“Go Manfully”: Masculine Self-‐Fashioning in Late Medieval
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“Go Manfully”: Masculine Self-Fashioning in Late Medieval Dominican Sources by Katherine Marie Lindeman A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Katherine Marie Lindeman 2015 “Go Manfully”: Masculine Self-Fashioning in Late Medieval Dominican Sources Katherine Marie Lindeman Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2015 Abstract In a world where men often demonstrated their masculine identity through violent action and sexual expression, how did the Dominican friar, forbidden to physically Pight and committed to chastity, reconcile his sense of being a man with his vocational prerogatives? Often raised outside the convent and inculcated in lay understandings of maleness, the friar then entered a world of preachers, whose vocation required both commitment to conventual life, which emphasized separation from the world, and extensive involvement with lay society through pastoral work. This dissertation looks at how these two seemingly disparate behavioral codes—lay dePinitions of masculine behavior and religious ideals—found expression in the corporate identity of the Dominican Order from 1220-1350. In the process of dePining the Order’s vocational goals, behavioral ideals, and overall function in late medieval society, the early Dominican writers simultaneously created behavioral ideals for men that rePlected those dePining laymen as men. By comparing the values, behavioral norms, and ideology presented in the Order’s important nascent texts with the secular ideals of masculinity described in anthropological studies, gender theory, late medieval literature, rhetorical sources, medical theory, legal records, letters, art, and religious traditions, this study explores the porous boundary between societal expectations for laymen and vocational models for Dominican friars during the Order’s formative period. Viewed through the gendered habitus of late medieval society, the Dominican Constitutions, hagiographic texts, liturgical settings, preaching manuals, and encyclical letters collectively showed friars how to simultaneously function as a Dominicans and as men, while providing a valuable window into the relationship between religion and masculinity in the late medieval period. [ii Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the support, knowledge, and generosity of my committee, for whom I have nothing but the highest praise and the deepest gratitude. Collectively, they have shown the dedication to education, academic integrity, and professionalism that are a credit to academia. I am deeply grateful to Mark Meyerson, my co-supervisor, whose enthusiasm for and faith in the project, inspiring teaching, and deep knowledge of social history, violence, and gender have undergirded the thesis from start to Pinish and will continue to inspire me to a high level of scholarship well into the future. Likewise, I am indebted to Joe Goering, my co-supervisor, for making sure that I always let the primary sources guide my arguments, for empowering me to develop my own project, for painstakingly checking my Latin translations, and for demonstrating constant professionalism and kindness. Last, but most certainly not least, I am very thankful to Jill Ross, whose vast knowledge of literature, rhetoric, and gender theory enriched my interpretations in vital ways, whose painstaking reading and intently thoughtful engagement with the text challenged me to think outside of my comfort zone, and whose encouragement always helped to bolster any Plagging spirits. It is my sincerest wish that any future academic work I may undertake will do their teaching justice and make them proud. I am also indebted to my closest friends, Eileen Kim, Paula Karger, and Florian Wöller, whose thought- provoking, supportive, and amusing conversation helped me to reach the Pinish line with some semblance of sanity. Likewise, I am deeply grateful to my husband, Hugh, whose regular encouragement and sense of humor have allowed me to place the whole project within the context of a full and rewarding life. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my wonderful mother, Sandy Crosby, who shared with me her love of reading, introduced me to the dictionary at a young age, and made many sacriPices so that I could receive a quality education. Without her insistence on integrity, academic excellence, dedication, and hope this project would never have been born, let alone have reached young adulthood. In that sense, I truly stand on the shoulders of a giant. [iii Table of Contents Introduction: Articulating Masculine Identity Among Late Medieval Religious Men 1 Deining Religious Masculinity: Historiography and Methodology 2 Background: Behaving Like a Man in Late Medieval Europe 10 Chapter 1. The Founder Effect: Depicting a Masculine Saint in the Vitae Dominici 20 Dominican “Masculine” Sanctity: Sources and Methodology 24 Conquering the Body: Asceticism, Physical MortiPication, Chastity, and Prayer 29 The cura animarum: Study and Preaching 50 Battling the Enemy: Anti-heretical Activity and Dominican Maleness 62 Chapter 2: Growing Pains: Normative Sources for Masculine Self-Fashioning Among 74 the Early Dominicans The Common Friar: Religiosity and the cura animarum in the Vitae fratrum 80 The Preacher’s Mentality: Humbert of Romans on the Dominican Vocation 120 Chapter 3: The Dominican 007s: Saintly Models of Masculinity 138 Peter Martyr: “Fighter for the Faith” 141 Thomas Aquinas: Saintly Mastermind 167 Chapter 4: Father Figures: Paternal Admonitions and the Distillation of Dominican Masculine 203 Ideology in the Litterae Encyclicae The Paternal Voice: Sources and Methodology 203 A Man for Others: Ideals of Masculine Behavior in the Litterae encyclicae 214 Christ’s Soldiers: Spiritual Warfare in the Litterae encyclicae 214 The Patriarchal Garden: Masculine and Divine Authority 241 Conclusion: Utilitas and the Dominican Masculine Ideal 259 Bibliography 269 [iv List of Abbrevations ACG B.M. Reichert, ed., Acta capitulorum generalium ordinis praedicatorum, 9 vols. (Rome: Ex Typographia Polyglotta S.C. de Propaganda Fide, 1898-1904). ACPPR Thomas Kaeppeli and Antonio Dondaine, eds., Acta Capitulorum Provincialium Provinciae Romanae (1243-1344) in MOPH XX (Roma Ad S. Sabinae: Apud Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum, 1941). AFP Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum ASS J. Bollandus and G. Henschenius, Acta sanctorum…editio novissima, edited by J. Carnandet et al. (Paris: Palmé, etc., 1863- ) BG, Vita Bernard Gui, Vita S. Thomae Aquinatis, in Fontes Vitae S. Thomae Aquinatis: Notis Historicis et Criticis Illustrati, ed. Donald Prümmer (Toulouse: Privat and Revue Thomiste, 1912-37. BOP Thomas Ripoll and Antonin Brémond, eds., Bullarium ordinis fratrum praedicatorum, 8 vols. (paris: Ex Typographia Hieronymi Mainarid, 1729-1740). Constitutiones antique Constitutiones Antique ordinis fratrum praedicatorum, in De Oudste Constituties van de Dominicanen: Voorgeschiedenis, Tekst, Bronnen, Ontstaan en Ontwikkeling (1215-1237) Met Uitgave Van de Tekst, edited by A.H. Thomas (Leuven: Bureel Van de R.H.E. Universiteitsbibliotheek, 1965). CoO Constantine of Orvieto, Legenda Sancti Dominici, edited by D.H.-C. Scheeben, in MOPH 16 (Rome at Santa Sabina: Institutum historicum ff. praedicatorum, 1935. GoF, Vitae Gerard of Frachet, Vitae fratrum ordinis praedicatorum, edited by Benedictus Maria Riechert, in MOPH 1 (Louvain, 1896). GoG, Vita Garin of Guy-l'Eveque, “Vita B. Margaretae Ungaricae Virginis,” in ASS 28 January (Paris: 1863): 900-906. HoR, Legenda Humbert of Romans, Legenda Sancti Dominici, edited by D.H.-C. Scheeben, in MOPH 16 (Rome at Santa Sabina: Institutum historicum ff. praedicatorum, 1935). HoR, Liber Humbert of Romans, Liber de eruditione praedicatorum in Opera de vita regulari, edited by Joachim Joseph Berthier, vol. II (Marietti, 1956). HoR, De ofYiciis Humbert of Romans, De ofYiciis ordinis, in Opera de vita regulari, edited by Joachim Joseph Berthier, vol. II (Marietti, 1956). JoS Jordan of Saxony, Libellus di principiis ordinis praedicatorum, edited by Heribert Christian Scheeben, in MOPH 16 (Rome: Institutum historicum fratrum praedicatorum, 1935). [v JoS, Epistulae Jordan of Saxony, Beati Iordani de Saxonia Epistulae, edited by Angelus Walz (Romae: Institutum historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum 1951). Litterae encyclicae Reichert, Benedictus Maria, ed., Litterae encyclicae magistrorum generaliium ordinis praedicatorum ab anno 1233 usque ad annum 1376, in MOPH V, edited by Reichert (Rome: Typographica Polyglotta S. C. de Propaganda Fide, 1900). MOPH Monumenta ordinis praedicatorum historica PF Peter Ferrando, Legenda S. Dominici, ed. M-Hyacinthi Laurent, in MOPH 16 (Rome: Insitutum historicum fratrum praedicatorum, 1935). PL Patrologia Latina SOP Thomas Kaeppeli, Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum medii aevi, 4 vols. (Rome: Ad S. Sabinae, 1970-1993). TAoL, Vita Thomas Agni of Lentino, “Vita sancti Petri Martyris,” in ASS April 29 (Paris: 1766): 694-727. ToC, Vita Maragrete Thomas of Cantimpré, “Vita Margarete de Ypris,” in “Prêcheurs et Mouvement Dévout en Flandre au XIIIe siécle” Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 18 (1948): 106-130. WoT, Ystoria William of Tocco, Ystoria sancti Thome de Aquino, edited by Claire le Brun Gouanvic (Toronto: Pontiical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996). [vi [1 Introduction: Articulating Masculine Identity Among Late Medieval Religious Men In his mid-thirteenth century edition