivelymechanisms process” this facilitate (OCASI COSTI and 1999,9–13).Itisclear society,in the there are preventing barriers nosystematic herfrom there doingso,and are actively regarding society. inthe toparticipate wants immigrant herlevel the If ofparticipation for “is tohave immigrant every fullThe integrationtrajectory freedom ofthis goal ofchoice Shields2005). and (Richmond receiving belongingtothe and society stage final (3) the (integration), involves which the development ofadeepersenseattachment are rights secured; social and accesstoeducation and employment Introduction to Putting Family First: Migration and Integration in Canada 7 most newcomers’ active contributionsto the societies which in settle they most newcomers’ (Barrass and Shields, individualisticof service lens 2017). The delivery neglects, the serviceneeds of in particular, as families a unit. policy Furthermore,challenges serious exist and programming coordinating in and other public and actors private (Richmond and of government Shields,between 2005). levels understand grasping the of settlement contemporary the and requires integration pathways To rapidly changing policy context in which they occur. a central part are and youth of the Children and gender. youth, is children, second thread The motivator a key often are and youth prospects of children life structure.family In fact, the future a new country to migrate to families for (Ali, 2008). In the context of settlement and integration, can facilitate or impede the participationchildren and in communities families of newcomer migration when greatly suffer can themselves and youth children addition, In Canadian society. and of children presence 2008). The 2000; Tyyskä, (Cohen, and migration policies split families roles.also affects in the family In the migration context, gender food on youth the need to put the the enter table labour associated women is often with a switch in traditional roles: gender find and skills jobs while men upgrade their credentials andlow-skilled may in relatively market and McLaren, Dyck unablefunctions performto (Creese, themselves traditional breadwinner Tachble, 2009). Bottroff and Hilton, 2005; Este1999; Grewal, and a policyperspective, From it is crucially important structures family to understand newcomers’ to accommodate them in the arrival society and its institutions, including schools, civic society, system, example, although system. and an the health For care the welfare the housing market, portionincreasing of Canadian society in one-person households, lives the demand increasing single-person that contain housing units,for at least multigenerational households (those three Statistics household type in the country. the fastest-growing are generations of a single family) stemming changing ethocultural composition,” Canada attributes (2017b: 9) to “Canada’s this trend of multigenerational households is immigration. In larger urban themostly centres, share from to Canada as a whole. high compared relatively is domestic conflict. thread such third as financial Stressors language burdens, barriers,The racial the educational systems discrimination, and and health challenges can care in navigating negatively affect partner catalysts relationships,for domestic provide violence, and impede a mother’s ability and to support and perform the family (Simich, traditional Wu maternal and caring roles Nerad, 2007; Simich et al., 2005; Menjivar and Salcido, 2002; Guruge, Khanlou and Gastaldo, 2010). Domesticfear of deportation, conflict sometimes tolerated because of and abuse are lack the partnerof social sponsorship by support, family for (Smith, 2004). While many or a desire and abuse in their countries and of origin (Lafrenière psychological experienced physical women opportunities systems provides to escape abusive Diallo, 2010), the Canadian legal and welfare grappling to find Buttheir place in Canadianrelationships. society experience conflict youth may with the expectations efforts of peers, parents, to integrate members. and other family A family’s and pursue education are and maintain employment, appropriate procure into the arrival society, by the strength influenced and greatly character of itsThe relationships.chapters in this domestic can impact domestic relations how the trajectory integration book reveal and shape a family’s sense of belonging in Canadian society. fourth is a critical of immigrant is labour factor and work.The in the well-being Employment thread successfully that influence whether newcomers challenges, many however, are families. There experience, and work credentials of foreign includingenter the the labour nonrecognition market, experience, a lack of cultural capital, Canadian work the demand for and racial and other forms 2006). In addition, the changing structure has of the labour market of discrimination (Bauder, recent cohorts for difficult jobs that of immigrants made it more well-paying to secure stable, result prospects The and Shields, (Procyk,Lewchuk 2017). career-development favourable offer skills and of the use of “survival newcomers’ to make that fail has been the proliferation jobs” 2017; Gottfried and (Dyson Akter, employment educationprecarious and trap them in low-paid, 8 MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES | NO. 57 as a whole (2.9 persons),as (2.7 persons) larger household size also the and was in Ontario than (three larger slightly familynuclear was persons) Toronto inthe CMAcompared toOntario 2017a). Canada, average the Intermsoffamily household structure, and (Statistics minority Torontoliving inthe groupas belongingtoaracialized non-Indigenous orvisible CMAidentified 2016,1.1millionwere1980 and 3millionindividuals economic-class Furthermore, immigrants. (CMA) 2.7millionwere in2016,and foreign-born. between wholanded immigrants those Of 2017). According 5.9millionpeoplelived Toronto census, inthe tothe Area CensusMetropolitan In 2015,30.2percent Toronto chose ofimmigrants (Government destination their as ofCanada areand unaffordable tomany newcomersand membersof marginalized groups. former reception immigrant centres inToronto’s core (or are gentrifying have already gentrified) where Hill, Richmond and housingismore Mississauga, affordable.Markham, the someof In fact, or Greektown core; urban inthe rather, theyhave Brampton, as dispersedtosuburbssuch predominantly more Italy, inChinatown, recent nolongersettle Little immigrants cohorts, in Greater Toronto, Unlike earlier in Canada. ofimmigrants destination significant most the by Marc Yvan Valade for Gintova, Maria and ourmethodology). Ourresearch conducted was families ofimmigrant (see integrationtrajectories the Appendix, understand the help usbetter relationships and circumstances describe that and ustoidentify enabled data interview-based involving The 2are study The onaqualitative inPart based family chapters twenty-three units. self-sufficient ofthe migrant. myth the 1challenge Overall, inPart violence. chapters the intergenerational toeconomicintegrationand institutions community-based and neoliberalism from inareas range that role the practices and policies of current of settlement immigrationand shortcomings the and knowledge role onthe offamilies integrationtrajectory immigrant inthe volumeopen the by offering of rigorousstate literature the contemporary reviewsthat outline research. onempirical isbased which second, inthe We making policy and public discourse, the of shift toaparadigm then contribute volume inscholarship, researchers part first in the The overarching We isambitious. ofPuttingFamily aim First work acknowledgethe ofprevious (Dargy, 2017). services ofsettlement shift delivery inthe would important an constitute integrationtrajectory of the family all includes stages that membersatall delivery –approach toservice individualistic an than information, employment and Drolet facilities (Shields, Valenzuela, and –rather 2016).Aholistic interpretation, reception,needs include referral, translation, general orientation, counselling, that address these Services networks. and buildingsocial findingjobs, languages, learning school, children in themselves inacclimatizing society, toCanadian starting housing, locating assistance 2005).Families most Shields, needthe and 2014;Richmond 2017;Shields, Shields, and Richmond (Lowe, membersofnewcomerto all families contexts in lightofrecent inpolicy changes delivered bedesignedand can effectively services ishow question settlement An important organizations. and nonprofitfaith-based providers, institutions, groups, educational community extensive and programs pro-immigration publicpolicy tosupport encompassed traditionally The sector. fifththread delivery the settlement is service modelofsettlement The Canadian differences among immigrant and women, men, youths. newcomersto notonlyabsorb workers cultural and as ethnic, accommodateracial, butalso market labour ofthe workplace and environment capacity issueisthe 2007). Oneimportant sexuality,ethnicity, 2009;Boyd Halli, and generation(Buzdugan class, and 2000;Reitz, Norris, and identitiesrelated with market labour inthe togender, intersect also 2015). Experiences race, however, often have adifficulttimefindingpositive employmentPhan, and (Banerjee experiences The ofskilled-worker dependants applicants, marketlabour disruptintegrationtrajectories. can inthe integration process, and whileunsuccessfultend tofast-track participation settlement the 2017).Positive Shields, economichardship and and (Barrass employment however, experiences, onmany resulting families, immigrant dislocation impact social inconsiderable had adetrimental measures 2016).Inparticular, haveet al., subsequentausterity the of2008and economiccrisis the Introduction to Putting Family First: Migration and Integration in Canada 9 (D. Cheal and P. Albanese, Cheal and P. (D. Introduction to diversity in Canada’s families: Variations in forms, definitions, in forms, and Variations families: Introduction to diversity in Canada’s Perspectives New Today: theories.Families Canadian In Don Mills, University Press, pp. 2–21. Oxford eds.). self-efficacy among immigrant of parenting parents. ContemporaryLoss Issues in Early Childhood, 9(2): 148–160. Neo-liberalism, state restructuring and immigration: Changes in Canadian policies in the 1990s., 34(2): 31–56. Journal of Canadian Studies displacement of dependent occupations The get tied down? Do tied movers applicant immigrants in Canada., and Integration JournalInternational of Migration 16(2): 333–353. state and anin theImmigration austerity:of age shaping of the welfare morality, the ideal migrant. In: Lived Experience of Austerity (B. Evans and S. McBride, eds.). 195–221. Toronto, Press, University of Toronto Labor University Markets.Labor Regulates Oxford Migration How Movement: York. New Press, and Nation. University of Economy, Dialectic: Imagining Community, Immigration Toronto. Press, Toronto London. Routledge, BordersMigration Freedom. 2013 2008 1999 2015 2017 2006 2011 2017 References Albanese, P. Ali, M.A. S. Arat-Koç, Banerjee, R. and M.B. Phan Barrass, S. and J. Shields H. Bauder, (2.6 persons) (Statistics Because of the high concentration immigrants, of Canada, (2.6 persons) 2017b). an excellent providing Toronto, settlementcompounded in Greater and issues are integration case other geographical study contexts for Canada in and beyond. As seasoned academics, scholars, early-career community highly knowledgeable partners, and disciplinary experiences to graduate students, backgrounds and professional bring different we project is, we and perspectives writing. research in a single Incorporating diverse our research aspect an of this innovative book. interviews samequotations believe, The from can appear in multiple chapters, especially reflecting that complex data in multiple ways, can be interpreted changed the names of participants to We that intersectionality. emphasizes within a framework confidentiality. preserve researchers,public commentators, which on significantlythe lens through shifting focus Although we For radical transformation. advocating from refrain and policy look at migration, we makers do not explicitly challengeexample, the nation-state we of migration flows, as as a regulator radical meso-level transformation does (Walia,scholarship often promote 2013). Instead, we business-as-usual political manoeuvring (Bauder and everyday Matheis, 2016) thatgoes beyond that we lead to a world change that revolutionary would for asbut not so far to advocate substantial for advocate change within we 2017). In other words, (Bauder, cannot imagine today dominant political configurations such the nation-state socialand institutions such family. as the 10 MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES | NO. 57 Díaz Mendiburo, A., A. Lyn, J. McLaughlin, B. Vasilevska Lyn, B. D. and McLaughlin, Wells J. A. Mendiburo, A., Díaz Dargy, T. McLaren A. and Dick I. Creese, G., M. Collacott, Cohen, R. Thorpe S.X. and Chen, X. Halli S.S. and R. Buzdugan, D. U.Vuorela and Bryceson, Boyd, D. and Norris M. Boehm, D.A. P.Bernhard, J., Goldring L. and Landolt Bauder, Matheis C. and H. 2017 2017 1999 2006 2000 2015 2009 2002 2000 2017 2008 2016

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2015 2017 1983 2009 2005 2017 2006 2016 2017 2005 2010 2016 Drotbohm, H.Drotbohm, and N.Dyson, D. Akter M. Eichler, Este, and A.A. D.C. Tachble Richmond and J.Evans, Shields B., T. Gabriel, C. Galabuzi, G.-E. H. Egeh and S. Guerra Gottfried, K., S. Dyson, D. Topkara-Sarsu, J. Shields, N. Akter, of Canada Government S.,Grewal, J.L. Bottroff and B.A. Hilton Guruge, S., N. Gastaldo Khanlou and D. and S. Bilge Hill, P. 12 MIGRATION RESEARCH SERIES | NO. 57 Procyk, S., W. S., Procyk, Lewchuk Shields. J. and Scuole Tecniche (COSTI) Italiane (OCASI) former and Immigrants Centro Organizzativo Serving ofAgencies Council Ontario Omidvar, T. and R. Richmond Menjivar, O. and Salcido C. Lowe, T. S., Shields J. and Richmond D. and Kerr J. Liu, Lewchuk, W., Shields Procyk J. and S. Diallo L. and Lafrenière, G. S. Kustec, Kofman, V. and E. Meetoo V. and Kobayashi, A. Preston 2003 Kelly, P. 2017 1999 2005 2002 2017 2003 2017 2010 2006 2008 2007 Canadian-Asian transnationalism. CanadianGeographer transnationalism. , 47(3):209–218. Canadian-Asian

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Harald Bauder is a Professor of geography and the Director of the Graduate Program in Immigration and Settlement Studies at Ryerson University. He is also the founder of the Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement. His books include Migration Borders Freedom and Immigration Dialectic: Imagining Community, Economy, and Nation. Bauder is also a recipient of the Konrad Adenauer Research Award and a senior research fellowship from the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies.

Mehrunnisa Ahmad Ali is a Professor in the School of Early Childhood Studies, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University. Her research focuses on immigrant children, youth and families, and preparing service providers to work with them. In her most recent project she documented autobiographies of young Syrian refugee children. She is the author of Listening to Families: Reframing Services (with P. Corson & E. Frankel) and Colonization of Immigrant Families (forthcoming, with V. Tyyskä).

John Shields is a Professor in the Department of Politics and Public Administration at Ryerson University where he is currently Interim Director of the Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement. He is a past Managing Editor of the Journal of International Migration and Integration (JIMI) and awarded the 2016 National Metropolis Researcher Award, which recognizes and celebrates outstanding contributions to the field of immigration and settlement in Canada. His recent books include Immigrant Experiences in North America: Understanding Settlement and Integration (edited with Harald Bauder); Precarious Work and the Struggle for Living Wages (edited with Carlo Fanelli) and Precarious Employment: Causes, Consequences and Remedies (edited with Stephanie Procyk and Wayne Lewchuk).

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