CQR Trust in Journalism
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Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com Trust in Media Can news outlets regain the public’s confidence? ournalism is facing a credibility crisis. Declining faith in government and other institutions and a decades-long assault by conservatives have hurt mainstream news J outlets. And President Trump has called journalists “the enemy of the American people.” Recent incidents involv - ing public figures, including a Montana congressional candidate’s alleged assault on a reporter, have underscored the hostility that journalists face. Some traditional media also have suffered from self-inflicted wounds by blurring the lines between news and commentary and ignoring the interests of rural readers to focus Supporters of then-presidential candidate Donald on well-off urbanites. Ad revenue and subscriptions at newspapers Trump protest alleged bias by CNN at the cable network’s offices in Hollywood, Calif., on Oct. 22, have plummeted, in part due to the rise of the internet and 2016. As president, Trump frequently criticizes the media. “If the media’s job is to . tell the truth, the media deserves a very, very big fat failing grade,” changing consumer habits. Meanwhile, social media have fostered he said at a rally marking his 100th day in office. “echo c hambers” in which people seek out news that affirms their beliefs. Journalists and those studying the news business say main - I stream outlets must be more transparent about how they do their THIS REPORT N jobs and more skillful at explaining events to survive. THE ISSUES ....................483 S BACKGROUND ................490 I CHRONOLOGY ................491 D CURRENT SITUATION ........497 E CQ Researcher • June 9, 2017 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ........................499 Volume 27, Number 21 • Pages 481-508 OUTLOOK ......................501 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ................505 EXCELLENCE N AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD THE NEXT STEP ..............506 TRUST IN MEDIA June 9, 2017 THE ISSUES OUTLOOK Volume 27, Number 21 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri • Are traditional standards of 501 Unpleasant Truths [email protected] 483 objective journalism outdated? Experts predict mistrust of ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: Kenneth • Are the national news journalists will continue. Fireman, [email protected], Kathy Koch , [email protected], media out of touch with Scott Rohrer, [email protected] ordinary Americans? • Does the use of anony - SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS ASSOCIATE MANAGING EDITOR: Val Ellicott mous sources erode trust in Views of Media’s SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: journalism? 484 Thomas J. Colin Performance Show [email protected] Partisan Divide More Democrats than Republi - CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Marcia Clemmitt, BACKGROUND cans say the media do a Sarah Glazer, Reed Karaim, Barbara Mantel, good job of informing people. Chuck McCutcheon , Tom Price Early Press Coverage 490 Newspapers in the 19th cen - SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Olu B. Davis Newspapers Slashing tury were mouthpieces for 485 INTERN: Robert DePaolo political parties. Editorial Staffs Newsroom jobs fell 37 percent FACT CHECKERS: Eva P. Dasher, between 2004 and 2015. Vietnam and Watergate Michelle Harris, Betsy Towner Levine, 493 Coverage of war and scandal Robin Palmer hardened partisan attitudes People Most Trust 488 Media They Use toward the media. But they distrust “the news media” in general. Media Scandals 494 Several journalists were Chronology found to have fabricated or 491 An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. embellished their work. Key events since 1919. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, Catching Politicians With GLOBAL LEARNING RESOURCES: 495 Social Media 492 Their ‘Pants on Fire’ Karen Phillips Politicians began appealing Fact-checking sites perform directly to mass audiences EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE LIBRARY AND via social media. “very important journalism.” REFERENCE PUBLISHING: Todd Baldwin Falling Newsroom Employ - 496 ment Erodes Trust Copyright © 2017 CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Pub - CURRENT SITUATION Reporters are “stretched lications, Inc. SAGE reserves all copyright and other thinner. That hurts trust.” rights herein, unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. Trump and the Media 497 No part of this publication may be reproduced Reporters are aggressively At Issue: electronically or otherwise, without prior written covering Trump’s presidency. 499 Should journalists try to be permission. Un au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis - objective? sion of SAGE copy right ed material is a violation of Trust-Related Projects 500 Several nonprofit groups are federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. funding projects to develop FOR FURTHER RESEARCH CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional trust in media. Quarterly Inc. Facebook and Google 504 For More Information CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid-free 500 The influential internet Organizations to contact. paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (March wk. 4) (May companies want to bolster wk. 4) (July wks. 1, 2) (Aug. wks. 2, 3) (Nov. wk. 4) confidence in the media and 505 Bibliography and (Dec. wks. 3, 4). Published by SAGE Publications, stop the spread of so-called Selected sources used. Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Annual fake news. full -service subscriptions start at $1,131. For pricing, 506 The Next Step call 1-800-818-7243. To purchase a CQ Researcher report Additional articles . in print or electronic format (PDF), visit www.cqpress. com or call 866-427-7737. Single reports start at $15. Citing CQ Researcher 507 Bulk purchase discounts and electronic-rights licensing Sample bibliography formats. are also available. Periodicals postage paid at Thousand Oaks, California, and at additional mailing offices . POST MAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search - er , 2600 Virginia Ave., N.W., Suite 600, Wash ing ton, Cover: AFP/Getty Images/Mark Ralston DC 20037. 482 CQ Researcher Trust in Media BY CHUCK MCCUTCHEON cophony by creating “echo THE ISSUES chambers” that affirm peo - ple’s beliefs and enable them he annual White House to spread information — ac - Correspondents’ Dinner curate and inaccurate — T is known for its movie faster than ever. stars and not-so-gentle ribbing But trust in the media also of the president. But this year’s has been hurt by self-inflicted event was different. For the wounds, including blurred first time in 36 years, the pres - lines between news and com - ident didn’t attend. And one mentary; fabricated stories of journalism’s legendary fig - written by rogue reporters; ures offset the glamour and a focus on well-off urbanites jokes with a sober assertion while giving less attention to countering criticism of the rural Americans; and the mainstream media as biased. r post-9/11 failure to aggres - e r “Journalists should not have e sively challenge the unfound - g n a dog in the political fight ex - A ed claim that Iraq had weapons w cept to find that best obtain - e of mass destruction. In addi - r D able version of the truth,” / tion , competition for readers s Washington Post reporter Bob e has led some outlets to focus g a Woodward, whose work un - m on “clickbait” — frivolous and I y covering the Watergate scandal t incendiary stories, some un - t e in the 1970s helped spur Pres - G true — at the expense of ident Richard M. Nixon’s resig - Fox News proclaims its clout at its New York studios. substantive topics. nation, said in a speech at Attitudes about media outlets, particularly Fox and The Journalists and those study - 1 New York Times , reflect partisan views. According to a the April gala. recent poll, 73 percent of Republicans found Fox credible ing the news business say That same night, 95 miles — compared to 45 percent of Democrats. The Times mainstream media outlets away, at a rally in Harrisburg, drew a 76 percent credibility rating from Democrats must rise to the challenge by Pa., to mark his 100th day in versus 52 percent from Republicans. performing skillfully in the office, President Trump deliv - face of greater outside pres - ered a different message about sure and shrinking resources. journalists. “Their priorities are not my litical climate. Trump is the latest leader They also must devote more energy priorities, and not your priorities,” of the assaults, labeling journalists “the to educating readers, listeners and view - Trump told a cheering, partisan crowd. enemy of the American people” and ers about how they operate. “If the media’s job is to be honest and dismissing unfavorable coverage of him “Journalism has a trust problem. 3 tell the truth, the media deserves a as “fake news.” * There’s a growing rift between news or - very, very big fat failing grade.” 2 The media also have deeply frag - ganizations and the consumers they exist Woodward’s and Trump’s remarks mented as the internet has given rise to serve,” said Benjamin Mullin, managing illustrate the conflicting views that con - to a cacophony of voices casting doubt editor of Poynter.org, the website for the front traditional news outlets as they on traditional-media staples — notably Poynter Institute, a journalism-training try to rebuild public trust in the media the use of anonymous sources and center in St. Petersburg, Fla. 4 that polls show has hit bottom. Those the concepts of neutrality and dispas - Recent Gallup polls suggest the rift outlets — newspapers, magazines, web - sionate reporting. Facebook and other is wide: sites and broadcast