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Univerzita Karlova UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Ústav světových dějin Diplomová práca Bc. Dominika Šalamonová Žena a zasvätený život vo vrcholnom stredoveku: príspevok k ideálom a spiritualite Woman and Votarist Life in High Middle Ages: Ideals and Spirituality Praha 2020 Vedúci práce: PhDr. ThLic. Drahomír Suchánek, Th.D., Ph.D Poďakovanie V prvom rade by som chcela poďakovať mojim rodičom Zuzke a Radkovi, snúbencovi Jaroslavovi, celej rodine a priateľom, za ich neúnavnú podporu a pozitívnu energiu, ktorú mi dávali pri písaní tejto práce. Taktiež by som sa rada poďakovala svojmu vedúcemu práce PhDr. ThLic. Drahomírovi Suchánkovi, Ph.D., Th.D. za jeho odborné vedenie, ústretový prístup, všetky rady a pripomienky a obzvlášť za všetok jeho čas, ktorý strávil nad mojou prácou. Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som svoju diplomovú prácu vypracovala samostatne, že som riadne citovala všetky použité pramene a literatúru a že práca nebola využitá v rámci iného vysokoškolského štúdia či k získaniu iného alebo rovnakého titulu. V Prahe dňa 15.08.2020 Bc. Dominika Šalamonová Abstrakt Práca sa zaoberá premenami ženského zasväteného života vo vrcholnom stredoveku s ohľadom na kľúčové aspekty dobovej religiozity. Zasvätené ženy sú skúmané v ich spojitosti a interakcii s mužským svetom autorít a duchovných sprievodcov. Diachrónnym prístupom sú skúmané so zameraním na ideály a spiritualitu troch odlišných druhov skupín zasvätených žien; a to tradičné mníšske skupiny žijúce podľa Benediktovej reguly, menovite benediktínky a cisterciánky, ďalej mendikantské skupiny, ktoré zahŕňajú klarisky, dominikánky a terciárky oboch rádov, a napokon skupiny nonkonformných zasvätených žien, ku ktorým patria beguínky, anachorétky a reklúzy. Práca predstavuje sondu do proklamovaných ideálov týchto skupín v pohľade mužských autorít, a poukazuje na tendencie v spiritualite konkrétnych zasvätených žien. Základnou metódou je analýza viacerých typov prameňov, pričom kategóriou analýzy sú tri kľúčové aspekty náboženského života spoločnosti vrcholného stredoveku a to vzťah k askéze, vzťah ku Kristovi a eucharistii, a mariánska úcta. Úvodná kapitola predstavuje predpoklady konštruovania roly a pozície ženského pohlavia v stredovekej spoločnosti a následne rozvíja vznik a vývoj ženského zasväteného života v širšom kontexte. Ostatné kapitoly venujúce sa jednotlivým skupinám obsahujú ich charakteristiku so zameraním na vzťah k ženám, ďalej analýzu základných rádových dokumentov, na ktorých je ilustrovaný očakávaný ideál a v závere analýzu životopisov a ego dokumentov jednotlivých žien, ktoré odrážajú isté prvky spirituality. Následne sú tieto skupiny vzájomne komparované s ohľadom na skúmané kategórie analýzy. Kľúčové slová žena, vrcholný stredovek, mníšsky ideál, spiritualita, benediktínky, cisterciánky, klarisky, dominikánky, terciárky, beguínky, anachorétky, reklúzy Abstract This thesis examines the intricacies of women's vowed life in the High Middle Ages with regard to key aspects of contemporary religiosity. Vowed women are studied in their connection and interaction with the male world of authorities and spiritual guides. The diachronic approach is employed with a focus on the ideals and spirituality of three different types of vowed women's groups; traditional monastic groups living according to the Benedictine rule, namely Benedictines and Cistercians, Mendicant groups, which include Poor Clares, Dominicans and tertiaries of both orders, and finally groups of non-conformist vowed women, including beguines, anchoresses and recluses. This thesis serves as a probe into the proclaimed ideals of these groups in the view of male authorities, and points out the tendencies in the spirituality of specific vowed women. The principal method is the analysis of several types of sources with the categories of analysis being three key aspects of the religious life of the society of the High Middle Ages, namely the relationship to asceticism, the relationship to Christ and the Eucharist, and the Marian devotion. The introductory chapter presents the preconditions for constructing the role and position of the female gender in medieval society and subsequently discusses the origin and development of women's vowed life in a broader context. Other chapters devoted to individual religious groups contain their characteristics with a focus on the relationship with women, analysis of essential documents such as rules, which illustrate the expected ideal, and finally the analysis of biographies and ego documents of individual women, which reflect certain elements of spirituality. Subsequently, these groups are compared with respect to the examined categories of analysis. Keywords woman, High Middle Ages, monastic ideal, spirituality, Benedictines, Cistercians, Poor Clares, Dominicans, tertiaries, Beguines, anchoresses, recluses Obsah 1. Úvod ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Žena a spoločnosť ................................................................................................................ 18 2.1 Konštruovanie názorov na ženské pohlavie – medicína, filozofia a teológia ................ 18 2.1.1. Miesto ženy v stredovekej spoločnosti ................................................................... 27 2.2 Ženský zasvätený život v kontexte vývoja mužského mníšstva .................................... 29 2.2.1 Počiatky a raný stredovek........................................................................................ 29 2.2.2 Clunyjské hnutie a vrcholný stredovek ................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Vybrané aspekty náboženského života a zbožnosti ................................................ 38 3. Tradičné mníšske rády ......................................................................................................... 43 3.1 Rád benediktínov ............................................................................................................ 43 3.1.1 Benediktínsky rád a priestor pre ženy vo vrcholnom stredoveku ........................... 43 3.1.2 Základné rádové dokumenty a ženy ........................................................................ 46 3.1.3 Spiritualita benediktínskych mníšok ....................................................................... 59 3.2 Rád cisterciánov ............................................................................................................. 77 3.2.1 Vývoj a charakteristické črty rádu a priestor pre ženy ............................................ 77 3.2.2 Základné rádové dokumenty a ženy ........................................................................ 87 3.2.3 Spiritualita cisterciánskych mníšok ......................................................................... 97 4. Mendikantské rády ............................................................................................................. 110 4.1 Rád menších bratov, klarisky ....................................................................................... 111 4.1.1 Františkánsky rád a priestor pre ženy .................................................................... 112 4.1.2 Základné rádové dokumenty a ženy ...................................................................... 117 4.1.3 Spiritualita klarisiek a terciárok ............................................................................ 126 4.2 Rád bratov kazateľov ................................................................................................... 140 4.2.1. Rád bratov kazateľov a priestor pre ženy ............................................................. 140 4.2.2. Základné rádové dokumenty a ženy ..................................................................... 146 4.2.3 Spiritualita dominikánok a terciárok ..................................................................... 151 5. Nonkonformné typy zasväteného života žien .................................................................... 167 5.1. Beguínky ..................................................................................................................... 170 5.1.1. Črty mužského ideálu a spiritualita beguínok ...................................................... 174 5.2. Anachorétky a reklúzy................................................................................................. 184 5.2.1. Duchovné vedenie anachorétok a reklúz .............................................................. 187 5.2.2. Spiritualita anachorétok a reklúz .......................................................................... 192 7. Záver ................................................................................................................................... 209 8. Zoznam použitých zdrojov ................................................................................................. 227 9. Prílohy ................................................................................................................................ 240 1. Úvod V súvislosti so stredovekom existuje medzi širšou spoločnosťou viacero stereotypov, obzvlášť v otázke postavenia a možností žien. Tieto stereotypy hovoria o mizogýnii, podradenosti žien a ich odsunutiu do úzadia, na druhoradú pozíciu. Aj najpoužívanejšie delenie stredovekej spoločnosti o trojakom ľude modliacich sa, bojujúcich a pracujúcich, ktoré je súčasťou základného stredoškolského učiva o stredoveku, nepočíta so ženami; tradiční zástupcovia týchto kategórii sú mních, rytier a poddaný.
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