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Errors and Accuracy in Student Media

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Errors and Accuracy in Student Media View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@CalPoly Errors and Accuracy in Student Media: Identifying, Avoiding, and Correcting Common Reporting Errors A Senior Project presented to The Faculty of the Journalism Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Journalism By Sarah Gilmore March 2013 © Sarah Gilmore 2013 ABSTRACT Given the changing nature of journalism in today’s society, a “sink or swim” mentality has been adopted across publications throughout the media – it is imperative to keep up-to-date with changes that occur throughout the industry, or the fate of a publication may be in jeopardy. One key factor in keeping a given media outlet afloat in these uncertain times in journalism is accuracy, which in turn affects a publication’s perceived credibility. In order to maintain readership, it is vital that publications maintain a high standard of accuracy in reporting, which can be severely altered by the inclusion of errors. This study addresses the importance of avoiding and correcting errors in the media, and eXplores gaps in eXisting literature regarding accuracy and errors in student media. By utilizing interviews with eXperts in the field of student media, as well as a survey of sources cited in Mustang Daily, a daily student publication at California State University, San Luis Obispo, common errors, as well as causes of common errors, were identified. This paper presents recommendations for potential solutions for avoiding errors made in the media, as well as potential means for correcting errors once they are committed. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Statement of the Problem ……...………………………………………………………. 1 Background of the Problem ………………………………………..…………………. 1 Purpose of the Study ……………………….……………………………………………. 2 Setting for the Study ……………………………………..………………………………. 3 Research Questions ………………………………………………………………………. 3 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………………………. 4 Organization of Study ………………………………………………………………….... 5 Chapter 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Common Errors in the Media ……………………………………………………….... 6 Causes of Errors in the Media ………………………………………………………... 7 Public Perception of Errors in the Media ………………………………………... 8 Avoiding Common Reporting Errors …………………….…………………….... 10 Correcting Reporting Errors ……………………………..……………………….... 12 Chapter 3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18 Methodology ………………………………………………………….…………………………….... 18 Data Sources ……………………………………………………………….…………….... 18 Participants ………………………………………………...………………….... 18 Interview Design ………………………………………...………………….... 19 Data Collection ………………………………………………...……………….……….... 20 iii Subject Matter Experts ……………………………………………..…….... 20 Mustang Daily Questionnaire …………………………….…………….... 21 Media Accuracy Research Questions …….……...………………….... 21 Data Presentation ……………………………………..…………...………………….... 25 Interviews …………...……………………………………...………………….... 25 Questionnaire ………………………………………………...……...……….... 25 Scoring Protocol ………….………………………………………...………………….... 26 Limitations ……………………….…………………………………...………………….... 26 Delimitations ………………………………………………………...………………….... 26 Chapter 4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………...………………….... 28 Description of Participating Experts in Related Fields ..……………….... 28 Managing …………………………………………………....………………….... 28 Advising ………………………………………...…………...………………….... 29 Student …………………………………………………...…….……………….... 29 Mustang Daily Accuracy Questionnaire ………………………..…………….... 29 Media Accuracy Data ………………………..…………………………………….….... 38 Mustang Daily Accuracy Survey ……………………….…………..…………….... 45 Chapter 5 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48 Discussion and Recommendations ………………………..……………………..……….... 48 Summary ………………………..………………………………………………………...... 48 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………...... 49 Recommendations for Practice ………………..………………………………...... 52 iv Training and Education ………………..………………………………....... 53 Editing Protocol ………………..…………………………….……………...... 53 Corrections Policy ………………..………………………………………....... 54 Study Conclusion ………………..…………………………………………………......... 54 References ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56 Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58 A. Interview Transcript: Paul Bittick ….……………………………………………......... 58 B. Interview Transcript: Brady Teufel ………..……………………………………......... 63 C. Interview Transcript: Brian De Los Santos ……..……………………………......... 70 D. Survey Data ………………..……………………...………………………………………......... 74 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Working titles, by respondent ............................................................................................. 19 Table 2. Examples of common errors in student media, by respondent ............................ 40 Table 3. Causes of common errors in student media, by respondent .................................. 41 Table 4. Public perception of errors in student media, by respondent ............................... 42 Table 5. Avoiding common reporting errors, by respondent .................................................. 43 Table 6. Correcting common reporting errors, by respondent .............................................. 45 vi Chapter 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem This study focuses on various aspects of accuracy in the media, specifically addressing the issue of sacrificing accuracy in the media as a result of errors. The topic of accuracy in the media has been scrutinized the public eye for many decades, and continues to be a prevalent issue. “Long-running studies show that just over half of US newspaper stories contain at least one error” (Giles, 2012). Errors have plagued the credibility of nearly all publications – large or small – at some point in time, by diminishing the accuracy of the content published. Whether it is by misquoting a source or publishing a factual inaccuracy, errors in the media have been a great source of problems surrounding the issues of accuracy and credibility for publications worldwide. Background of the Problem The eXisting literature regarding accuracy and errors in the media is relatively general and mainly focuses on the issue of correcting errors once they are committed. By getting down to the root of the problem – what common errors are and how they come to occur – publications can work toward avoiding errors altogether and improving accuracy, as well as perceived credibility. Additionally, current literature greatly lacks research and findings regarding errors and accuracy in student media. 1 Currently, the public is losing confidence in the media (Hatfield, 2005, p. 4). “We’re losing our credibility because sometimes we don’t know what we’re talking about – but then we act like we do” (Hatfield, 2005, p. 4). According to Berinstein (2006), errors in publications provide a “silver lining” for the media by calling for a higher standard of accuracy in reporting (np). Because the media industry is currently in the midst of major changes, leaving the future of many publications in question, it is imperative to maintain high levels of readership. Accuracy and credibility play a large role in upholding readership, so conducting research on how to preserve accuracy and avoid errors is vital to the future of publications in a rapidly changing industry. Purpose of the Study According to current literature on the topic of accuracy in the media, errors committed can lead to a negative public perception of a publication, as well as a variety of negative consequences for those who the published error may potentially affect. These errors can negatively alter a publication’s readership, and trust in the media has been declining for decades as a result. The consequences of errors are not eXclusive to the mainstream media. The issues that go along with errors in reporting also affect the accuracy and credibility of student media. By investigating what errors are most commonly made in a publication’s content, as well as what the causes of the errors are, media outlets can work toward improving the accuracy of their content. Learning how these common errors can be avoided, as well as corrected, can also benefit a publication’s accuracy. In addition to 2 improving a publication’s accuracy, the benefits of this research can also enhance a publication’s perceived credibility, and in turn, improve readership. Setting for the Study This study was conducted as part of the data collection for a Senior Project at California Polytechnic State University located in San Luis Obispo, California. The study will use the four-year university’s daily student newspaper, Mustang Daily, as a case study. Interviews were also conducted with Mustang Daily students, advisers, and sources, as well as professionals in the field of journalism. These participants were each asked the same set of questions and probes. The study is specifically designed to answer the research questions and fill the gaps in previous literature on the topic of accuracy and errors in the media. Research Questions The study used the following research questions to answer fundamental gaps in the eXisting literature on the topic of accuracy and errors in the media. Each question was created after investigating the eXisting information on the topic in order to acquire additional pertinent and necessary
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