E o ULEtrTE Rs FEFr Earch-r INc¡ r[-rE FUEFTE-.¡E-!-]s Eirat¡E c¡F Sr"¡¡uv !-mesrEes! A EuuMARv

BruceF. Phillips. FO Box 705 I Canberra Maii Centre. ACT 2610 Australia

AE¡ STRAtrT Collectors have been used successtully to catch the pueruius stage ofspiny to provide for study in the laboratory, to investrgate levels of'settlement, and for mariculture purposes. Different tlpes ofeollectors have been developed for différent and different areas. These include synthetic seaweed collectors for in Western Australia, crevice typesfor in the US and the Caribbean,andJasus edwardsii inNewZealand.

Where collectors are used for stock dy,namics, a standard procedure for checking collectors and identifying pueruli must be established. The number ofcollectors required at each locality to obtain an adequate measure ofpuerulus settlement depends on several factors: (l) the area available, (2) the settlement levels, (3) the variabilifi ofcatches. and (4) the degree ofprecision required in fishery prediction.

Data on puerulus catches ofP rygn as in Western Australia have been used successfully to predict the commercial catch four years in advance. Similar atternpts to use puerulus catches for catch prediction are being made in New Zealand and Cuba.

REsU MEN Los colectores han sido utilizados con éxito para la captura de langosta en fase puerulus, y proveer animales para su estudio en el laboratorio, así como para la investigación de los niveles de asentarniento y propósitos de rnaricultivo" Son diferentes los tipos de colectores que han sido desarrollados para especies y áreas diferentes. Aquí se incluyen los colectores de algas sfurtéticas paru Panulirus cygttus en Australia Occidental, los tipo refugio para edwardsii Nueva Zelanda. En aquellos lugares donde los colectores se ernplean para la dinámica poblacional, deberá establecerse un procedimiento estandarpara la comprobación riel estado de losmismos y la identificación de los puerulus. El nürnero de los coiectores requeridos en cada localidad para obtener rma medicrón adecuada del asentamiento de puerulus depende de numerosos fáctores: i ) ei area disponitrle; 2) los niveles de asentamiento; 3) la variabilidad de captura y 4) el grado de precisión requerido para la precisión de la pesquería. Los datos sobre las capnras de pueruius de P" cygnus en Australia Occidental han sido utilizados con buenos resultados en la predicción de la captura comercial con cuatro años de antelación. Intentos similares respecto a la utilización de las capturas de purulus para predicciones de captura se estár desarrollar.rdo en Nueva Zelanda y Cuba.

I NTREDU trT¡EN Several collectors to catch the puemlus stage ofspiny (rock) Workers in rnany countries including Antigua, Australia, lobsters (Family Palinuridae) have been developed over the Bernruda, Cuba, Grenada, India Jamaica Japan, Mexico. New past 2-5 years (Witham et al.l968 Phillips, 1972; Booth and Zealand, Puerto Rico, and the United States of America have Tarring, 1986). The puerulus is the post-larval stage of used collectors to catch puerulus stage spiny lobsters. De- palinurids that has molted from the final phyllosoma instar. vices have been deployed at St Paul and Amsterdam Islands Settlement refers to the moment at which the puerulus ceases in the south Indian Ocean to try to increase puerulus settle- forward swimming and becomes benthic or colonizes a col- ment and survival in the fishery for Jasus paulensis (Barbarin. lector. pers. comm). Collectors were developed to obtain animals for study in Thefocus of this paper is to summaries the informationon the laboratory (Witham et al.1968'. Phillips. 1972), to inves- the uso of collectors in Australia and New Zealand, but re- tigate levels of puerulus settlement (Booth and Thrring, 1986: views ofpublished and unpublished reports from around the Nonaka et al.L980), and for mariculture purposes (Ifuata et world are included. This summary is taken from a detailed a/. I988). The number of puemli settling on collectors can rep- review by Phillips and Booth (1994) to which the reader is resent levels of recruiiment to alr area, and data from collectors referred for fuither details. Some of the factors that should be rvere therefore recogrúzred as useful in analyses of stock dy- considered when planning a progmm to monitor puerulus narnics (Morgan et al.1982;Walters et al.l993). selllement are discussed.

Rsvrsre CrmeNe or lNvpsrrcectot'IEs Ppset ERAs. ENeno-Juñto os 1995 33

,¡ I I I Tvees EF EELLETTERS

Collectors can be broadly grouped into two main rypes: those that proüde creüces and spaces for settlement, and those that imitate seaweed and may evoke the grasping response of, pueruli. The following descripüons ofpuerulus collectors are based on the available literature.

A. Wtham - Florida and [lawaii (rJSA), Caribbean Fig 1. Hmthogrhair mllector, The Witham collector (Witham et al.l968) was designed based on information from puerulus stage to catch the of the Florida spiny Hmt(pers. comm.). (P. argus). These collectors have been modified to catch P anu I i ru s m argi n atu s in Hawaii S4acDonald, I 986). The Witham habitat (equals Witham collector in this re- view) was constructed of a polyurethane float, 30 cm square and 2.5 cm thick, with leaves of 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co, Minnesota, USA) nylon webbing 30 crn wide and 15 cm iong attached to one side. The float was coated with fiberglass resin for strength and weatherproofing. Design modifications have been made, mainly in the size of the collector and the number ofvoid spaces in the webbing rnaterial. Currently the most widely used version of the Big. 2. Serfling and Ford Witham collector is the hogs-hair collector (Figure l) devel- seaweed collector, after figure in Serfling and Ford ( 1 975 oped in Florida (Hunt, pers. comm.). That collector hasbeen ). used to catch the pueruius st¿ge of P argus in many parts of the Caribbean, including Anügua (Rlther et al. l98&,Bannerot et al.l99l', Bannerot er al.1992 Lellis, 1991), Grenada (Calinski, pers. comm.), and Florida (Heatwole et al.l99l). Some very large collections of pueruli have been made with these collectors - more than 20 000 in I year in Antigua.

B. Serfling andFord - California (USA) The Serfling and Ford collector (Figure 2) was developed to catch the puerulus stage of the Californian Panulirus interruptus for ecological and behavioral studies (Serfling and Ford, 1975) and it has also been used to study larval recruitment of that species @arker, 1972).Its design was suggested by the frequent associaüon of P. interruptus

pueruli with surfgrass. 1.O The collector, a nylon bag containing the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi andvarious species ofred algae, is floated at the water surface. Illuminated collectors caught signiñcantly Fig. 3. Phiiiips artificial more pueruli than did those without illumination. seaweed collectot after the figure in Phillips ( 1 972).

C. Phillips- Australia, Cuba The crucial component of the collector is the synthetic rope The Philiips collector was designed to catch the puerulus f,rber which simulates seagrass. The material selected for the stage of the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus in West- tassels was the pollpropylene fiber 'Tanikalon' (Taniyama ern Australia (Phillips, L97?).Datafrom those collectors have Chemical Industries Ltd, Okayama, Japan). formed the basis of a catch prediction system for the com- These collectors are now also used in Cuba to catch the mercial ñshery (Phillips, 1986; Caputi et al.L988;Caputi et pueruli of P. argus (Cruz e t al. 1 99 I ; Phillip s e t al.l99 4). a/.inpress: Phillips et al.l994). (Figure a alumi- The collector 3) consists of three-sided D. Lewis- Australia num frame with channels into which are inserted sheets of grey PVC, 61 x 35 cm x 0.6 cm thick. Glued to the outer The pallet collector (Figure 4) was developed to catch the face of each PVC sheet is a thin layer of woven polypropy- puerulus stage of Jasus edwardsii in Australia (Lewis, 1911a), lene material to'which tassels of synthetic rope fiber are where the species is known as the 'southern rock lobster'. attached. The collector is similar in appearance to awooden pallet used

34 Revrsre CLlgaNa np INvBsrtcecrotnus Pesquenns, Ervsno-JuNro »s 1995 in storage facilities, and in the ocean is held vertically near the surface. The design was prompted by the frequent occur- rence of puemli in floating boxes used in parts of, South Aus- tralia to hold live spiny lobsters (Lewis, pers. comm.)"

E. Booth - New Zealqnd, Austrolia

The Booth crevice collector was designed to catch the puerulus stage of-rasus edwardsii in New Zealand (where the species is known as the 'red rock lobster') in studies of larval recruiUnent @ooth and Tiarring 1986. The design was prompted by the observaüon that large numbers of puemli settle under stones in depressions and holes including pholad shafts (holes rnade by rock boriíg bivaives), along the shore near Xow-tide level at Castlepoint on the North Island @ooth , L979). The Booth crevice collector (Figure 5) @ooth and Tar- ring, 1986) consists ofeight marine-grade plywood sheets, each 38 x 38 cm and 0.9 cm thick, held in a galvanised steel tr'ig.4. Lewis collectoq based frame to give seven wedge-shaped crevices, each 2.5 cm high on information supplied by at its widest part. The plywood sheets are treated with preser- R.K. Lewis (pers. comm.). vative and last at least five years. The collector is relatively inexpensive. easy to construct, sturdy and capable of with- standing healy seas, and can be handled by one person. At sorne sites with easy land access" 'shore crevice collec- tors' (Figure 5. top left) are used (Booth and Tarring, 1986). These collectors must be sheltered from ocean swells if they are to be used in shallow waters. Also in sheltered sites, par- ticularly in harbours, crevice collectors maybe suspended in the water column on qynthetic rope or 316 grade stainless steel wire ('surface/midwater creúce collector'. Figure 5, bottom left). In more exposed or remote localities, or in deeper localities, crevice collectors are fixed to steel base weights. During hauling, a mesh-based metal box rises and surrounds the collector to prevent pueruli escaping ('closing creüce collector' Figure 5, right) (Booth et al.l99l).

E GuSi - México

Mexican researchers designed the inexpensive GuSi arti- ficial seaweed collector (Figure 6) to catch the puemlus stage of Panulirus argus in studies of larval recruitment off the Yucatan Peninsula (Gutierrez-Carbonell e t al.1992). tr'ig. 5. Booth crevice collectors: shore oevice coilector (top ieft): The collector which floats at the surface has as its frame a surface/midwater crevice collector (bottom left); ctrosi-ng crevice l9 I plastic bucket, 35 crn high and 30 crn in diameter, of the collector (right), after ñgures in Booth and Tarring ( I 986) and Eooth type commonly used for paint. Its outside surface is covered et al. (1991) with bands of synthetic sacking to which are tied 1 l0 tassels made of strips of artificial seaweed ('Filastica', Industrias Altamar, Guadalajara, Jal., S.A. México). Collectors with red synthetic strips caught slight§ more than those with blue or green stnps (Briones Fourzan and Guüerrez Carbonell. 1992).

G. Various - Japan Several collectors have been developed to catch the puerulus stage of the Panulirus j aponicusfor fishery prediction and mariculture. Pueruli have been caught with artificial seaweed collec- tors and in seaweedfilled mesh cages, set either on the seaf- loor or in the water column §onaka et al.I980; Hirata et Fig. 6. GuSi collector, after a/.1988: Sasaki, 1978; Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Experi- hgure in Gutierrez Carbonell mental Station, 1986t Ichiki et al"l976'.Izu Branch of et al., (1992).

Rsvrsr¿. CuseNe pB Ixvpsrroacrol¡gs Prsquenes, Ex¡no-Jr¡uo nB 1995 35 Shizuoko Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, I 974; The performances of the GuSi, Hunt hogs-hair. and modi- Kanamori. 19821 Ooka 19771 Slúmizu, 1980, Shimiar and fied Witham collectors in capturing P. argus pueruli were Ooka, 1978; Sekiguchi, pers. comrn.). compared (Briones-Foursan and Gutierrez-Carbonell. 1992: Guüerrez-Carbonell et al.l992\. The GuSi collector had a signif-rcantly higlter rate, possibly íts H. VariousJndia catch because of shape and more intricate structure. trt was also cheaper and lasted Large numbers of Panulirus spp. pueruli and post-puenrli longer in the water than the otler collectors. are found on mussel spat collectors (Tholasilingam and In Western Australia Witham collectors like the §pe used Rangarajan, 1986). This prompted tests of various types of in Harvaii MacDonald, 1986) had only 15% of the Phillips collector that included Mangalore tiles. coir and other ropes. collector catch (Phillips, unpubl.). sections ofcar tires, and stringed coconut shells to determine The Booth crevice collector was comparcd with Phillips üe best for obtarning anirnals for mariculture. Mangalore tiles collectors anclrvith versions oftheLewis pallet collector (float- wound with thin coir rope were the most successful collec- ing at the surface and/or held near the seafloor) for catching tors and caugltt P. homarus homarus, P. ornalus and J. edwardsii in Tasmaniaand South Australia (Kennedy, 1991, F. polyphagus. pers. comm. ; Prescott, I 99 l). The crwice collector was f,ound to catch as many or more puenrli, to be less expensive to büld, and to be rnore durable and easier to service than the other EHEESING A EoI.IEcTER collectors.

A. Desigyr and species selection C. Financ ial Considerati ons

The biological response of pueruli to collectors appears to Constructing ard maintaining collectors at several sites vary among species. Unfortunately, puenrli generally stop require considerable investment in both frmds and human re- su,imming when in captiüty; therefore laboratory studies lcad- sources. The level ofinvestment in a collector program de- ing to üe most suitable collector for a particular species are pends prinrarily on the objective. If the animals a¡e needed difficult. Succcssfif collectors are those that encouruge settle- for laboratory study, loss of some equipment, or loss ofpreci- ment and then retain animals. Because pueruli of sorne or all sion in thc catches ofcolleclors. is of little consequence. How- shallow-water palinurids appear not to fecd (Nishida er ever, if the aim is to measure puemlus recruitment or to pre- al.1990) the primary use of a collector seems to be for shel- dict catcires. losses may be unacceptable. ter. Consistent with this, P a4gr.s puemli prefer cornplex struc- The estimated cost of materials for building and mooring tures for settlement, regardless of food abundance (Ilermkind a GuSi collector in 1987 was about $USl0 (Gutierrez- and Butler, 1986). Although planktonic pueruli of several Carbonell et al.l992). Material for the leaves of one Hunt species are attracted to light (Serfling and Ford, l975l Phillips. hogs-hair collector was estimated to cost SUS l0 in I 987" and 1975a; Johnson. 1956: Harada, 1975), settled puemli are gen- that for a Witham-type collectorwith Nomad material in the erally averse to it (Lewis er al.l952). lcaves, SUS 100 Miller and Goodwin, 1989). The cost of Panulirus spp. have been most comntonly caugltt on arti- materials for a Ftrillips collector is about $US 150 (1993) ficial seaweed collectors, and Jasus spp. with crevice-type @hillips, unpubl.), while that of thé Booth shore crevice col- collectors. The occupation ofsmall crevices and circular holes lector is about $US20 (Booth. unpubl). j by pueruli and early uveniles of P 7 ap o n i cu s (Haracla, 1 97 5 ; homarus homarus, Yoslrimura and Yamakawa, 1988). P. I). Construction of collectors P. ornatus, and I1 po lyphagus (Tholasilingam and Rangarajar¡ 1986), P. guttatus (Hunt, pers. comm.), and P. cygrtus Testing ser,eral designs to determine the most appropriate (Jernakoff, 1990) points to the possibiliq, of crevice-type col- collector is recommended. Final choice may depend not only on lectors also being usefiúfor Panulirus spp. Furthermore, ar= how well the collector catches puemli, but also on other factors tificial seaweed collectors have been effective in catching such as the namre of the shoreline and the financial and human collectors. J. e dru ards i i pueruli (BootlU I 979); grasping behaüor in Jaszs resources available for constructing and checking pueruli is strong and specimens are frequently found clinging The materials used to construct most collectors are very to lobster pot lines. important. No collector is available commercially, and mate- In summary, the most appropriate tlpe of collectorfor any rials described in the literature are often difficult to identtS particular genus or species is not known, and may depend not and obtain. Although almost any collector will catch some only on preferences of the puedi, but also on other factors pueruli, the effort expended inusing proven rraterials is likely such as local coastal conditions. to be well rewarded. Adherence to the basic design found to be successfirl by other workers is recommended. B. Colleclor comparisons Floating Witlam collectors were compared with similar SELEtrTING LOCAL¡TIES AND SITES collectors inverted and held on the sea floor and rvith other collectors such as sections ofcar tires and asbestos slúngles A. Presence of juveniles zuspended in the water colum& for their efectivenqss in catch- ingP argzs (Witl'atnet al.l968; Sweat 1968). Only the float' Collectors are usually set in localities wherejuveniles are ing Witham collector caught significant numbers ofpueruli. known to occur in high numbers. However, as demonstrated

36 R¡vrst¿, CueA,Ne op lNvssrtcA.clo¡¡rs PBsQuBRes, E¡"'sno-JuNro nB 1995 in Western Atstralia Bhillips andMcwilliam, 1986) and New predatory fish in the collector could result in fewer lob- Zealand (Booth and Tarring, I 986), absence or low numbers sters. Hence. the effectiveness of a collector for puerulus of juveniles does not necessarily mean pueruli cannot be settlement may vary seasonally according to the presence caught in the area. of othen organrsms. Within a site, location of the most successful collectors and the highest abundance ofjuvenile lobsters do not neces- B. Mooring sarily coincide. For example, in Cuba, Batabano Bay is pro- tected by a fringing coral reefacross its outer edge. The high- The method of mooring depends on the t¡pe of collector. estdensities ofjuvenile P argus occrlr 3-5 km inside the bay, The objective is not only for the collector to survive healy with few juveniles near the fringing reef. Collectors sited in seas, but also to hold its catch and to continue fishing. the area ofhighestjuvenile abundance caught 1-6 per pueruli Movement of surface or midwater collectors should be slow collector per month; when resited close to the fringing reef and controlled" The type ofanchor used on vessels is gener- they caught 40-120 pueruli per collector per month (Cruz et ally not suitable for mooring collectors because, over time, al.l99l). However, highest catches were generally achieved the collectors tend to dislodge them. with collectors set in areas of highjuvenile abundance. C. Establishment time B. Degree of protection ü Some time and experimentation may be necessary to se- A general feature of shallow-water palinurids seems to be lect a suitable collector, establish a successful sampling pro- that small -juveniles are most abundant in sheltered waters. tocol, and obtain useful resuits. t Collectors that float near the surface reqüre protecüon from In New Zealand, where the main settlement season varies the full force of waves and swell. geographically, it took at least two years oftrials at each srte tr-ocalities. and sites within localities, to install collectors with tlree or four sets of tfuee collectors were necessary be- should be selected after observing tlle arer during healy seas. fore an acceptable measure of settlement was obtained @ooth. For P. cygnus, sites should be within and near the protecüng unpub.). Similarly, in Western Ausfralia several years oftrails reef, just beyond the force of the breaking waves. were needed before it was concluded that about six collectors were needed to indicate adequately the level of settlement of P. cygnus af most localities C. Depth of water and collector deptk @hillips. unpub.).

Most collectors have been set in inshore waters (within D. Number of collectors and pueruli 2 km of shore). either at the surface or near the sea floor, at depths down to 12 m. Surface collectors should not be used Where puerulus catches are being used in analyses of,strck in areas ofsevere surface diiution from fresh water. dynarnics. the number ofcollectors required at each locali§ to obtain an adequate rneasure of'puemlus settlement depends D. Positionin§within the site on several factors:

The best catches ofpueruli have generally been achieved a) the area available - some localities may not have suffr- nearshore. Once a general site has been chosen, collectors (or cient protected area in which to install rnore than just a preferably groups of collectors) should be tested at several few collectors, posiüons to obtain a representative measlre of settlement. b) the settlement level - if the level is low, it rnay be desir- Water flow rates and currents can affect puerulus catches able to install a larger number of collectors, (Herrnkind and Butleq 1986; Phillips, 1975b). Catch rates of c) the variability ofcatches - ifthere are Xarge differences P. argus pueruli on collectors placed in channels were lower in the catch of adjacent collectors or sets of coliectors, than those in othei sites (Little and Milano, 1980). In Mexico the number of collectors needs to be larger than if differ- (Briones-Fourzan and Gutierrez-Carbonell, I 992) and Ber- ences are slight, muda (Ward, 1989), collectors at stations most directly influ- d) the degree ofprecision required in fishery prediction - enced by the flow entering a bay consistenfly caught most if there is small year-to-year variation in settlement lev- puemli. els, and a measure of small changes in recruitment to I the fishery are needed, large numbers of collectors may be required. If there are large variations in the number fl of pueruli, and only large changes in recruitment need INSTALu!NG GouueeToF¡Ei to be measured, a smaller number of collectors will be A. Conditioning required.

It may be desirable to immerse some collectors in sea In most parts of Western Australia (Phillips et al.l99l), water to leach out chemicals before use. Presence ofother and also in Florida (Little and Milano, 1980), consistenry in organisms on a collector may affect its attractiveness for settlement patterns means only small numbers of collectors puerulus settlement, and may influence residency or sur- are required to determine year-to-year settlement levels at any viv:rl of pueruli on the collector. For example, a covering one site. But for most spiny lobster fisheries, settlement lev- of marine organisms may provide shelter for pueruli. On els will need to be determined at several localities. with sev- the other hand, the presence ofanimals such as octopus or eral sites (and collectors) at each locali§.

RBvrsra CueaNa pB l¡¡vssrrcecroxBs PsserrERAs. ENsR.o-JrrNro ps 1995 37 Goodwin, 1989) and 355 et al"L988) fl argrs have E necrctn¡ g E @yther EluEtrTtrtrls been made on l{unt hogs-hair collectors" A. Handling collectors D. Identifuing and staging pueruli Tests need to be constructed to determine whether pueruli escape from the collector during its removal from the water In areas where more than one palinurid species occurs, it and checking. Tests, involüng placement of a bag around the will sometimes be necessary to retain all pueruli caught for sheets of a Phillips collector lifted into the boat, showed es- later close exa¡rrination. Although juveniles of different spe- capement was not a problem for that collector; P. cygnus cies may be easy to distinguish, pueruli are usually rnore dif- pueruli 'burrow' back into the tassels as sheets are lifted out ficult @erry, 1974).ln several areas. including Western Aus- ofthe frame @hillips, unpubl.). P. interruptus pueruli did not tralia, New Zealand. Bermuda and parts of the Caribbean, leave seaweed or Witham-t)?e traps during checks (Serfling pueruli are staged so the settlement date can be estimated. andFord,1975). A large plastic screen under the Witham-§pe collector was E. Other considerqtion used to catch escaping F. argus pueruli (Little and Milano. factors for I 980). However, other tests suggested that escapes were neg- Analyses of catch data usually require the catches of in- ligible, providing the collectors were handled correctly when dividual collectors. A written rouüne for checking collec- checking Hunt hogs-hair collectors (Ward, 1989). Never the tors should be adhered to. This should include the method less. a rnesh bag is generally recommended when checking of recovering the collector. time to be spent checking for Hunt hogs-hair collectors @annerot et a1.1992). animals, cleaning instructions, and a repair and maintenance schedule. B. Frequency Construction of a collector will always provide opporh¡- niry for change and there is a natural tendency to improve the Settlernent occurs at night, or possibly near dawn- in design. Collectors should be modified only after careful con- P. cygnus (Phillips 1975), J. edwardsii (Booth and Tarring, sideration, and any changes properly calibrated. 1986), and P. argus (Witham et al.l968.Lyons, 1980). Col- All collectors. irrespective of design, provide a habitat. lectors can therefore be checked at any time during daylight Changes ür available natural habitat nearby which result from hours. Settlement ofP cygnusfollows a lunar pattern @lúllips, changes in such factors as algal cover, and abundance ofpreda- 1972; Phillips and Sastry 1980). Most settlement occurs near tors and competitors, may affect puerulus catches on collec- the time of the new moon. so collectors are checked near full tors. moon. Setting of the montNy check as related to moon phase, It is important to know the interval between settlement rather than to calendar month, results in two checks in some and the molt to the post-puemlus and whether that period calendar months. Ifchecking ofthe collectors is delayed, it is varies according to tirne ofyear: any large differences can possible that the catch at the next check may contain animals affect the estimates of larval recruitment between seasons. ftom more than one settlement period. Several other species The basis ofthe relationship between season and duration of also show lunar perioücity in settlement (Little and Milano, tlte puerulus stage after settleinent is temperafure. 1980: Phillips and Sastry 1980). However, J. eúoardsii in Care is required in interpreting settlement ievels derived NervZealand (Booth. 1989; Hayakawa et al.l990) and Aus- from catches of transparent pueruli. for they may have used tralia (Lewis, pers.com¡n; Lewis, I977b) setfles tluoughout the collector only for temporary daltirne cover (Booth ef the lunar rycle, and there is no evidence of a lunar relation- al.l99l). The appearance of pigmentation on the carapace ship in settlement of P. interrupfas (Serfling and Ford, 1975). and in the ltepatopancreas gencrally indicates settlernent has For the species indicated, collectors can be checked on any taken place. selected time scale. although calendar months are usually adhered to. PREDItrTItrIN trIF EATtrHEs C Saturation and retention Successfirl prediction of the commercial carch of the west- The saturation level is not known for any collector, and ern rock lobster P. cygttus four years in advance in Western the effectiveness of a collector may vary as the saturation Australia om puerulus settlernent data @hillips. 1986I Capuü level is approached. It is assurned that the number of ani- et al.l988'. Caputi e/ a/. in press) has generated considerable mals in a collectorwill normally not approach saturuation interest. This is the only species for which adequate data to if monthly checks are conducted. However, it is useful to make catch predictions are available. In New Zealand. levels have a knowledge of the rnaxirnum number a collector can of puerulus settlement and the densities of jweniles of hold. J. echvardsii at Stewaf Island are correlated @reen ard Bootlt, A single Phillips collector has caught up to 135 pueruli 1989). Preliminary analyses indicate to simila¡ correlations plus post-pueruli of P cygnus ina month @hillips. unpubl.). for the same species further north in Otag«r @ooth, unpubl.). However. much lower numbers are more uzual. Saturation These results give confidence that the annual levels of puenrlus level for the Booth crevice collector in New Zealand is more settlement, now available for eight to twelve years at several than667 J. edwardsii (Booth, unpubl). Upper catch rates of sites around New Znaland,will be useful for predicüng com- ll2-247 P argushavebeen made on asingle Witham collec- mercial catches. Attempts at predicüons are also underway in tor(Sweat, 1968; Phillips, 1972)- Catchesof 115 (Millerand Cuba(Cruz et al.L99l,Phillips et al.l994).

38 R¿vlsre CueA,Ne np INvpsrrc¿crorlss Prseupn¡,s, Ersno-Jt¡Nro »e 1995 A correlation between the levels of puenrlus setüement and Caddy, J.F.: 1989.: A personal perspective on future coop- recruitment to the fishery or to the total catch of the fishery, erative research on lobsters: The Internaüonal Lobster Re- must exrst before predictions are possible. Autocorrelation cruitment Workshop held in St Andrews. N.B. Proc. Gulf within the separate data sets may result in misleading correla- and Caribb. Fish. Inst. 39:302-31'7. üons between puerulus settlement levels and other data such Calinski, M.D. Personal communicaüon. as enüronmental variables, or may make normal statistical tests inapplicable @hillips et al.l99l). Furthermore, patterns of Capuü, N., R BrownandB.F. Phillips: 1988. Forecasting rock settlement on the artificial surfaces of collectors may not nec- lobster catches - check and double check. FINS. 21: 18-22. essarily correlate well with patterns of natural settlement Caputi, N., R.S. Brown andB.F. Phillips: (inpress). Predic- (Yoqhimura and Yamaicaw4 1988; tsutler and ltrerrnkind, tion of catches of üe western rock lobster (Panulirus 1992). Conelation of biological data with environmental or cygnus) based on indices of puerulus andjuvenile abun- catch data, as in the case of P cygnus in Western Australia dance. Symposium on Shellñsh Life Histories and Shell- @earce and Phillips 1988), may require at least 20 years of fisheryModels. Moncton, N.B., Canada, June 1990. Rap- measurements. Because density-dependent processes may re- ports et Proces-verbaux des Reunions, Conseil interna- duce the effecüveness of recruitment predicüon derived from tional pour I 'Exploraüon de la Mer. (In press). collector catches (Caddy, 1989), correlation of levels of puerulus settlement with jwenile abundance will greafly en- Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Staüon: 1986. In- hance the credibility of any catch preüctions. vestigational reports in 1984 and 1985 for the large scale aquaculture development. Miscellaneous, Chiba Pref. Fish. Exp. Sta., 58pp. (In Japanese).

REFERENGES¡ Cruz. R., M.E. de Leon, E. Diaz, R. Brito y R. Fuga: 1991. Reclutamiento de puemlus de langosta(Panulirus argus\ Bannerot, S.P., J.H. Ryther and M. Clark: 1992. Large-scale a laplataforma Cubana. Rev. Inv. Mar. 12(l-3):66-75. assessment of recruitment of postlarval spiny lobsters, Panulirus argu§, to Antigu4 Westlndies. Proc. GulfCaribb. Gutierrez-Carbonell. D., J. Simonin-Diaza¡rd P. Briones- Fish. Inst. 4l:47L-486. Fourzan: 1992. A simple collector for postlarvae of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Proc. Gulf Caritb. Fish. Bannerot. S.P., J.H. Rytherand S. Griffith: 1991. Progress on Inst.41:516-527. assessment of recruitment of postlarval spiny lobsiers, Panulirus argns, to Anúgrra- West Indies. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Harada E.: 1975. Ecological observations on the Japanese Fish. Inst. 40:482-488. spiny lobsterPanulirus japonicas (Von Siebold) in its lar- val and aduit life. Fubl. Seto. Mar. tsoll. X-ab., M (l) Ar- Barbarin. M.: Personal communication. Armement SAPMER, ticle 7. 3 l. Rue Boissiere, 75ii6. Paris, France. Hayakaw4 Y., J.D. BoottU S. Nislúda H. Sekiguchi. T'. Saisho Berry, P.F.: 1974. Palinurid and scyllarid lobster larvae of the and J. Kittaka: I 990. Daily settlement of the puenrlus stage Natal coasl South Africa. S. Afr. Ocean. Res. Inst. Inv. Rep. of the red rock lobster Jasus edwardsii at Castlepoint, 34:l-44. New Zealand. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 56(11): 1703- Booth, J.D.: 1979. Settlement of the rock lobster, Jaszs 1116. edwardsii @ecapoda: Palinuridae), at Castlepoint, New Heatwole, D.W., J.H. HuntandB.L Blonder: 1991. Offshore Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 13:395-406. recruitment of postlarval spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) atLooe Key Reef, Florida. Proc. Caribb. Fish. Inst. Booth. J.D.: 1989. Occurrence of the puerulus stage of the rock Gulf lobster, Jasus edv)ardsii at the New Plymouth Power Sta- 40:429-433. tiorL New Zealand, N. Z. J.Mar. Freshwat. Res. 23:43-50. Herrnkind, W.F. and M.J. Butler: 1986. Factors regulating postlarval settlement juvenile microhabitat use by Booth, J.D. : Unpublished observations. and spiny lobsters Panulints orgus. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. Booth J.D.. A.D. Camrthers, C.D. BoltandR.A. Stervarl 1991. 34:23-30. Measuring depth of settlement in the red rock lobster, "/anrs edwardsii. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 25:123-132. HiratA K., T. ShinodaandY Nakayama: 1988. Communities developed on the floating artificial reef for the puerulus Booth, J.D. and S.C. Tarring: 1986. Settlement ofthe red rock larvae ofthe Japanese spiny lobster in Nayaura Inlet fac- lobster, Jasus edwardsii, near Gisborne, New Zealand. N. ing the sea of Kumano. Mar. Fouling . 7 :4942. (In Japa- Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 20:29 l-297 nese).

Breen. P.A. and J.D. Booth: 1989. Puerulus andjwenile abun- Hunt, J.H.: Personal communication. Florida Marine Research dance in the rock lobster-/a*sas edwardsii at Stewart Island, Institute, Department ofEnvironmerüal Proteclior¡ Suite I I 9, NewZealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 23:519-523. 2796 Overseas Highway, Ma¡athon, Florida 33050, USA.

Briones Fourzan, P. and D. Guüerrez Carbonell: 1992. Post- Ichiki, T.,I. Tanemuras, K. TomingaandT. Shiokawa: 1976. larval recruitment of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus Collecting pueruli and juveniles of Ise-Ebi, Panulirus (Latreille 1804), in Bahia de la Ascension, Q.R. Proc. Gulf japonicus. and their ecology. Suisan Doboko 12:,31 -36. Caribb. Fish. Inst' 4l:492-507. (In Japanese).

Rsvlsra CusnNn oe INvsstIcacrol¡es PsserrERAs, Er.uno-JuN¡o oe 1995 39 Izu Branch of Shizuoka Prefechral Fisheries Experimental Nishida. S., B.D. Quigley, J.D. Booth, T. Nemoto and J. Station.: 1974. Investigational report in 1973 for the large KitAka: 1990. Comparative morpholory of the mouth parts scale aquaculture development, Miscellaneous, Shizuoka and foregut of the final-stage phyllosoma, puerulus. and Pref. Fish. Exp. Sta.,104:39 pp. (In Japanese). postpuerulus of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsit Jernakoff, P.: 1990. Distribution of newly settled western @ecapoda: Palinuridae).J. Crust.Biol.. 10:293-305. rock lobsters Panulirus cygnus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Nonaka, M.. H. Fushimi, Y. Kageyama and T" Sasaki: 1980. 66:63-14. Notes on appeaxances of puerulus @arulirus) inlapan. B¡¡ll. Johnson. M.W.: 1956. The larval development ofthe Califor- Shizuoka Pref. Fish. Exp. Sta. 14:43 -52. (In Japanese). nia spiny lobster" Panulirus inrerruptus with @andall) Ooka H.: 1977. Biological investigaüons ofthefishing ground notes on Panalirus gracilis Streets. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. of Ise-Ebi Parulirus japoniczs - tr. Studies on puenrli and 29:l-19. early juveniles. Rep. Wakayama Pref. Aqualculture Sta. Kanamori, K. 1982. Studies on the resource and ecolory of 9 :69 -7 6. (In Japanese). lse-ebi, Panulirus japonlcuq in Susami waters - I. Puerulus Parker, K.P. : 1972. Recruitrnent andbehaüor of puenfus lawae larvae. Investl" Rep. in 1981 WakayamaPref. Fish. Exp. andjrweniles ofthe Califomia spiny lobster, Panulirus inter- Sta. 138-154. (In Japanese). ruptus, klasters thesis. SanDiego State Universrty. 9lpp. Kennedy, R.B.: 1991. Juvenile crays: where do they settle Pearce, A. F. and Phillips. B. F. (1988) ENSO events, the and when? Fishing Today. 3(6):22-23. I-eeuwin Current and lan¡al recruitment of the westem rock Kennedy, R.B.: Personal communication. Department of Pri- lobster. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 45: 13-21. mary Industries, Diüsion of SeaFisheries, CrayfishPoint, Phillips, B.F.: 19'12. A semi-quantit¿tive collector of the Taroona, Tásmania. puerulus larvae of the western rock lobster Panulirus Lellis, W. : 199 I . Spiny lobster. mariculture canüdate for the longipes cygnus George (: Palinuridea). Caribbean? World Aquacult. 22(l):6043. Crustaceana. 22: 147- 154.

Lewis. R.K.: 1977. Studies on the puemlus and post-puerulus Phillips. B.F. : 1975. Effect ofnochrrnal illuminaüon on catches stages of southern rock lobster (Jasus novaehollandiae of the puerulus larvae of the western rock lobster by col- Holthuis) in the south eastern region of South Australia. lectors composed of artificial seaweed. Austr. J. Mar. Workshop on lobster and rock lobster ecology and physi Freshwat. Res. 26:41 1-414. ology (Eds. B.F. Phillips and J.S. Cobb). Div. Fish. Phillips, B.F.: 1975. The effect of water currents and the in- Oceanogr. Circ. 7 :36-37 . tensi§ of moonlight on catches ofthe puerulus larval stage Lewis, R.K.: 1977. Rock lobster puerulus settlement in the of th'e western rock lobster. CSIRO Australia Div. Fish. south east. Safic. August:9-11. Oceanogr. Rep. 63:l-9.

Lewis, R.K.: Personal communicaüon. South AustralianDe- Phillips, B.F. : I 986. Prediction of commercial catches of the partment of Fisheries GPO Box 1625 Adelaide. South westernrock lúslrer Paruliruscygnus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Australia. Sct.43:2126-2130.

Lewis, J.8.. H.B. MooreandW. Babis: 1952. Thepost-larval Phiüips, B. F.: Unpublished data. stages of the spiny lobsterParulirus argus. Bull. Mar. Sci. Phillips, B. F. and J. Booth ( I 994) Desigq use, and effecüvrress Gulf Caribb. 2:324-331 . ofcollectors for catching the puerulus stage ofspiny lob- Little, E.J. and G.R. Milano: 1980. Techniques to monitor sters. Reviews inFisheries Science 2(3): 181-215. recruitment of postlarval spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, Phillips B. F.: Cruz R.; Brown, R. S. and Caputi, N. (1994) Florida Keys. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. 37. tr-16. to the Predicting the catch ofspiny lobster ñsheries. In "Spiny Lyons, W. G. : I 980. : The postlarval stage of sryllaridean lob- Lobster Management" (Ed. by Phillips, B. F., Cobb, J. S. p sters. Fisheries 5 :47 -49 " and Kittaka J.) Fishing News Books, London, 285-301 MacDonald C.D.: 1986. Recruitment of the puerulus of the Phillips, B.F. and P.S McWilliam: 1986. The pelagic phase of spiny lobsteq Panulirus marginatus, in llawaii. Can. spiny lobster development. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:2118-2125. 43:2153-2163. Marx, J.: 1986. Settlement of spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, Phillips, 8.F., A.F. Pea¡ce and R.T. Litchñeld: 1991. The pueruli in south Florida: An evaluation from two perspec- Leeuwin Current and larr¿al recruiünentto the rock (spiny) tives. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43 222L-2227 lobster fishery off Western Australia. Roy. Soc. Western Australia. 74:93-100. Miller, D.L and M.H. Goodwin: I 989. Summary of Bermuda Spiny Lobster Workshop and Workshop Follow-up. Proc. Phillips, B.F. and A.N. Sastry: 1980. Larval ecolory. In: The Gulf and Caribb. Fish. Inst. 39:4ll-412 Biology and management of lobsters, Vol. 2, pp. 1157. (Cobb, J.S. and Phillips, B.F. (Eds.) New York, Academic Morgan, G.R., B.F. Phillips andL.M. Joll: 1982. Stock and Press, Inc. recruitment relaüonships in Panulirus cygnus, the com- rnercial rock (spiny) lobster of Western Australia. Fishery Prescott, J. : I 99 l. South Australian rock lobster research. Pro- Bulletin, (USJ. 80:475-486. gram back in the field. Safish. Mag. July-Sep. 8-9.

40 Rsvrsre CtmrNe n¡ IxwsrlcecroN¡s Ppseuenes, Et¡sno-JuNro oe 1995 §ther J.Il.. W.A. Lellis. S.F. Bannerot and J.A. Chaiton. : 1988. argus $-atrielle) in the Florida Keys. State of Florida and spiny lobster aquaculture. Part II Spiny lobster Board of Conservation Technical Series. 57:30pp. ma¡iculture. Report 5380140. 03(1), US Aid Grant. Tholasilingam. T. and K. Rangarajan: 1986. Prospects on Sasaki. T.: 1978. The abundance of the larvae (puerulus) of spiny lobster, Panulirus spp. culture in the east coast of Ise-Ebi, Panulirus japonicus, Newsletter of the IzuBranch India. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquacult. 4:ll7l-1175. Shizuoka Pref. Fiph. Exp. Sta. 193:24. [n Japanese). Walters, C., Hall, N. Brown, R. and Chubb, C. (1993) A Sekiguchi. H.: Personal communication. University of Mie, special model forthepopulation dynamics and exploita- Tsq Japan. tion of the Western Australian rock lobsteq Panulirus cygnus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.50:16501662. Serfling, S.A. andR.F" Ford.: 1975. Ecological stuües or"the puerulus larval stage of'the , Wa¡d, J.: 1989. Patterns of settlement of spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus. Fish. Bull. (US). 73:360-377. @anulirus orgus) post larvae at Bermuda, Proc. Gulfand Caribb. Fish. Inst. 39:255-264. Shimuzu, S.: 1980. Biological invesügaüons of the fishing ground japonicus of Ise-Ebi Panulirus - IX. Studies on Withaq R, R.M. Ingle and E.A. Joyce: 1968. Physiologi- juveniles. pueruli and early Rep. Wakayama Pref. Aquac- cal and ecological studies of Panulirus argns from the (In ulture Sta. lI82-87 - Japanese) St. Lucie Estuary. Fla. Board Conser" Mar. Lab. Tech. Shimizu, S. and H. Ooka: 1978. Biological investigaüons of Ser.53:3trpp. the ñshing ground of Ise-Ebi Parulirus japonrcus - ry. Stud- Yoshimura, T. and H. Yamakawa: 1988. Microhabitat and ies on pueruli and early juveniles, Rep. Wakayama Pref. behavior of settled pueruli andjuveniles of the Japanese Aquaculture Sta. 10:55-59. (In Japanese). spiny lobster Par ulirus j aponicus at Kominato, Japan. J. Sweat. D.E.: 1968. Growth and tagging studies of Panulirus Crust. Biol. 8:524-531.

Rrvrsra Cttsrxl ¡s INvpsrrcacrowes PEsQUERAs, Eueno-Ju¡ro oB 1 995 4 l