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Sierra Leona Sierra Leona OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Sierra Leona Sierra Leona La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de co- municación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. JUNIO 2020 División administrativa: 3 provincias y un distrito: Provincia del Norte, Pro- Sierra Leona vincia del Sur, Provincia del Este y el Área Occidental. Las Provincias se dividen en 12 distritos, que a su vez se dividen en 149 comunidades (chie- fdoms). La Provincia del Este está dividida en tres distritos: Kailahun, Ke- nema y Kono; la Provincia del Norte (la más extensa del país) se divide en 5 distritos: Bombali, Kambia, Koinadugu, Port Loko y Tonkolili.; y la Provincia del Sur en cuatro: Bo, Bonthe, Moyamba y Pujehun. En el Área Occidental, GUINEA se encuentra la capital Freetown que se divide en dos sectores: Área rural y Área urbana. Kabala 1.2. Geografía Kambia Gran parte de sus 402 kilómetros de costa está formada por manglares panta- Makeni nosos, a excepción de la península donde se sitúa Freetown. El resto del suelo de Sierra Leona se compone por una gran meseta, a 300 metros sobre el nivel Lungi Koidu del mar, principalmente poblada por bosques. En contraste a esta geografía poco FREETOWN abrupta, el Norte del país está poblado por diversos montes, cuyo pico más alto es el Loma Mansa, que se estira hasta los 1948 metros. El clima tropical y su Moyamba estación de lluvias (de mayo a diciembre) propician una vegetación densa y Bo Shenge extensa. Sus principales ríos son: Moa, Rokel, Little Scarcies. Océano Atlántico Kenema 1.3. Indicadores sociales IDH: Sierra Leona ocupa el puesto 181 de 189 (IDH 2018). LIBERIA Densidad de población: 81,9 habitantes/km2. Población urbanizada: 42,5% (est. 2019,). © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Renta per cápita: $1.529 (IDH 2016). Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. Esperanza de vida al nacer: 59 (est. 2018) Tasa de crecimiento de la población: 2,4% (est. 2018). Tasa de natalidad: 36 ‰ (est. 2018). 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Tasa de mortalidad materna: 11,2‰ (est. 2017). Tasa de mortalidad infantil: 66,7 ‰ (est. 2018). 1.1. Características generales Tasa de fecundidad: 4,69 hijos por mujer (est. 2018). Pirámide poblacional: 41,71% (0-14 años) 18,6% (15-24 años) 32,23% Nombre oficial: República de Sierra Leona. (25-54 años) 3,7% (55-64 años) 3,76% (mayores de 65 años) Superficie: de 71.740 km2 Tasa de alfabetización: 48,1% de la población (58,7% hombres; 37,7% mujeres) Límites: Frontera con Guinea y Liberia. Costa atlántica al oeste del país. Usuarios de Internet: 11,8% de la población Población: 6.624.933 habitantes. Usuarios de telefonía móvil (por cada 100 habitantes): 102 Capital: Freetown (1.168.000 habitantes). Fuentes: CIA WORLD FACT BOOK y PNUD Otras ciudades: Koidu, Bo, Kenema y Makeni. Población urbana: 38%. 1.4. Estructura del PIB Idioma: la lengua oficial es el inglés. Otros idiomas locales tales que el Men- de o el Krio representan la lengua materna del 10% de la población. Sin DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL embargo, el 95% de la población logra entenderlos. Sector primario 60,7 Religión: Islam 78,6%, cristianismo 20,8%, otros 0,5%. Sector secundario 6,5 Moneda: Leone (SLL) (1 Leone= 10,849) Sector terciario ,9 Forma de Estado: república presidencialista. Fuente: CIA WORLD FACT BOOK (est. 2017). 2 FICHA PAÍS SIERRA LEONA 1.5. Coyuntura económica Emiratos Árabes Unidos 28,8 15,8 10,8 17,3 Austria 10,3 18,5 11,2 14,5 INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2016 2017 2018 2019 India 18,0 12,0 18,7 11,6 PIB (US$ miles de millones) 3.675 3.740 4.085 4.142 TOTAL 581,5 611,2 816,3 620,3 Crecimiento PIB 6,3 3,8 3,5 5,1 Tasa de inflación 11,5 18,2 16,0 14,8 1.7. Distribución del comercio por productos 2014 Fuente: FMI, AfDB, Banco Mundial, Banco de Sierra Leona, The Economist Intelligence Unit. PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES (FOB) COMODITY VALOR EN MILLONES (US$) PORCENTAJE Sierra Leona es uno de los países más pobres del mundo y dicha pobreza se Mineral de Hierro 1.662 76,6% ve agudizada por una distribución de la riqueza desigual: la inmensa mayoría VALOR EN MILLONES (US$) PORCENTAJE de la población vive de la agricultura de subsistencia. Sierra Leona cuenta Diamantes 178 8,2% con grandes reservas de recursos naturales: la extracción de diamantes es la Titanio 82 3,7% principal fuente de ingresos del país. Desde el año 2000, se ha multiplicado Cacao 30 1,3% por 20 el volumen de exportación legal declarada. Esto, junto con la crea- TOTAL 2.167 ción, a instancias de las Naciones Unidas, de un fondo con los impuestos Fuente: UN Proclarity que gravan la exportación diamantífera, ha permitido al país crecer de ma- nera progresiva. Sin embargo, la infraestructura social y económica apenas PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES (FOB) está desarrollada. COMODITY VALOR EN MILLONES (US$) PORCENTAJE Combustibles 788 38% A partir de agosto de 2003 se comenzaron a abrir las aguas territoriales del Vehículos y automóviles 206 10% país para la exploración de hidrocarburos. Máquinas y aparatos mecánicos 176 8,5% Aparatos y material eléctrico 133 6,4% Por otra parte, la paz interna y la ayuda exterior son también factores esen- Mat. Plásticas 69 3,3% ciales y decisivos para el desarrollo del país. Ese desarrollo se vio frenado a Manufacturados de Hierro/Acero 51 2,4% partir de comienzos de 2014 a causa del estallido de la epidemia de ébola Bebidas 50 2,4% en Sierra Leona, Liberia y Guinea Conakry. El cierre de fronteras y por tanto TOTAL 2.056 del comercio entre países, la reducción de la actividad empresarial (con los Fuente: UN Proclarity consiguientes despidos), la caída del turismo, el freno a las inversiones por parte de compañías extranjeras, etc. provocaron una importante reducción del PIB sierraleonés. En 2015, el PIB sufrió una contracción superior al 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA 20%. Tras el fin de la epidemia, las previsiones apuntan a una recuperación paulatina de la situación económica. 2.1 Política interior En junio de 2017 el Gobierno de Sierra Leona acordó con el FMI un “Me- La guerra civil que devastó el país entre los años 1991 y 2002 resultó en morando de Política Económica y Financiera”, que prevé un programa de decenas de miles de víctimas y el desplazamiento de aproximadamente dos reformas durante el período 2017-2020 y que va acompañado de un Servicio millones de personas. En el año 2005, tres años después de la finalización de Crédito Ampliado por un total de 224 millones de dólares. oficial de la guerra, las fuerzas de Naciones Unidas encargadas de velar por la paz dejaron el país, transfiriendo la competencia en materia de seguridad 1.6. Distribución del comercio por países a las fuerzas militares sierraleonesas. En las elecciones presidenciales cele- bradas en 2007 obtuvo la victoria en la segunda vuelta el líder del entonces EXPORTACIONES POR PAÍSES - PRINCIPALES PAÍSES CLIENTES partido opositor APC, Ernest Bai Koroma. El presidente Koroma fue reelegi- (DATOS EN MILLONES DE EUROS) 2015 2016 2017 2018 do (con el 58,7% de los votos) para un segundo mandato en las siguientes China 148,6 216,4 299,2 150 elecciones celebradas el 17 de noviembre de 2012. En esa misma fecha se Bélgica 135,9 108,7 116,2 123,3 celebraron elecciones legislativas el partido del gobierno APC (All People’s Rumanía 55,6 54,3 50,8 70,9 Congress) obtuvo 70 escaños, mientras que el principal partido de la oposi- Estados Unidos 36,1 27,7 27,9 48,4 ción (el Sierra Leone People’s Party) obtuvo 42 escaños. Alemania 3,4 11,9 18,8 27,0 Países Bajos 26,8 29,8 66,7 21,7 El 4 de abril de 2018 Julius Maada Bio (líder del SLPP) tomó posesión Francia 27,2 18,2 19,6 19,1 como nuevo presidente de Sierra Leona, tras obtener en la segunda vuelta Emiratos Árabes Unidos 28,8 15,8 10,8 17,3 de las elecciones (celebradas el 31 de marzo) el 51,81% de los votos, fren- Austria 10,3 18,5 11,2 14,5 te al candidato del APC Dr. Samura Kamara que logró el 48,19%. En esos India 18,0 12,0 18,7 11,6 mismos comicios resultó elegido como vicepresidente Dr. Mohamed Juldeh TOTAL 581,5 611,2 816,3 620,3 Jalloh. Por primera vez en Sierra Leona el partido que ocupa la presidencia Fuente: UN Proclarity no cuenta con mayoría en el Parlamento, en el que el APC logró mayoría sim- ple de los escaños en las eleccio¬nes legislativas celebradas el 7 de marzo. IMPORTACIONES POR PAÍSES - PRINCIPALES PAÍSES PROVEEDORES (DATOS EN MILLONES DE EUROS) 2015 2016 2017 2018 Sierra Leona fue uno de los países más afectados por la epidemia de ébola China 148,6 216,4 299,2 150 desatada en África del oeste entre principios de 2014 y principios de 2016. Bélgica 135,9 108,7 116,2 123,3 Según los datos ofrecidos por la OMS, se trató del país con mayor número Rumanía 55,6 54,3 50,8 70,9 de contagios de esta enfermedad (14.124), mientras que los muertos as- Estados Unidos 36,1 27,7 27,9 48,4 cendieron a 3.956.
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