DOCSLIB.ORG

Annex II: Documents Referenced

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Transcript Annex II Documents Referenced (In chronological order) Date Title Author Cable # 12/09/1948 Convention on the Prevention and UN n/a Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 06/20/1990 The La Baule Speech (1990) François English Mitterrand French 10/15/1990 Analyse de la situation par la population George Martres English d’origine Tutsi French 03/22/1991 Rwandan Cease-fire Accord Johnson Kinshasa 04337 October Definition and Identification of the Enemy Déogratias English 1991 Nsabimana 04/03/1992 The New Government and Peace Robert Flaten Kigali 01400 Negotiations 05/12/1992 A/S Cohen’s Meeting with Representatives Johnnie Carson Kampala of the RPF and the RPA 02581 05/13/1992 Habyarimana Tells Cohen Transition Robert Flaten Kigali 01978 Government Can Govern ca. Chronology of Significant Events: Rwandan US Department of n/a 06/30/1992 Conflict 1990-92 State 07/14/1992 Text of Joint Communique and N’Sele Edmund de Dar es 04011 Amendments Jarnette 08/21/1992 Internal Insecurity: An Ongoing Problem Joyce Leader Kigali 03478 09/21/1992 Letter re: Information to be disseminated Déogratias English Nsabimana 09/30/1992 SC Pressure Building to Approve Rwanda Madeleine Albright USUN 04766 PKO 11/13/1992 Rapport de mission effectuée au Nicaragua James Gasana n/a 11/15/1992 Speech of President Habyarimana During Juvénal n/a the MRND Meeting in Ruhengeri on Habyarimana November 15, 1992 11/16/1992 Rwandan Minister of Defense on Integration Lawrence State 372632 of Forces Eagleburger 11/22/1992 Speech by Léon Mugesera at a Meeting of Léon Mugesera n/a the MRND Held in Kabaya on November 22, 1992 12/16/1992 The Politics of Peace: Internal Dialogue Robert Flaten Kigali 05197 12/24/1992 Arusha V – Negotiators Settle on Cabinet, Peter Jon de Vos Dar es 07326 Move on to Transitional Assembly 12/31/1992 Impasse Again Robert Flaten Kigali 05381 02/15/1993 Multilateral Peacekeeping Operations US National PRD-13 Security Council 03/03/1993 Restricted Council: Wednesday, March 3, Hubert Védrine English 1993 (Notes taken by Hubert Védrine) French 06/16/1993 Compte rendu de la reunion sur les principals UN Development n/a conclusions de la mission d’etude pour l’appui Programme a la demobilization des militaires (UNDP) 08/11/1993 Report by the Special Rapporteur on Bacre Ndiaye E/CN.4/1994 extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary /7/Add.1 executions on his mission to Rwanda 08/26/1993 Salim on Rwanda Marc Allen Baas Addis 05645 08/27/1993 UN Reconnaissance Mission Head Discusses Joyce Leader Kigali 03188 Thoughts on UN Involvement in Rwanda 09/06/1993 7 Nigerian Troops Die in Somalia The New York n/a Times 09/24/1993 Report of the Secretary-General on Rwanda Boutros Boutros- S/26488 Ghali 09/28/1993 Rwanda and Criteria for New UN PKO Madeleine Albright USUN 04735 10/05/1993 UN Security Council Resolution 872 (1993) UN Security S/RES/872 Council 11/19/1993 Operational Directive No 2: Rules of Roméo Dallaire No. 4003.1 Engagement (Interim) 11/20/1993 ICTR Sketch Map of Kiyovu n/a n/a 12/23/1993 Letter dated 23 December 1993 from the A.B. Nyakyi S/26915 Permanent Representative of the United Republic of Tanzania to the UN addressed to the Secretary-General [text of Arusha Peace Agreements] 12/23/1993 Critical Analysis of UNAMIR’s Phase I Joyce Leader Kigali 04551 Operations 01/04/1994 Czech Republic Mission to the UN 1025 Karel Kovanda 1025 01/04/1994 Transition Institutions: Impasse Persists Joyce Leader Kigali 00032 01/11/1994 Request for Protection for Informant Roméo Dallaire MIR 67 01/11/1994 Contacts with Informant Kofi Annan UNAMIR 100 01/12/1994 UN Special Representative Asks for Support David Rawson Kigali 00157 on Security Demarche 01/13/1994 Initiatives Undertaken Relating to Latest Jacques-Roger MIR 95 Security Information Booh-Booh 01/31/1994 Security Situation 31 January 1994 Roméo Dallaire UNAMIR 1000.01 (FC) February RPF Manifesto Seth Sendashonga n/a 1994 02/02/1994 Update on Security Situation and Request Jacques-Roger MIR-256 (sic) for Commencement of Deterrent Operations Booh-Booh Aimed at the Recovery of Illegal Weapons 02/14/1994 Letter from Foreign Minister of Belgium Kofi Annan No 462 02/16/1994 Recovery of Illegal Weapons Kofi Annan UNAMIR 479 02/22/1994 Official – Informal Warren State 044970 Christopher 02/25/1994 Telex Nr 64, from Minafet to Delbelonu Lode Willems Telex Nr 64 03/25/1994 President Habyarimana Received DASD David Rawson Kigali 01323 Irvin, Promised Installation Ceremonies Aborted 03/25/1994 Demarche Request on CDR Participation David Rawson Kigali 01319 03/31/1994 Daily Sitrep Jacques-Roger n/a Booh-Booh 03/28/1994 Efforts to Install the Transitional Jacques-Roger MIR-672 Institutions Booh-Booh 04/07/1994 Sitrep No 015/94 Ahmedou Ould 015/94 Abadallah 04/07/1994 Rwanda Kofi Annan No. 990 04/08/1994 Sitrep No 017/94 Ahmedou Ould 017/94 Abadallah 04/09/1994 Situation Report No. 12 Mark Kennon, n/a Arlene Render 04/09/1994 Situation Report as of 6:00 EDT, 04/09/94 Warren State 094421 Christopher 04/09/1994 Status of Monique Mujawamariya, Human Madeleine Albright USUN 01470 Rights Activist 04/10/1994 Situation Report No. 21 Arlene Render, n/a Carol Rodley 04/10/1994 Situation Report No. 24 Arlene Render, n/a Carol Rodley 04/11/1994 Rwanda Evacuation: 11 April, 1800 Aurelea Brazeal Nairobi 06462 04/11/1994 Belgian Foreign Minister Reports Six Alan Blinken Brussels Belgian Civilians Killed in Rwanda 04061 04/11/1994 Kigali Livre a la Fureur des Tueurs Hutus Jean-Philippe n/a (Libération) Ceppi 04/12/1994 Rebels advance as Kigali slaughter goes on Catherine Bond n/a (The Times (London)) 04/12/1994 A Request for Rescue by Madam Monique Roméo Dallaire n/a and Related Issues in Kigali in the Aftermath of the Plane Crash that Killed the President 04/12/1994 Communique issued by the Command of the Rwandan n/a Forces Armées Rwandaises Government Forces 04/12/1994 Future UNAMIR and French Roles in Madeleine Albright USUN 01503 Rwanda 04/12/1994 Colonel Blames Right Wing Military for Aurelea Brazeal Nairobi Kigali’s Nightmare 06551 04/13/1994 Security Council: Rwanda Colin Keating No. 2430 04/13/1994 Czech Republic Mission to the UN 2498 Karel Kovanda 2498 04/13/1994 Letter to the President of the Security Boutros Boutros- n/a Council Ghali 04/13/1994 Situation Report No. 37 Arlene Render, n/a Carol Rodley 04/14/1994 My Two IPTs: Rwanda David Hannay Telno 1342 04/14/1994 Final Part of Two [see second part of David Hannay Telno 1340 document] 04/14/1994 Approach to UN Secretariat on UNAMIR Warren State 098085 Christopher 04/14/1994 French Guns, Rwandan Blood (New York Frank Smyth n/a Times) 04/14/1994 Concept and Plan for Options for Retention Roméo Dallaire n/a of UNAMIR 04/15/1994 Your Telno 548: Rwanda David Hannay Telno 1364 04/15/1994 UN Recommendations to be Acted Upon Madeleine Albright USUN 01581 4/15 04/15/1994 Letter from the Permanent Representative Paul Noterdaeme n/a of Belgium to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council 04/15/1994 Rwanda Monitoring Group US Department of n/a State 04/16/1994 My Telno 1364 and Your Telno 557: David Hannay Telno 1374 Rwanda 04/16/1994 Security Council at Impasse on UNAMIR’s Madeleine Albright USUN 01607 Future 04/19/1994 UNAMIR Kofi Annan No. 1194 04/19/1994 A Life Saved (The Washington Post) Alison Des Forges n/a 04/20/1994 Department Tells RPF to Stop the Fighting Warren State 104015 Now Christopher 04/21/1994 UN Security Council Resolution 912 (1994) UN Security S/RES/912 Council 04/21/1994 My Telno 1410: Rwanda David Hannay Telno 1434 04/21/1994 Letter from Monique Mujawamariya to Monique n/a President Clinton Mujawamariya 04/22/1994 Rwandan Human Rights Defender Monique Madeleine Albright USUN 01696 Mujawamariya Meets with Albright 04/23/1994 Department Condemns Rwandan Threats Warren State 108057 Against Human Rights Activist Monique Christopher Mujawamariya 04/24/1994 Arusha Peace Talks Jacques-Roger MIR 830 Booh-Booh 04/25/1994 Security Council: Rwanda Colin Keating C04362 04/26/1994 Meeting with Rwandan Human Rights Strobe Talbott State 110049 Activist 04/28/1994 Security Council consultations Kofi Annan UNAMIR 1351 04/29/1994 Czech Republic Mission to the UN 2721 Karel Kovanda 2721 04/30/1994 Security Council Adopts Presidential Madeleine Albright USUN 01820 Statement on Rwanda, April 30 04/30/1994 Statement by the Political Bureau of the Claude Dusaidi, n/a Rwandese Patriotic Front on the Proposed Gerald Gahima Deployment of a UN Intervention Force in Rwanda 04/30/1994 Security Council: Rwanda Colin Keating n/a 04/30/1994 Next Steps on Rwanda – April 29 Madeleine Albright USUN 01817 04/30/1994 Statement by the President of the Security Colin Keating S/PRST/ Council 1994/21 05/03/1994 US Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace US National PDD-25 Operations Security Council 05/05/1994 Proposed Future Mandate and Force Roméo Dallaire MIR-907 Structure of UNAMIR 05/06/1994 Security Council: Rwanda Colin Keating C04428 05/09/1994 Rwanda Kofi Annan No. 1516 05/11/1994 Informal consultations on the ‘non-paper’ Kofi Annan UNAMIR 1584 05/12/1994 Consultations on the Deployment of the Claude Dusaidi, n/a Proposed UN Force in Rwanda Gerald Gahima 05/16/1994 Rapport de visite fait auprès de la maison Ephrem n/a militaire de cooperation à Paris Rwabalinda 05/17/1994 UN Security Council Resolution 918 (1994) UN Security S/RES/918 Council 05/17/1994 Security Council: Rwanda Colin Keating No.
Recommended publications
  • Open Hearing: Nomination of Gina Haspel to Be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

    Open Hearing: Nomination of Gina Haspel to Be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

    S. HRG. 115–302 OPEN HEARING: NOMINATION OF GINA HASPEL TO BE THE DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION WEDNESDAY, MAY 9, 2018 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Intelligence ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 30–119 PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 VerDate Sep 11 2014 14:25 Aug 20, 2018 Jkt 030925 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 C:\DOCS\30119.TXT SHAUN LAP51NQ082 with DISTILLER SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE [Established by S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d Sess.] RICHARD BURR, North Carolina, Chairman MARK R. WARNER, Virginia, Vice Chairman JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California MARCO RUBIO, Florida RON WYDEN, Oregon SUSAN COLLINS, Maine MARTIN HEINRICH, New Mexico ROY BLUNT, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia TOM COTTON, Arkansas KAMALA HARRIS, California JOHN CORNYN, Texas MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky, Ex Officio CHUCK SCHUMER, New York, Ex Officio JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona, Ex Officio JACK REED, Rhode Island, Ex Officio CHRIS JOYNER, Staff Director MICHAEL CASEY, Minority Staff Director KELSEY STROUD BAILEY, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate Sep 11 2014 14:25 Aug 20, 2018 Jkt 030925 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\DOCS\30119.TXT SHAUN LAP51NQ082 with DISTILLER CONTENTS MAY 9, 2018 OPENING STATEMENTS Burr, Hon. Richard, Chairman, a U.S. Senator from North Carolina ................ 1 Warner, Mark R., Vice Chairman, a U.S. Senator from Virginia ........................ 3 WITNESSES Chambliss, Saxby, former U.S.
  • The Western Media and the Portrayal of the Rwandan Genocide

    The Western Media and the Portrayal of the Rwandan Genocide

    History in the Making Volume 3 Article 5 2010 The Western Media and the Portrayal of the Rwandan Genocide Cherice Joyann Estes CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the African History Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Estes, Cherice Joyann (2010) "The Western Media and the Portrayal of the Rwandan Genocide," History in the Making: Vol. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol3/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Arthur E. Nelson University Archives at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cherice Joyann Estes The Western Media and the Portrayal of the Rwandan Genocide BY CHERICE JOYANN ESTES ABSTRACT: On December 9, 1948, the United Nations established its Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Genocides, however, have continued to occur, affecting millions of people around the globe. The 1994 genocide in Rwanda resulted in an estimated 800,000 deaths. Global leaders were well aware of the atrocities, but failed to intervene. At the same time, the Western media's reports on Rwanda tended to understate the magnitude of the crisis. This paper explores the Western media's failure to accurately interpret and describe the Rwandan Genocide. Recognizing the outside media’s role in mischaracterizations of the Rwanda situation is particularly useful when attempting to understand why western governments were ineffective in their response to the atrocity.
  • The Iran Nuclear Deal: What You Need to Know About the Jcpoa

    The Iran Nuclear Deal: What You Need to Know About the Jcpoa

    THE IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE JCPOA wh.gov/iran-deal What You Need to Know: JCPOA Packet The Details of the JCPOA • FAQs: All the Answers on JCPOA • JCPOA Exceeds WINEP Benchmarks • Timely Access to Iran’s Nuclear Program • JCPOA Meeting (and Exceeding) the Lausanne Framework • JCPOA Does Not Simply Delay an Iranian Nuclear Weapon • Tools to Counter Iranian Missile and Arms Activity • Sanctions That Remain In Place Under the JCPOA • Sanctions Relief — Countering Iran’s Regional Activities What They’re Saying About the JCPOA • National Security Experts and Former Officials • Regional Editorials: State by State • What the World is Saying About the JCPOA Letters and Statements of Support • Iran Project Letter • Letter from former Diplomats — including five former Ambassadors to Israel • Over 100 Ambassador letter to POTUS • US Conference of Catholic Bishops Letter • Atlantic Council Iran Task Force Statement Appendix • Statement by the President on Iran • SFRC Hearing Testimony, SEC Kerry July 14, 2015 July 23, 2015 • Key Excerpts of the JCPOA • SFRC Hearing Testimony, SEC Lew July 23, 2015 • Secretary Kerry Press Availability on Nuclear Deal with Iran • SFRC Hearing Testimony, SEC Moniz July 14, 2015 July 23, 2015 • Secretary Kerry and Secretary Moniz • SASC Hearing Testimony, SEC Carter Washington Post op-ed July 29, 2015 July 22, 2015 THE DETAILS OF THE JCPOA After 20 months of intensive negotiations, the U.S. and our international partners have reached an historic deal that will verifiably prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. The United States refused to take a bad deal, pressing for a deal that met every single one of our bottom lines.
  • US Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War

    US Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War

    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 4-29-2014 U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War Era: A Case Study Analysis of Presidential Decision Making Dennis N. Ricci University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Ricci, Dennis N., "U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War Era: A Case Study Analysis of Presidential Decision Making" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 364. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/364 U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War Era: A Case-Study Analysis of Presidential Decision Making Dennis N. Ricci, Ph.D. University of Connecticut 2014 ABSTRACT The primary focus of this study is to explain presidential decision making, specifically whether to intervene militarily or not in a given circumstance in the Post-Cold War era. First, we define military intervention as the deployment of troops and weaponry in active military engagement (not peacekeeping). The cases in which we are interested involve the actual or intended use of force (“boots on the ground”), in other words, not drone attacks or missile strikes. Thus, we substantially reduce the number of potential cases by excluding several limited uses of force against Iraq, Sudan, and Afghanistan in the 1990s. Given the absence of a countervailing force or major power to serve as deterrent, such as the Soviet enemy in the Cold War period, there are potentially two types of military interventions: (1) humanitarian intervention designed to stop potential genocide and other atrocities and (2) the pre-emptive reaction to terrorism or other threats, such as under the Bush Doctrine.
  • The Rwandan Genocide: a Study for Policymakers Engaged in Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, and International Development

    The Rwandan Genocide: a Study for Policymakers Engaged in Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, and International Development

    Pepperdine Policy Review Volume 13 Article 5 5-7-2021 The Rwandan Genocide: A study for policymakers engaged in foreign policy, diplomacy, and international development Emily A. Milnes Pepperdine University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr Recommended Citation Milnes, Emily A. (2021) "The Rwandan Genocide: A study for policymakers engaged in foreign policy, diplomacy, and international development," Pepperdine Policy Review: Vol. 13 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol13/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Policy at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pepperdine Policy Review by an authorized editor of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. “‘These events grew from a policy aimed at the systematic destruction of a people… We are reminded of the capacity of people everywhere—not just in Rwanda, and certainly not just in Africa—but the capacity for people everywhere to slip into pure evil. We cannot abolish that capacity, but we must never accept it.’” —President Bill Clinton, Kigali, Rwanda (1998) I. Introduction Over a period of 100 days between April and mid-July of 1994, the Rwandan genocide claimed the lives of approximately 800,000 Rwandans and caused the displacement of an estimated two million refugees into surrounding nations (UNHCR). The eruption of fear, brutality, and violence as Rwandans massacred Rwandans stemmed from decades of civil war fueled by intractable existential, political, and socioeconomic conflicts between Tutsis and Hutus.
  • Guerrillas from the Mist: a Defense Attaché Watches the Rwandan Patriotic Front 1 Transform from Insurgent to Counter Insurgent Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P

    Guerrillas from the Mist: a Defense Attaché Watches the Rwandan Patriotic Front 1 Transform from Insurgent to Counter Insurgent Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P

    Small Wars Journal – Jul 2006 SWJ Maga1zine Volume 5 July 2006 SMALL WARS JOURNAL www.smallwarsjournal.com Guerrillas From the Mist: A Defense Attaché Watches the Rwandan Patriotic Front Transform from Insurgent to Counter Insurgent Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. Odom USA (ret.) "If you as the head of the UNHCR and the so-called "purely civilian" camps at operation here in Goma do not address the Kibumba and Katale, some 30 and 65 issue of disarming of the ex-FAR [former kilometers to the north, were taking on an air Forces Armées Rwandaise] and militias in the camps, you will probably see an RPA [Rwandan Patriotic Army] brigade on that traffic circle DIAMONDS IN within the next year," I said, pointing at the THE ROUGH junction just outside the window. "There is another war coming if we do not disarm the SPREAD THE WORD!!! 1 camps and get the refugees home." 1) Great articles from our contributors in this edition. Thanks to them. Hope you get as much out of them as It was late fall 1994 and I had just we did. finished another scouting trip through the 2) The Small Wars Council, our discussion board at Rwandan refugee camps in the area outside www.smallwarsjournal.com. Tremendous level of 2 discussion. 300+ members with wide ranging Goma, Zaire. I did not like what I had seen: experience. And the community has been very civil, the ex-FAR area remained a uniformed camp welcoming, and responsive. Join in. with heavy weapons visible in various places 3) SWJ Daily Links – more far-reaching than the Early Bird for news of interest to Small Wars researchers and 1 practitioners.
  • Democracy and Governance Cross-Sectoral Linkages Zambia Case Study

    Democracy and Governance Cross-Sectoral Linkages Zambia Case Study

    Democracy and Governance Division Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE CROSS-SECTORAL LINKAGES ZAMBIA CASE STUDY December 1999 Field Work Conducted November 1998 PN-ACJ-165 Team Members: Dr. Dana Ott AFR/SD/DG Anne O’Toole Salinas, ABIC Dr. David M. Miller, consultant TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS USED.........................................................................................................................................................I STUDY BACKGROUND AND METHODS ................................................................................................................................II I. OVERVIEW: COUNTRY EXPERIENCE..........................................................................................................................1 II. HOST COUNTRY CONTEXT............................................................................................................................................1 III. THE MISSION CONTEXT FOR SYNERGY....................................................................................................................3 Strategic Objectives..............................................................................................................................................................3 Strategic Team Organization .............................................................................................................................................3 Origin and Activities of the DG SO....................................................................................................................................4
  • DEPARTMENT of STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202–647–4000

    DEPARTMENT of STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202–647–4000

    DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202±647±4000. Internet, http://www.state.gov/. SECRETARY OF STATE MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT Chief of Staff ELAINE K. SHOCAS Executive Assistant ALEJANDRO D. WOLFF Special Assistant to the Secretary and KRISTIE A. KENNEY Executive Secretary of the Department Deputy Assistant Secretary for Equal DEIDRE A. DAVIS Employment Opportunity and Civil Rights Chief of Protocol MARY MEL FRENCH Chairman, Foreign Service Grievance Board THOMAS J. DILAURO Civil Service Ombudsman TED A. BOREK Deputy Secretary of State STROBE TALBOTT Under Secretary for Political Affairs THOMAS R. PICKERING Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and STUART E. EIZENSTAT Agricultural Affairs Under Secretary for Arms Control and JOHN D. HOLUM, Acting International Security Under Secretary for Management BONNIE R. COHEN Under Secretary for Global Affairs FRANK E. LOY Counselor of the Department of State WENDY SHERMAN Assistant Secretary for Administration PATRICK F. KENNEDY Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs MARY A. RYAN Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security DAVID G. CARPENTER and Director of the Office of Foreign Missions Chief Financial Officer BERT T. EDWARDS Chief Information Officer and Director of the FERNANDO BURBANO Bureau of Information Resource Management Director General of the Foreign Service and EDWARD W. GNEHM, JR. Director of Personnel Medical Director, Department of State and CEDRIC E. DUMONT the Foreign Service Executive Secretary, Board of the Foreign TED PLOSSER Service Director of the Foreign Service Institute RUTH A. DAVIS Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugee, JULIA V. TAFT and Migration Affairs Inspector General JACQUELYN L. WILLIAMS-BRIDGERS Director, Policy Planning Staff MORTON H.
  • Why the U.S. Government Failed to Anticipate the Rwandan Genocide of 1994: Lessons for Early Warning and Prevention

    Why the U.S. Government Failed to Anticipate the Rwandan Genocide of 1994: Lessons for Early Warning and Prevention

    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 9 Issue 3 Article 6 2-2016 Why the U.S. Government Failed to Anticipate the Rwandan Genocide of 1994: Lessons for Early Warning and Prevention Matthew Levinger George Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Levinger, Matthew (2016) "Why the U.S. Government Failed to Anticipate the Rwandan Genocide of 1994: Lessons for Early Warning and Prevention," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 9: Iss. 3: 33-58. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.9.3.1362 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol9/iss3/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Why the U.S. Government Failed to Anticipate the Rwandan Genocide of 1994: Lessons for Early Warning and Prevention Matthew Levinger George Washington University Washington, DC, USA Abstract: During the months leading up to the Rwandan genocide of 1994, cognitive biases obstructed the capacity of U.S. government analysts and policymakers to anticipate mass violence against the country’s Tutsi minority. Drawing on declassified U.S. government documents and on interviews with key current and former officials, this essay shows that most U.S. government reporting on Rwanda before April 1994 utilized a faulty cognitive frame that failed to differentiate between threats of civil war and genocide.
  • Post-Cold War U.S

    Post-Cold War U.S

    Continuity and Change in U.S.-Congo Relations: A critical analysis of post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy toward Zaire-Democratic Republic of Congo by Annelisa Lindsay B.A. May 2009, The George Washington University A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Elliott School of International Affairs of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 20, 2012 Thesis Directed by Paul D. Williams Associate Professor of International Affairs © Copyright 2012 by Annelisa Lindsay All rights reserved ii Abstract Continuity and Change in U.S.-Congo Relations: A critical analysis of post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy toward Zaire-Democratic Republic of Congo At the end of the Cold War, a shifting global political climate began to change U.S. foreign policy. U.S. policymakers soon realized that the United States no longer needed to compete with the Soviet Union for influence around the world. New policy priorities took the place of competition in proxy wars, which meant that Africa began to suffer from declining geostrategic importance. Zaire, which had shared a ―special relationship‖ with the United States during the Cold War, was not exempt from the growing malaise in U.S. Africa policy. This study seeks to analyze the continuity or change in U.S. policy toward Zaire, now Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in the post-Cold War era by examining how different foreign policymaking institutions (White House, Congress, national security bureaucracy) directed the decision-making process to influence situations (routine, crisis, extended crisis) in U.S.-Congo relations from 1989 to 2003.
  • "Race" Relations in Rwanda: an Historical Perspective

    "Race" Relations in Rwanda: an Historical Perspective

    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Arts - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 1-1-2010 "Race" relations in Rwanda: An historical perspective Deborah Mayersen University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mayersen, Deborah, "Race" relations in Rwanda: An historical perspective 2010. https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers/1287 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Race Relations in Rwanda: An Historical Perspective Deborah Mayersen „“Genocide” Charge in Rwanda‟ blared the headline in The Times; a few days later it was „Rwanda Policy of Genocide Alleged.‟1 Yet these headlines are not from 1994, but 1964. And while the massacres to which they refer occurred on a far smaller scale than the 1994 genocide, they are unprecedented as massacres targeted at the Tutsi minority as a group. They occurred at the end of a decade of radical change for the tiny nation. In 1954, Rwanda was administered as part of Ruanda-Urundi, a United Nations Trust Territory under Belgian trusteeship.2 The Tutsi minority was regarded as racially superior, enjoyed preferential access to privilege and almost exclusive access to indigenous positions of authority. Their position seemed stably entrenched. Yet an examination of Rwanda just ten years later reveals a starkly contrasting picture. By 1964, the newly independent Republic of Rwanda was ruled almost exclusively by the Hutu majority.3 More than 300,000 Tutsi refugees were scattered around its borders; thousands had been killed in massacres following a failed refugee invasion.4 In the intervening decade the nation had experienced the full throes of rapid decolonisation, revolution and its first democratic elections.
  • September 2019, Vol

    September 2019, Vol

    DALLAIRE SCHOLAR NEWSLETTER SEPTEMBER 2019, VOL. 1, NO. 2 That trip was made possible by a grant from the Student Academic Affairs Board (SAAB). In addition to the students’ remarks, attendees also heard remarks from former Ambassador to Guinea Joyce Leader, who served as deputy to the U.S. ambassador in Rwanda during the genocide. During her 21-year career, she has Kwibuka 25 at Lewis & Clark represented the U.S. in attempts to resolve threats to peace and human rights in Central Story by Franchesca Schrambling, BA ’22, in Africa. Lewis & Clark Newsroom archives She was joined by two additional dignitaries at Inexplicable events tie together communities of the event: David Rawson, U.S. ambassador to the world. The 1994 Tutsi genocide in Rwanda, Rwanda from 1993–96 and current visiting led by Hutu extremists, left an estimated scholar in the Graduate School of Business at 800,000 people dead. To commemorate the George Fox University; and Niels tragedy and to focus efforts on moving forward Marquardt BA ’75, Lewis & Clark’s and rebuilding, the Rwandan people inaugural diplomat in residence. developed Kwibuka, a Kinyarwanda word that means to remember or remembrance. This Both Leader and Rawson were serving in year’s theme is “remember, unite, and renew.” Rwanda before the genocide and were Beginning April 7 and ending July 4, Kwibuka responsible for the evacuation of Americans to marks the Rwandan period of mourning as well Burundi. as remembrance. Ambassador Leader’s remarks are here. Every year, Kwibuka asks the world to come together, support survivors, and ensure that events like the Rwandan genocide never happen again.