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Monitoring Food Security in Countries with Conflict Situations a Joint FAO/WFP Update for the Members of the United Nations Security Council

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Monitoring Food Security in Countries with Conflict Situations a Joint FAO/WFP Update for the Members of the United Nations Security Council Monitoring food security in countries with conflict situations A joint FAO/WFP update for the members of the United Nations Security Council April 2021 ISSUE NO 8 Monitoring food security in countries with conflict situations A joint FAO/WFP update for the members of the United Nations Security Council April 2021 ISSUE NO 8 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Food Programme Rome, 2021 REQUIRED CITATION FAO and WFP. 2021. Monitoring food security in countries with conflict situations. A joint FAO/WFP update for the members of the United Nations Security Council – April 2021. Issue no. 8. Rome.. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the World Food Programme (WFP) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or WFP in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or WFP. ©FAO and WFP, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY‑NC‑SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non‑commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO or WFP endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO and WFP logos is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was neither created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) nor the World Food Programme (WFP). FAO and WFP are not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third‑party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third‑party‑owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications‑[email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact‑us/licence‑request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Contents Acronyms v Introduction 1 Methods and data sources 2 Overview 4 Section 1. Conflict and hunger analysis 4 Asia and Middle East 8 Africa 9 Sahel and West Africa region 10 Central and Southern Africa 12 The Caribbean 13 Section 2. Highlighted countries of concern 14 Burkina Faso 16 Nigeria (15 states and the Federal Capital Territory) 19 South Sudan 22 Food security terms 26 References 28 iii iv Acronyms ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project CARI Consolidated Approach to Reporting Indicators of Food Security CH Cadre Harmonisé CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control COVID‑19 Coronavirus disease 2019 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network GIEWS Global Information and Early Warning System GRFC Global Report on Food Crises IDP Internally displaced person IOM International Organization for Migration IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification NSAG Non‑state armed group RPCA Food Crisis Prevention Network (Réseau de Prévention des Crises Alimentaires) OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan UNSC United Nations Security Council USAID United States Agency for International Development WFP World Food Programme v vi Introduction This is the eighth update of the Monitoring Food Security The update also spotlights the situation in Burkina Faso, in Countries with Conflict Situations, a twice‑yearly report northern Nigeria and South Sudan where there have been on acute food insecurity in countries affected by conflict sharp conflict-related increases in acute food insecurity, that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United flagging where constraints on humanitarian access to food Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) have insecure populations have been documented and there is jointly produced for the members of the United Nations evidence of conflict-specific food system damage. Security Council (UNSC) since June 2016. By highlighting the severity, magnitude and drivers of This issue of Monitoring Food Security in Countries with acute food insecurity in this group of countries and Conflict Situations provides an update of the acute territories, this update seeks to reinforce the urgent need food insecurity situation in major food crises where for all parties, including governments and humanitarian conflict and insecurity are a primary driver of acute and development agencies, to work to resolve conflict food insecurity. It also briefly describes other key food in order to end the current rising trend in the number of insecurity drivers (including indirect impacts from the acutely hungry people reliant on humanitarian assistance. coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]), and how conflict and insecurity frequently interlink with – and sometimes On 24 May 2018, the UNSC unanimously adopted exacerbate – them. resolution 2417, which specifically addresses conflict-induced hunger. Resolution 2417 identifies how The present update covers nineteen countries and conflict contributes to hunger – directly, through the effects territories that are experiencing extremely grave hunger of war, such as the displacement of people from farming or caused by protracted conflict and insecurity as reported grazing land and the destruction of agricultural assets, and in the 2020 Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) and indirectly, by disrupting markets and increased food prices. also regularly covered in the joint FAO/WFP updates to the members of the UNSC. Unlike the GRFC, the update does The resolution calls on parties to conflict to comply not cover refugee crises such as those affecting Uganda, with relevant international law, including the Geneva Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and Syrian refugees in Conventions of 12 August 1949, condemns the use Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. of starvation as a method of warfare, and places the protection of, and access to, the most vulnerable and Box 1. Countries and territories covered by the update food insecure in situations of conflict at the forefront of Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central its agenda. It recalls that the UNSC has adopted and can African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the consider adopting sanctions against those responsible for Congo, Ethiopia, Haiti, Iraq, Mali, Mozambique, northern obstructing humanitarian assistance. The resolution calls Nigeria, the Niger, Palestine, Somalia, South Sudan, for early warning briefings by the UN Secretary-General the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen. when the risk of conflict-induced famine or widespread food insecurity occurs due to armed conflict. For each of these countries and territories this update provides information on the number of acutely This update seeks to respond to the call for the provision food‑insecure people as of December 2020. It reports on of relevant information to the members of the UNSC. developments in relevant conflicts and examines ongoing Therefore, the overall aim of the joint FAO/WFP update, conflict–hunger dynamics, including inter-related drivers facilitated by the Global Network Against Food Crises, is of acute food insecurity, such as climate shocks, economic to provide UNSC members with a concise, up‑to‑date destabilization and population displacement. overview that may inform the formulation of short‑ and long‑term actions needed to break the vicious cycle between armed conflict and food insecurity. This report supports the range of analytical products generated within the framework of the Global Network Against Food Crises, which
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