DOCSLIB.ORG

And Introduced Plants (Cinchona Succirubra, Psidium Guaiava, Lantana Camara) with Reference to Regeneration Mechanism of Scalesia Forests in the Galttpagos Lslands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
And Introduced Plants (Cinchona Succirubra, Psidium Guaiava, Lantana Camara) with Reference to Regeneration Mechanism of Scalesia Forests in the Galttpagos Lslands Competitive Relationships between Tree Species of Scalesia (S. pedunculata, S. cordata, S. microcephala) and Introduced Plants (Cinchona succirubra, Psidium guaiava, Lantana camara) with Reference to Regeneration Mechanism of Scalesia Forests in the Galttpagos lslands Yoshikazu SHIMIZU* Synopsis Regeneration mechanism of Scalesia forests and competitive relationships between tfuee species of tree &alesia (5. pedunculata, S. cordata, S microcephala) and some introduced spcies (Cinchona succintbrg Psiilium gaajava, Lantona carnara. etc.) were studied in 80 plots ofsix siteg in Santa Cruz, Isabela and Floreana. Especially, the oneyear change ofvegetation after the 1994 fire was survcyed in connection with the regeneration of S. cordan forest and the invasion of Psidium guajava in Isabela. The ecology of shrubby Scalesia (5. afinis) was also studied in 8 plots of four sites in the same islands. Two regeneration types were detected: ( 1) Synchronous Type in moist for*ts with closed canopy: old trees of Scalesia die synchronously because of much rain at an Bl Niflo event, new seedlings of Scalesia germinate all at once, and tley make an even-aged population, and (2) Continuous Type in drier for6ts with sparse canopy: regeneration ofscalesia trees occur turn by turn in canopy gaps continuously, making a different-aged population. Cinchona succirubm is spreading rapidly to the vast Highland area in Santa Cruz, but it has not invaded theS. pedunculato for6t with closed canopy yet' because it needs bright and moist condition for establishnent. It is speculated that Cinchona may invade the S pedunculara forest rapidly at the next El Nifro event when the canopy collapses all 8t once. Psidium gttajava is making a vast secondary forest on the windward slope of Sierra Negra' Isabela. The 1994 fire burned a large area in this region. New shoots (l-2 m hieh) sprouted from the base of dead stems of Psidium, while no burnt trees of S. cordata hsld such new shoote. So the fire accelerated replaceme nt of S cordata 1lirth Psidium. S. cotdata saplings (2-3 m high) were growing near adult trees which had survived the fire at forest margins and fire'break belts. Small parches of S. cordaU forest may recover in these places. S. micrccephala makes a sparse foreet on the north-east slope of Alcedo, Isabela. No introduced tree and ehrub species were found there. Lantana camom covers tlc ground of S pedunculata forests densely in Florcana. This may prevent establishment of S. pe&nctlata seedlings at the next regeneration event' resulting in dirappearance of the forests. The distribution of tree Sbalesrd and S, cfinir never overlap with each other. Low seed dispersibitity.of Scalesia s€ems to be related with this distribution pattern. Compared with the introduced plant species, the rapid growth rate of seedlings and eaplings is a great advantage of tee Scalesia, but the low seed dispersibility is the largeet weak point. If wc hclp tree Scalesia by making an olrcn land and dispereing seeds at the appropriate time, it would be possible to restore,Scclesia forest in disturbed area. Pacific Ocean, 960 km west of the South Ameri- I. Introduction can Continent. They form a province of the Republic of Ecuador, consisting of sixteen main 1. Location & Geology islands and more than 40 islets with a total land The Galfupagos Islands are located in the east area of 7882 km2 (Fig. 1). Seven islands have an * Professor, Department of Natural Sciences, Komazawa University, Tokyo. 一- 23 -― Regional Views No. 11 1997 DARWIN 屁b P:NttA S woLF 6 0 GENOVESA 92° W MARCHENA 。 。 ′/こ 漁 ―――――――――― Foユ F p._.| ふ km ―― ―――― Ｉ Ａ Ｒ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ １ ０ ｒ SAN CRiSTOBAL SA需電 選電‖lttA Cerro― 二 γ Lrt」 Vi二 二aコ己二 :SA:ELA I FLOREANA 静 ESPANOLA a“ 二as C 90° Fig. 1. Geographicel map of the Galipagos Ishndr. Broken lines on the nap show the 200n, 500n and 1000 n contours ftom the sea level. Table 1. Islands of the Galipagos Islands area of more than 100 km2 lTable 1). The larg- est, Isabela, has an area of 4588 km', more than Name Area (k-') Altitude (m) the total area of all the other islands combined. Isabela 4,588 1,707 The islands are dispersed just under the Equator, Santa Cruz 986 864 ranging from approximately 1"40'N to lo25'S Fernandina 642 1,494 latitude and from 89" 20'W to 92o 00'W longi- Santiago 585 907 tude. The highest peak in the archipelago is 1707 San Cristobal 558 739 m of Volcan Wolf in Isabela. Floreana 173 640 The islands have been formed by the activity Marchena 130 343 of Espafiola 60 206 the hot spot which seems to be located at the Pinta 59 777 north-western end of the archipelago. The islands Baltra 27 100 are made up of basaltic lava flows built one upon Santa F6 24 259 another and deposits of volcanic ash, cinders, and Pinz6n 18 458 scoria thrown out of craters during eruptions Genovesa 14 76 (Jackson 1993). Three rows of island chains are Rabida 5 367 detected running from the northwest to the south- Wolf 1。 3 253 east: (l) Pinta-Marchena-Genovesa-San Cris- Darwin 1.1 168 tobal, (2) Santiago-Rabida-Pinz6n-Santa Crvz- Santa F6-Espaflola, (3) Fernandina-Isabela- Floreana (Itow 1983). According to the Plate 一- 24 -一 Competitive Relationships between Tree Species of Scc/esia and Introduced Plants (Shimizu) Tectonics theory, the present islands formed within 2.8-6.3 million years on the Nazca Plate have been moving from the northwest to the southeast at a speed of 3.7 cm per year, so the older islands with eroded landscapes are located at the south-eastern part of the island chains, while the younger ones with active volcanoes at part Recently a the north-western (Geist 1996). o .'- 10 million-year-old submerged island was dis- i;:T i::; covered east of San Cristobal, so the age of the Fig. 2. Monthly mean temperatures and preci- archipelago must be older than the present islands pitation recorded from 1965 to 1994 at CDRS (Christie at al. 1991). There are historical re- Meteorological Station, Santa Cruz. cords of volcanic eruptions in Pinta, Santiago, Fernandina and Isabela. As water percolates (a) rapidly to considerable depths, there are virtually （ no permanently flowing streams with the excep- Ｅ ５ ０ ０ ） ８ tion of a small stream in San Cristobal. ０ ０ ０ 引 一 ｏ 一 「 ５ ０ ０ ， ｏ ｏ Climate ０ ０ ０ 2. と The climate of the Galiryagos Islands is excep- tionally cool and dry for equatorial islands due to the influence of the cool Hunbolt current running through the islands from the south. The annual □ 1969 層調 1970 average temperature and precipitation is 23.9"C and 473.8 mm (1965-1994) at CDRS Meteoro- (b) logical Station, Puerto Ayora in Santa Cruz (Fig. 2). Two seasons are detected: (1) rainy season from January to June with sunny sky, hot temper- 目 ature and occasional squall, and (2) dry (garua) season from July to December with cloudy sky, cool temperature and little rainfall (Jackson 1 ee3). The south-east trade wind is prevailing and the Hunbolt current is dominant in the dry season. Fig. 3. Precipitation of the Galipagos Islands As the air cooled by the ocean current makes an (a) Altitudinal change of precipitation on the inversion layer at the altitude of 300 m-600 m, southern slope of Santa Cruz in 1969 and 1970. ascending cloud is suppressed at this height and Drawn from the data of Werfr (1979). (b) brings precipitation to the mountain slope (Fig. Annual change of precipitation at CDRS 3a). But the lowland area remains arid. The Meteorological Station, Santa Cruz. windward side of the islands gets far more precip- itation than the leeward side. The difference in rain fall is a main cause of the difference of drought sometimes hits the Islands. The occa- vegetation between the windward and the leeward sional occurrence of El Nifro and drought has sides. much influence on the life of plants and animals In the rainy season, the south-east trade wind in the Galhpagos. becomes weak and the warm Panama Basin flow comes closer to the islands. So the sea tempera- 3. History ture arises and the inversion layer disappears, The Gal6pagos Islands were discovered by bringing the typical tropical weather with sunny Tom6s de Berlanga accidentally in 1535. For skies and occasional squall. When the sea temper- many years the islands were used chiefly as a base ature continues to be unusually high once in of pirates, and later as a port of call by whalers several years, the total rainfall becomes 5 times for repairs and capturing tortoises for fresh meat. and more larger than usual years (Fig. 3b). This Scientific collection was done in the first quarter event is called "El Nifio". On the contrary, severe of the nineteenth century. Charles Darwin visited 一- 25 -― Regional Views No. 11 1997 four islands of the archipelago on the voyage of The 229 species (42.3Vo) out of the 541 species HMS Beagle from September 15 to October 20, are endemic to the Galiryagos. Progenitors of 1835. He collected 209 plant specimens which 94Vo of the non-endemic natives and 87Vo of the was the primary foundation for subsequent work endemics might have come from Tropical Amer- on the vascular plants of the islands (Wiggins & ica and the Andean region including pantropical Porter l97l). It is famous that he got an inspira- elements which are distributed in both the Amer- tion of evolution theory here which materialized ican and the Old World Tropics (Porter 1984).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Filogeografia Genètica De Poblacions I Citogenètica Molecular Del Gènere Cheirolophus (Asteraceae, Cardueae)
    Filogeografia genètica de poblacions i citogenètica molecular del gènere Cheirolophus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) Daniel Vitales Serrano ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB.
    [Show full text]
  • (Scalesia Pedunculata Hook. F.) Y CALANDRINIA (Calandrinia Galapagosa H
    1 PROPAGACIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES FORESTALES LECHOSO (Scalesia pedunculata Hook. F.) Y CALANDRINIA (Calandrinia galapagosa H. St.) EN EL VIVERO CERRO COLORADO DEL CANTÓN SAN CRISTÓBAL, PROVINCIA DE GALÁPAGOS. ELIZABETH FLOREANA VALENCIA MIDERO TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO FORESTAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITECNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA FORESTAL RIOBAMBA – ECUADOR 2014 2 HOJA DE CERTIFICACIÓN EL TRIBUNAL DE TESIS CERTIFICA QUE: El trabajo de investigación titulado: PROPAGACIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES FORESTALES LECHOSO (Scalesia pedunculata Hook. F.) Y CALANDRINIA (Calandrinia galapagosa H. St.) EN EL VIVERO CERRO COLORADO DEL CANTÓN SAN CRISTÓBAL, PROVINCIA DE GALÁPAGOS. De responsabilidad del Srta. Egda. ELIZABEH FLOREANA VALENCIA MIDERO, ha sido prolijamente revisado, quedando autorizada su presentación. TRIBUNAL DE TESIS: Ing. Forestal. ERIKA KABEZAS. ___________________ DIRECTOR Ing. Agr. EDUARDO CEVALLOS. ___________________ MIEMBRO ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA FORESTAL Riobamba, Abril del 2015 3 DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo a mi preciosa madre, apoyo importante en mi vida, a quien le debo lo que soy; a mis hermanos que animaron y me brindaron su apoyo, es por ello que doy gracias a Dios por permitirme tenerlos conmigo. Floreana 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Mi agradecimiento constante al DIVINO NIÑO JESÚS por concederme el agrado de compartir con ustedes esta victoria, y por permitirme reconocer a quienes hicieron posible la culminación de mi carrera profesional. A la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, a mis maestros y amigos por la formación profesional que me han proporcionado. A los ingenieros Erika Cabezas y Eduardo Cevallos, directora y miembro de la presente tesis, por la orientación para realizar este trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • (Compositae) Endemic to the Galapagos Islands!
    Pacific Science (1995), vol. 49, no. 1: 17-30 © 1995 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved Phytogeography and Ecology of Scalesia (Compositae) Endemic to the Galapagos Islands! 2 SYUZO ITow ABSTRACT: Scalesia (Compositae), a genus endemic to the Galapagos Is­ lands, consists of 12 shrubby species distributed in the lowland dry zone and three tree species found in the mid-elevation moist zone. They are completely allopatric in distribution. All the species have herbaceous traits: fast growth, soft wood, large pith at the center of trunk, and flowering within 1 yr after germination (in greenhouse). The tree species Scalesia pedunculataHook. f. is shade-intolerant and heliophilous, and predominates as a monoculture in the moist zone of the four larger high-elevation islands. In ecological succession, it functions as pioneer, successor, and climax canopy plant. Even at climax or maturity of this monodominant forest, the canopy is not accompanied by young generations beneath owing to its shade-intolerance. The canopy popula­ tion of postmature forest dies back nearly synchronously. A new generation then develops to build new forest. The progression from germination to ma­ turity, and further to senescence and die back, is a self-cyclic succession, with­ out change of dominant species. Over much of its range, S. pedunculata is en­ dangered by the effects of past agricultural exploitation or heavy browsing by free-ranging goats, pigs, and donkeys; however, the population on the north side of Isla Santa Cruz has been preserved in good condition in the Galapagos National Park. THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS are located on the a mew species.
    [Show full text]
  • Asteraceae: Astereae), an Endemic Shrub of the Galapagos Islands Nicole Genet Andrus Florida International University
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 7-24-2002 The origin, phylogenetics and natural history of darwiniothamnus (Asteraceae: Astereae), an endemic shrub of the Galapagos Islands Nicole Genet Andrus Florida International University DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14032319 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Andrus, Nicole Genet, "The origin, phylogenetics and natural history of darwiniothamnus (Asteraceae: Astereae), an endemic shrub of the Galapagos Islands" (2002). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1290. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1290 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida THE ORIGIN, PHYLOGENETICS AND NATURAL HISTORY OF DARWINIOTHAMNUS (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE), AN ENDEMIC SHRUB OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in BIOLOGY by Nicole Genet Andrus 2002 To: Dean Arthur W. Herriott College of Arts and Sciences This thesis, written by Nicole Genet Andrus, and entitled The Origin, Phylogenetics and Natural History of Darwiniothamnus (Asteraceae: Astereae), an Endemic Shrub of the Galapagos Islands, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. Alan Tye Susan Koptur Carl Lewis Javiefr acisco-Ortega, Major Professor Date of Defense: July 24, 2002 The thesis of Nicole Genet Andrus is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Manejo De
    PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Manejo de Cedrela odorata en Galápagos y su influencia en el ensamblaje de comunidades de plantas nativas y no nativas en los primeros estadios de sucesión Tesis previa a la obtención del título de Magíster en Biología de la Conservación NORMA ISABEL DOMÍNGUEZ GAIBOR Quito, 2016 1 PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Certifico que la tesis de Maestría en Biología de la Conservación de la candidata Norma Isabel Domínguez Gaibor ha sido concluida de conformidad con las normas establecidas; por lo tanto, puede ser presentada para la calificación correspondiente. Verónica Crespo, Ph.D. Directora de Tesis Quito, 29 de junio del 2016 2 DEDICATORIA Esta tesis la dedico a mis padres, quienes han sabido formarme con buenos sentimientos y valores, encaminándome por el sendero del saber, y han sido ejemplo de constancia, dedicación y esfuerzo, constituyéndose así en el pilar fundamental de mi vida. A mis hermanas que con su apoyo me han fortalecido en los momentos de flaqueza, brindándome ánimo y soporte para cumplir con las metas propuestas. A mi novio por su comprensión, amor y apoyo incondicional. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS A los docentes del programa de Maestría en Biología de la Conservación de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE). Al Comité de Tesis conformado por: Verónica Crespo, Tjitte De Vries y Rafael Cárdenas docentes de la Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, quienes a través de su gran desempeño como catedráticos e investigadores aportaron de manera profesional a concluir con éxito esta investigación.
    [Show full text]
  • Sentinel Plants to Prevent Biological Invasions Anna-Maria Vettraino, H.M
    Sentinel Plants to Prevent Biological Invasions Anna-Maria Vettraino, H.M. Li, Rene Eschen, Alain Roques, Annie Yart, Marc Kenis, Andrea Vannini To cite this version: Anna-Maria Vettraino, H.M. Li, Rene Eschen, Alain Roques, Annie Yart, et al.. Sentinel Plants to Prevent Biological Invasions. 8. International Conference on Biological Invasions from understanding to action ”NEOBIOTA 2014”, Nov 2014, Antalya, Turkey. 279 p. hal-02741498 HAL Id: hal-02741498 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02741498 Submitted on 3 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NEOBIOTA from2 understanding 14 to action th International Conference on Biological Invasions 8 from understanding to action Proceedings Edited by Ahmet ULUDAĞ Ayşe YAZLIK Khawar JABRAN Süleyman TÜRKSEVEN Uwe STARFINGER Antalya-TURKEY, 03-08 November 2014 th International Conference on Biological Invasions 8 from understanding to action Proceedings Edited by Ahmet ULUDAĞ Ayşe YAZLIK Khawar JABRAN Süleyman TÜRKSEVEN Uwe STARFINGER Designed by Aytekin AKTAŞ Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants in the Scalesia Pedunculata Forest at Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz, Galapagos
    Invasive plants in the Scalesia pedunculata forest at Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Item Type article Authors Renteria, Jorge L.; Buddenhagen, Chris Download date 25/09/2021 21:18:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35970 December 2006 Research Articles 31 INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE SCALESIA PEDUNCULATA FOREST AT LOS GEMELOS, SANTA CRUZ, GALAPAGOS By: Jorge L. Rentería & Chris Buddenhagen Botany Department, Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz, Galapagos <[email protected]> SUMMARY Volunteers were used to map invasive plants in 25 ha of one of the best remnants of Scalesia pedunculata forest at Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. The most dominant invaders were the trees Cestrum auriculatum, Cedrela odorata and Cinchona pubescens, a vine Passiflora edulis, and the shrub Rubus niveus. Forest structure at the site suggests that further cyclical stand-level dieback, reportedly characteristic of S. pedunculata forests, is unlikely to occur in the near future. Although the invasion at Los Gemelos is continuous, we conclude that dieback provides extra opportunity for the establishment of invasive plants. Management is required to reduce invasive species impacts on the forest. RESUMEN Plantas invasoras en el bosque de Scalesia pedunculata de Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Con el trabajo de voluntarios, se realizó mapas de plantas invasoras presentes en 25 ha del mejor remanente del bosque de Scalesia pedunculata de Los Gemelos, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Las especies invasoras dominantes fueron las especies arbóreas Cestrum auriculatum, Cedrela odorata y Cinchona pubescens, la trepadora Passiflora edulis y la arbustiva Rubus niveus. La estructura del bosque en el sitio sugiere que un episodio de muerte regresiva, que se sugiere es característico del bosque de S.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood and Bark Anatomy of Scalesia (Asteraceae) Sherwin Carlquist
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 10 | Issue 2 Article 9 1982 Wood and Bark Anatomy of Scalesia (Asteraceae) Sherwin Carlquist Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1982) "Wood and Bark Anatomy of Scalesia (Asteraceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 10: Iss. 2, Article 9. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol10/iss2/9 ALISO 10(2) , 1982 , pp. 301-312 WOOD AND BARK ANATOMY OF SCALES/A (ASTERACEAE) Sherwin Carlquist1 Introduction The genus Scalesia Amott is a distinctive Galapagos Island endemic be­ longing to tribe Heliantheae, subtribe Helianthinae, of Asteraceae. Scalesia has received comment from various authors because of two distinctive fea­ tures. Firstly, the genus has speciated in the archipelago in a rather spec­ tacular way with regard to leaf shape and size. Secondly, although a char­ acteristic shrub of lava pioneer situations in the lowlands, Scalesia also occurs as trees in cloud-forest areas of the uplands (S. cordata Stewart, S. microcephala Robinson, S. pedunculata Hook. f.). Woodier than most gen­ era of Heliantheae, Scalesia presents a group appropriate for study with respect to wood anatomy. The earlier account of S. pedunculata wood (Carlquist 1958) was based on a branch approximately 2 cm in diameter. Eliasson (1974) presented some data on secondary xylem of three species (S. affinis Hook. f., S. cordata, and S. villosa Stewart), compared the data with figures for S. pedunculata, and concluded that variation among the materials he studied was not significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Cornell Galapagos Student Articles Contents
    Cornell Galapagos Student Articles © 2020 Cornell University Contents: 1. On Daphne Major: Darwin’s Finches by Emma Birch, p.2 2. The Toughest of Love in Galápagos Sea Lions and Fur Seals by Sadea Campbell, p.6 3. The Cormorant That Unlearned How to Fly by Marcos Duran, p.10 4. The Successful Child of the Galapagos by Jose Gamarra, p.14 5. The Galapagos Hawk: Reverse polygamy and size matters by Sayyed Hussain, p.18 6. Magnificent Frigatebird Expert: The Dynamic Soarer by Jean Jimenez, p.22 7. Gentle Giants of the Galapagos: Environment and Morphology, Miranda Martinez p.27 8. Penguins on the Equator? By Jasmin Strong, p.31 1 Emma Birch Galápagos Marine Iguana Expert On Daphne Major: Darwin’s Finches Somewhere amidst the Galápagos Archipelago, on the sea surrounding an island known as Daphne Major, I stand on a boat watching the picturesque sunset which hangs in the sky. It casts a blazing orange across the cerulean water, just catching on the crests of each little wave. It alights the western-facing side of the volcanic island with warm hues of yellow and pink. Marine Iguanas, Galapagos Islands. Photo by Emma Birch. 2 The straining light of the setting sun illuminates the outline of a single bird perched along the coastline of the island. The bird resembles a sparrow, a starling, a finch, even, though it is a species of entirely its own. Its distinguishing physical characteristic lies within its beak, strong and sharp, wide and yet coming to a point with steep gradation. Geospiza magnirostris.
    [Show full text]
  • The Galapagos Giant Tortoise (Geochelone Elephantopus) and the Spread of Invasive Plants
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Biology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2003 The alG apagos Giant Tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus) and the Spread of Invasive Plants Anne D. Schultz Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Schultz, Anne D.. "The alG apagos Giant Tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus) and the Spread of Invasive Plants." (2003). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds/131 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. $E (GEOCHE SCHULTZ 2 85 6 200:3; S: a Qj9 DATE DUE O i l ] 7 m MOV n m : 9 t t m 9 m DEMCO 38-297 UNIVERSITY OF NEW niEa ICO 8 5 0 £ 0 0 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 87131 P o l ic y o n U se o f T h eses a n d D issertations Unpublished theses and dissertations accepted for master’s and doctor’s de­ grees and deposited in the University of New Mexico Library are open to the public for inspection and reference work. They are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. The work of other authors should always be given full credit. Avoid quoting in amounts, over and beyond scholarly needs, such as might impair or destroy the property rights and financial benefits of another author.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants in the Scalesia Pedunculata Forest at Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz, Galapagos
    December 2006 Research Articles 31 INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE SCALESIA PEDUNCULATA FOREST AT LOS GEMELOS, SANTA CRUZ, GALAPAGOS By: Jorge L. Rentería & Chris Buddenhagen Botany Department, Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz, Galapagos <[email protected]> SUMMARY Volunteers were used to map invasive plants in 25 ha of one of the best remnants of Scalesia pedunculata forest at Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. The most dominant invaders were the trees Cestrum auriculatum, Cedrela odorata and Cinchona pubescens, a vine Passiflora edulis, and the shrub Rubus niveus. Forest structure at the site suggests that further cyclical stand-level dieback, reportedly characteristic of S. pedunculata forests, is unlikely to occur in the near future. Although the invasion at Los Gemelos is continuous, we conclude that dieback provides extra opportunity for the establishment of invasive plants. Management is required to reduce invasive species impacts on the forest. RESUMEN Plantas invasoras en el bosque de Scalesia pedunculata de Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Con el trabajo de voluntarios, se realizó mapas de plantas invasoras presentes en 25 ha del mejor remanente del bosque de Scalesia pedunculata de Los Gemelos, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Las especies invasoras dominantes fueron las especies arbóreas Cestrum auriculatum, Cedrela odorata y Cinchona pubescens, la trepadora Passiflora edulis y la arbustiva Rubus niveus. La estructura del bosque en el sitio sugiere que un episodio de muerte regresiva, que se sugiere es característico del bosque de S. pedunculata, es improbable en el futuro próximo. Aunque la invasión en Los Gemelos es proceso continuo, se concluye que los eventos de muerte regresiva crean más oportunidad para el establecimiento de especies introdu- cidas.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Abundance of Darwin's Finches and Other Land
    Distribution and abundance of Darwin’s finches and other land birds on Santa Cruz Island, Gala´ pagos: evidence for declining populations M ichael D vorak,Birgit F essl,Erwin N emeth,Sonia K leindorfer and S abine T ebbich Abstract Population monitoring is a vital tool for conserva- of the 30 resident species of land birds (Parent et al., 2008). tion management and for testing hypotheses about popula- Although several island populations of Darwin’s finches tion trends in changing environments. Darwin’s finches on and mockingbirds have been lost since the arrival of Santa Cruz Island in the Gala´pagos archipelago have experi- humans (Steadman, 1986), no land bird species in the enced habitat alteration because of human activity, introduced Gala´pagos has gone extinct in historic times (Dvorak et al., predators, parasites and disease. We used point counts to 2004; Grant & Grant, 2008b; O’Connor et al., 2010c). conduct systematic quantitative surveys of Darwin’s finches However, three species, mangrove finch Camarhynchus and other land birds between 1997 and 2010.Thetemporal heliobates, medium tree-finch Camarhynchus pauper and analysis revealed that six of the nine species investigated Floreana mockingbird Mimus trifasciatus, are categorized declined significantly and that this decline was most pro- as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threat- nounced at higher elevations in humid native forest and ened Species (IUCN, 2010). agricultural areas; the highland areas have been most affected Human activity over the past 500 years has dramatically by introduced species or direct human impact. Five of the six altered most of the Gala´pagos islands.
    [Show full text]