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Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 NOTE TO USERS The original manuscript received by UMI contains pages with slanted print. Pages were microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available UMI WOMEN AND THE DYNAMIC INTERACTION OF TRADITIONAL AND CLINICAL MEDICINE ON THE BLACK SEA COAST OF TURKEY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Sylvia Wing Onder, M. A. ***** The Ohio State University 1998 Dissertation Conunittee; Professor Patrick Mullen, Adviser Approved by Professor Amy Shuman Professor Sabra Webber Professor Victoria Holbrook Adviser InterDisciplinary Graduate Program UMI Number: 99 00884 Copyright 199 8 by Onder, Sylvia Wing All rights reserved. t n V I I Microform 9900884 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Sylvia Wing ônder !998 ABSTRACT This study examines the health care system used by people in a cluster of villages on the Black Sea Coast o f Turkey. Although there have been national efforts to replace traditional healing practices with clinical medicine, in actual daily life patients and their families seek out and creatively combine both kinds o f medicine. With the fieldwork technique of participant-observation, I collected data on local ideas about sickness and health, the causes of illness, and the roles of religious belief and social networks in health care. I observed the workings of the local health clinic and of several area hospitals and doctors' offices. I gathered indigenous cultural information from many people of different ages. Married women bear the major responsibility for the care of family members, and are very active in health care decision-making. Interviews with elderly women, some of whom were local experts in such traditional skills as bone-setting, "stomach-pulling," and midwifery, provided insight about cultural change in the area. The term "traditional” refers to a way placing value on methods learned from the elders while re-interpreting them to accommodate changing circumstances. Health care is an empirical realm. In both traditional and clinical medicine, effective techniques and concoctions are retained and passed on, while those which fail are altered or dropped altogether. A health care system is complex and allows for many possible adaptations, varying among people, and changing to meet new economic and social opportunities or constraints. The expertise of one traditional bone-setter is examined in detail, including her range of techniques and her use of clinical medication. One chapter examines the local cultural ideas of the supernatural, including the belief in the “evil eye” as an agent of illness. Another chapter examines the health issues relating to birth and reproduction, as viewed by traditional village midwives, local women, and by clinic staff members. The physical and ideological furnishings of the local health clinic are also described. Observing daily life, with its life-cycle events such as birth and death, and its major and minor accidents and ailments, I learned the local cultural responses to suffering. ill Dedicated to the memory of Charlotte Farquhar Wing and Svivia McCowen Hubbard IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest appreciation goes first to my husband and friend Muammer Ônder, who suffered the discomforts of having his extended family and his friends turned into “informants” by his wife. His help with cultural translation and tape transcriptions was invaluable for me and trying for him. I also thank him for his help with our son, Timur, whose birth was a blessing and whose sunny presence during fieldwork proved to our family and neighbors in Medreseônü that I was a committed member of the community. I wish to thank Hamide ônder, for her patience witha.yabanci gelin. She gave me the idea in the first place to study traditional healing practices. I thank Rustem Ônder for his compelling stories. I wish to thank my parents, Robert and Ingrid Wing, for their trust that all this education would come to something in the end (may they be proved correct), and for their support of my international adventures. My brothers, Roger and James Wing, have also been supportive throughout my many years in graduate school. I am grateful to Ay§e and Seyfi Dogan and their daughters Omran, Nurcan, Gurcan, and GOlsen; Gulden and Aytun §ahin and their children Canan, Ercan, and Erkan; Nurçen ônder and her children Banu and Baran; Hatice and Hüsamettin Kaya and their children NihaJ, Yavuz, and Bü§ra; and Sezin ônder. I thank Nurten ônder, her mother, her sons Erhan, Tevrat, Tefik, her daughters Rahime and Hayriye, and her daughter-in-law, Emine. I would like to thank Zekiya Çelebi, Hava and Ahmet Ônder, Yeter and Tuncay Dogan, Seyhan and Berhan Onder, Leyla Dogan, Emine Dogan, the Hacigililer, Doctor Halil Ibrahim Akbulut, Nurse Rabiye §ahin. Nurse Gûnnaz Can, Clinic ManagerYusuf Genç, Midwife Nurten §ahin. Midwife Serpil Yavus, Midwife Necda Yardim, Midwife Zeynep Y ild iz, Midwife Nebahat Akkaya, and Secretary Ersin Yilmaz. The development of the ideas expressed in this study was encouraged and shaped by Drs. Ahmet Evin, Talat Halman, Walter Feldman, Henry Glassie, Margaret Mills, David Hufford, Marina Roseman, Alma Kunanbaeva, Nan Johnson, and Erika Bourguignon. 1 owe the impetus to continue graduate school to Dr. Victoria Holbrook, "her ocean encircles both East and West in waves of immersion and discernment." This specific study would have been impossible without the never-failing assistance and sparkling insights o f my advisers, Drs. Pat Mullen, Amy Shuman, and Sabra Webber. Dr. Richard Davis deserves special thanks for efforts during my examinations. I would also like to acknowledge the encouragement of friends; Asim Karaomerlioglu, Dilek Çetindamar, Binnaz Leblebicioglu, Bülent Bekçioglu, Rosemary Hathaway, Ellen Damsky, Tim Lundgren, Chris Antonsen, Larry Doyle, Jim Scarfif, Susan Paulsen, Ellen Reynolds, Sarah Hyde, Ernest Tucker, Mary Trimarco, Jamie VI Gordon, Clint Gordon, Emine Ekinci, Kamil Ekinci, Birgül Ta§ba§i, and Ramazan Ta§ba§i. I wish to thank Dr. Alam Payind of the Ohio State University Middle East Center, not only for his assistance in acquiring the funding which helped support this research, through U. S. Title VI Grants, but also for running down a thief in Istanbul and thereby saving my passport. Finally, 1 wish to thank Laura Cutler for her careful editing work — any remaining faults are mine alone. VITA October 30, 1964 ............................................... Bom - Berkeley, California 1986.................................................................... B.A. International Relations, University of Pennsylvania 1991.....................................................................M.A. Folklore, University of Pennsylvania 1994.....................................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. Sylvia Wing ônder, "Gathering Folklore Data in Turkey.” Folklines, vol. 3, no. 6,(1993). 2. Sylvia Wing (5nder, "Cultural Memory and the Language Artist; A Kazakh Lineage.” The Turkish Studies Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 2, (1993). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: InterDisciplinary: English, Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Anthropology Vtl TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................ii Dedication........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................v Vita..................................................................................................................................vü Chapters; 1. Approaches...........................................................................................................I

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