DOCSLIB.ORG

Study of Bacterial Communities in Mussel Mytilus Galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) by a Combination of 16S Crdna and 16S Rdna Sequencing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study of Bacterial Communities in Mussel Mytilus Galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) by a Combination of 16S Crdna and 16S Rdna Sequencing Central JSM Microbiology Research Article Corresponding author Simone Cappello, Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC) – CNR of Messina, Spianata San Raineri, Study of Bacterial 86 - 98122 Messina, Italy; Tel: +39-090-6015421; Fax: +39- 090-669003, Email: Submitted: 28 October 2014 Communities in Mussel Mytilus Accepted: 09 January 2015 Published: 12 January 2015 galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Copyright © 2015 Cappello et al. Mytilidae) by a Combination OPEN ACCESS Keywords of 16s Crdna and 16s Rdna • Mytilus galloprovincialis • Microbial community Sequencing • Symbiont Simone Cappello1*, Anna Volta1,2, Santina Santisi1,3, Lucrezia Genovese1, Giulia Maricchiolo1, Martina Bonsignore1 and Michail M. Yakimov1 1Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC) – CNR of Messina, Italy 2Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, University of Catania, Italy 3PhD School of “Biology and Cellular Biotechnology” of University of Messina, Italy Abstract In this study has been analyzed the genetic potential (rDNA) versus expression (crDNA) of microbial populations associated to gills of living mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in natural environment. Data obtained (16S rDNA/crDNA clones libraries) showed as sequences mainly related to Bacteroides/ Chlorobi, Firmicutes and Gamma-Proteobacteria groups are specific in live mussels. It is presumed that further studies of microbial population structure with culture-independent methods will demonstrate the active interactions (symbiosis) between filter-feeding organisms and gill-associated bacteria. ABBREVIATIONS GC-MS: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; DAPI: 4’, carbon,(e.g. sponges, chelating mussels, iron, transforming corals…) may molecular be involved, nitrogen, at least, nitrate in 6-Diamidino-2- Phenylindole 2hcl; CFU: Cultivable Heterotrophic three different typology: (i) nutrient acquisition, (i.e., cycling Bacteria; PAST: Paleontological Staatistics or polyphosphate into bio-available form for organisms) [6- INTRODUCTION production8]; (ii) processing of special of metabolicsecondary wastemetabolites, by eliminating such as protectiveit via the Mussels are ecologically important members of the coastal antibioticsbiotransformation and other of biologicallyseveral toxic active metabolites compounds [9]; [10-12]. and (iii) In and estuarine communities. These bivalve molluscs have the feeders represent one of the most complex and reliable topic and may potentially impact the planktonic structure in a body forany understandingcase, the relationship the biodiversity between bacteriaof bacterial and benthiccommunities filter ability to filter large volumes of waters for their food requirements in marine environment and have functionally important systems [1] and, in general, they may provide a useful nutrient evolutionary and ecological implications. of water. Bacteria are an important component of planktonic bacterial proteins can be digested and assimilated into mussel proteinssource for [2]. the filter-feeding organisms (mussels); indeed, as attribution of in situ microbe-mediated processes to the In this optic the first challenge is to overcome the complicated mussels and bacteria responsible organism(s) improving knowledge on dynamics and Different studies showed the relation between the characteristic of these active interactions. As previously reported studiesfunctional based activity on 16S together rDNA could with not identification indicate activity of ecologically nor prove [1,3,4] but very little is known about the thesignificant viability strains. [13] or evenAlthough the functional many authors role of haveeach phylogeneticargued that [5] the interactions between bacteria and marine organisms Cite this article: Cappello S, Volta A, Santisi S, Genovese L, Maricchiolo G, et al. (2015) Study of Bacterial Communities in Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) by a Combination of 16s Crdna and 16s Rdna Sequencing. JSM Microbiology 3(1): 1016. Cappello et al. (2015) Email: Central group, the rapid developments in reverse transcription-PCR and improvement in RT enzymes have provided opportunities for evaluation of active communities inferred from analysis of toreaction, cDNA RNAusing templates First-Strand were cDNAtreated Synthesis with DNase SuperScript I (Invitrogen)TM II crDNA and mRNA, demonstrating that uncultured bacteria could according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was converted be active in situ. 14. Possible Reverse Transcriptase (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) RT reaction mixtures (20 µl) as previously reported DNA contamination of RNA templates was routinely monitored The aim of the present study was to perform the culture- of active dominant bacterial groups associated to gills of by PCR amplification of aliquots of RNA that were not reverse independent 16S crDNA phylogenetic survey of the identification reactions. Primers used for PCR included the above reverse mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in marine transcribed; no contaminating DNA was detected in any of these (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) Bacteria primer (Uni_1492R) and 16S crDNA forward domain-specific consortiaenvironments; inhabiting in the in same living time mussels. we have analyzed the genetic potential (rDNA) versus expression (crDNA) of microbial , Bac27_F (5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’) [14]. PCR MATERIALS AND METHODS (initial denaturation: 5 min hot-start at 95°C; 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 50°C, 2 min at 72°C, 30 cycles; extension: 10 min at 72°C) was Sampling collection performed with GeneAmp 5700 (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster Living Mytilus galloprovincialis City, CA, USA), using a 50 μl (total volume) mixture containing 1x solution Q (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), 1x Qiagen reaction buffer, specimens were harvested in 1 µM of each forwardTaq and reverse primer, 10µM dNTPs (Gibco, September 2012 to the Lake Faro (38°15′59.95N; 15°38′19.56″E),2 and Invitrogen Co., Carlsbad, CA), 2.0 ml (50-100 ng) of template and located on the north-eastern tip of Sicily (Messina, Italy ;). Lake 2.016S U Clone of Qiagen libraries Polymerase (Qiagen). Faro is a meromictic lake with a surface area of 0.263 km reaches a maximum depth of ∼30 m at its centre. GC-MS analysis was used to reveal the presence of chemicals in the lake’s water After gel electrophoresis of PCR products, purified amplicons transported(data not shown). to the Mussels laboratory were in collecteda cool box by and hand used from for boats further to fromrepresenting the transformed 16S crDNA E. sequencescoli DH10 were cloned into the pGEM a depth of 30 cm. After collection all samples were immediately T-easy Vector II (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA), and inserts β colonies. After blue/white analysis. The organisms were cleaned under running tap water 16screening, mM NH randomlySO ; 5 Mpicked colonies were suspended in PCR with a stiff brush and aseptically shucked with a sterilized knife. lysis solution4 A4 without Proteinase K (67 mM Tris–Cl (pH2 8.8); looselyAfter dissection, associated each microbes. gill samples were further washed four μ β-mercaptoethanol; 6.7 mM MgCl ; 6.7 times with 0.2 µm-filtered autoclaved seawater to remove any μM EDTA (pH 8.0) and heated at 95°C for 5 min. The lysate Bacterial Total Count (DAPI Count) (∼0.2 ng DNA) was used as the template for PCR amplification To determine the bacterial abundance in gills from freshly with primers M13F (5′-GACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAG-3) and M13R (5′-GAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATG-3). PCR products were sequenced using Macrogen Service (Macrocen,et al. Korea). collected mussels, samples of gills tissue were thawed and The analysis of the sequences (1400 to determinebp of average the numberlength) subsequently lightly ground in 10% formaldehyde in sterile-1 was performed as previously described estimated (Yakimov total diversity., 2009). seawater using a ground-glass tissue grinder. After appropriate Rarefaction analysis was performed dilution, aliquots of the homogenates were stained with 1 mg l of unique OTUs as a proportion of the of DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich S.r.L., Milan, Italy) for 5 min [3]. Densities Calculations were performed using the freeware program of gills-associated bacteria were determined by epifluorescence PAleontological STatistics (PAST) version 1.32 (http://folk.uio. counting of fluorescing bodies of appropriate-1. size (~1 µm). Three no/ohammer/past).RESULTS AND DISCUSSION separate homogenates were prepared from each sample. Results wereHeterotrophic expressed as Cultivable number of cell Bacteria gr (CFU) affect microbial communities in terms of both abundance and biodiversity.As previously Measures reported of estimations[3], mussel offiltration the total activity bacteria can For determination of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria (CFU) present in the gills of M. galloprovincialis samples of gills homogenates (as previously described) were values(DAPI ofcount) 2.2 × and10 of heterotrophic cultivable6 CFU gbacteria-1. Data of (CFU) total serially diluted whit sterile seawater. Different dilutions were 7 showed, respectively, estimated by spreading 100 µl onto Marine Agar 2216 medium cells g-1 and 7.2 × 10 (Difco S.p.a., Milan,-1 Italy) and incubated at 20 ± 1°C for 7 days. bacteria (DAPI) count highlighted that microbial abundance Results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) in grams was significantly higher in the gills of mussels than in natural ofDNA/RNA gill (CFU gr Extraction). totalenvironment bacterial (data concentration not shown). detected These inresults the mussels are in accordance is directly with data obtained
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shell Classification – Using Family Plates
    Shell Classification USING FAMILY PLATES YEAR SEVEN STUDENTS Introduction In the following activity you and your class can use the same techniques as Queensland Museum The Queensland Museum Network has about scientists to classify organisms. 2.5 million biological specimens, and these items form the Biodiversity collections. Most specimens are from Activity: Identifying Queensland shells by family. Queensland’s terrestrial and marine provinces, but These 20 plates show common Queensland shells some are from adjacent Indo-Pacific regions. A smaller from 38 different families, and can be used for a range number of exotic species have also been acquired for of activities both in and outside the classroom. comparative purposes. The collection steadily grows Possible uses of this resource include: as our inventory of the region’s natural resources becomes more comprehensive. • students finding shells and identifying what family they belong to This collection helps scientists: • students determining what features shells in each • identify and name species family share • understand biodiversity in Australia and around • students comparing families to see how they differ. the world All shells shown on the following plates are from the • study evolution, connectivity and dispersal Queensland Museum Biodiversity Collection. throughout the Indo-Pacific • keep track of invasive and exotic species. Many of the scientists who work at the Museum specialise in taxonomy, the science of describing and naming species. In fact, Queensland Museum scientists
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 502:219
    The following supplement accompanies the article Spatial patterns in early post-settlement processes of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis L. B. Jennings*, H. L. Hunt Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada *Corresponding author: [email protected] Marine Ecology Progress Series 502: 219–228 (2014) Supplement. Table S1. Average abundance of organisms in the cages for the with-suite treatments at the end of the experiment at the 6 sites in 2008 Birch Dick’s Minister’s Tongue Midjic Clark’s Cove Island Island Shoal Bluff Point Amphipod Corophium 38.5 37.5 21.5 21.6 52.1 40.7 Amphipod Gammaridean 1.4 1.8 3.8 16.2 19.8 16.4 Amphipod sp. 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Amphiporus angulatus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 Amphitrite cirrata 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Amphitrite ornata 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Anenome sp. 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 Anenome sp. 2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.7 Anomia simplex 47.6 28.7 25.2 25.2 10.3 10.4 Anomia squamula 3.2 1.6 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.2 Arabellid unknown 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Ascidian sp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Astarte sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Mollusca: Veneridae) in the Western Pacific Ocean1
    Genetic Relationships among Species of Meretrix (Mollusca: Veneridae) in the Western Pacific Ocean1 Ayako Yashiki Yamakawa,2,3,6 Masashi Yamaguchi,4,5 and Hideyuki Imai4 Abstract: We compared allozymes at 12 loci in 12 populations of six species of Meretrix: M. lusoria ( Japan, Korea, and Taiwan), M. petechialis (China and Ko- rea), M. ovum (Thailand and Mozambique), M. lyrata (China), M. lamarckii ( Ja- pan), and Meretrix sp. A (Okinawa, Japan). Our allozyme results were generally consistent with the major groupings currently recognized within the genus based on morphological characters. However, we found two cryptic or un- described species: Meretrix sp. A from Okinawa and M. cf. lusoria from Taiwan. The shell characters of Meretrix sp. A were similar to those of M. lamarckii, but the species was genetically distinct (Nei’s genetic distance D > 0.845) from all other species examined. The Taiwanese Meretrix population was morphologi- cally indistinguishable from Japanese M. lusoria, although the genetic distance between the Taiwanese and Japanese populations showed a high degree of ge- netic differentiation (D > 0.386). Meretrix lusoria seedlings were introduced into Taiwan from Japan in the 1920s, and Japanese M. lusoria was previously thought to be established as a cultured stock. However, our results suggest that the Taiwanese population may represent a sibling or cryptic species of M. lusoria. Asianhardclams, genus Meretrix (Vener- (Yoosukh and Matsukuma 2001). These idae), are commercially important bivalves clams inhabit the tidal flats, estuaries, and in East and Southeast Asia and East Africa sandy beaches of the Indian Ocean, including East Africa and Southeast Asia, and the west- ern Pacific along the Chinese coast, Korean 1 Financial support was provided from the 21st Peninsula, and Japanese Archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 351:163
    Vol. 351: 163–175, 2007 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published December 6 doi: 10.3354/meps07033 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Structural and functional effects of Mytilus edulis on diversity of associated species and ecosystem functioning Pia Norling*, Nils Kautsky Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT: Habitat-modifying species such as Mytilus edulis strongly impact both community struc- ture and ecosystem functioning through positive or negative interactions with other species and by changing physical and biological conditions. A study of natural patches of mussels showed that C and N content of sediment was higher in mussel patches compared to the surrounding sand community. Species richness and biomass of associated macrofauna and -flora was enhanced even by the pres- ence of single mussels and increased rapidly with patch size up to about 150 cm2, while no change in sediment meiofauna was found. In order to separate the effects of structure and function of M. edulis, a manipulative field experiment was performed with constructed patches of cleaned live mussels or intact empty shells. After 3 mo colonisation, the number of associated species in both treatments approached those in natural mussel patches, indicating that species richness was mainly due to phys- ical structure. Abundance and biomass of associated flora and fauna were higher if live mussels were present because mussel biodeposition and nutrient regeneration supplied limiting resources and increased carrying capacity. Species composition was also affected. Complexity and biodiversity increased with time, especially if Fucus vesiculosus plants established themselves. Measurements of community metabolism showed that the associated community found in mussel patches depends on mussel biodeposition for 24 to 31% of its energy demand.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Mytilus (Moflusca: Bivalvia)
    Heredity74 (1995)369—375 Received26 May 1994 Chromosomal markers in three species of the genus Mytilus (Moflusca: Bivalvia) A. MARTINEZ-LAGE, A. GONZALEZ-TIZON & J. MENDEZ Departamento de Bio/ogia Ce/u/ar y Molecular, Areade Genética,Universidad de La Coruña, 15071 La Coruña, Spain Theanalysis of C-banding, NOR and fluorochrome staining was carried out in three species of European mussel, Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus. The results obtained allow us to detect changes in the constitutive heterochromatin within the genus Mytilus. The existence of chromosomal markers permit us to identify and distinguish, at the cytogenetical level, these three types of mussel. Keywords:C-bands,chromosome markers, CMA3 bands, heterochromatin, Mytilus, NORs. along various coastal regions of the British Isles. Subse- Introduction quently, in France, Britain and Ireland, M. galloprovin- Thegenus Mytilus is the subject of an important cialis has been found to be intermixed with M. edulis, controversy about the systematic status of the different producing hybrid forms (Skibinski & Beardmore, forms within it. In this genus, taxonomic studies were 1979). M. trossulus is distributed in the Baltic Sea. In initially developed in order to establish a systematic the Danish straits, M. trossulus is intermixed with M. relationship between M edulis and M. gaioprovincialis edulis (Váinölä & Hvilsom, 1991). and, later, among other forms of mussels. At first, the On the other hand, studies using Mytilus cyto- studies were focused on morphological criteria and genetics have shown that the diploid number is 28 morphometric parameters (internal and external shell chromosomes (Ahmed & Sparks, 1970; Ieyama & characteristics, the anterior adductor muscle features, Inaba, 1974; Thiriot-Quiévreux & Ayraud, 1982; etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus Galloprovincialis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) in Brazil
    ARTICLE First record of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) in Brazil Carlos Eduardo Belz¹⁵; Luiz Ricardo L. Simone²; Nelson Silveira Júnior³; Rafael Antunes Baggio⁴; Marcos de Vasconcellos Gernet¹⁶ & Carlos João Birckolz¹⁷ ¹ Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro de Estudos do Mar (CEM), Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada e Bioinvasões (LEBIO). Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brasil. ² Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Museu de Zoologia (MZUSP). São Paulo, SP, Brasil. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-9823. E-mail: [email protected] ³ Nixxen Comercio de Frutos do Mar LTDA. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-5141. E-mail: [email protected] ⁴ Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Zoologia (DZOO), Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Parasitologia Evolutiva (LEMPE). Curitiba, PR, Brasil. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-1426. E-mail: [email protected] ⁵ ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2381-8185. E-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) ⁶ ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5116-5719. E-mail: [email protected] ⁷ ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7896-1018. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The genus Mytilus comprises a large number of bivalve mollusk species distributed throughout the world and many of these species are considered invasive. In South America, many introductions of species of this genus have already taken place, including reports of hybridization between them. Now, the occurrence of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is reported for the first time from the Brazilian coast. Several specimens of this mytilid were found in a shellfish growing areas in Florianópolis and Palhoça, Santa Catarina State, Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Embryonic and Larval Development of Ensis Arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) (Bivalvia: Pharidae)
    EMBRYONIC AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENSIS ARCUATUS (JEFFREYS, 1865) (BIVALVIA: PHARIDAE) FIZ DA COSTA, SUSANA DARRIBA AND DOROTEA MARTI´NEZ-PATIN˜O Centro de Investigacio´ns Marin˜as, Consellerı´a de Pesca e Asuntos Marı´timos, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 94, 27700 Ribadeo, Lugo, Spain (Received 5 December 2006; accepted 19 November 2007) ABSTRACT The razor clam Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) is distributed from Norway to Spain and along the British coast, where it lives buried in sand in low intertidal and subtidal areas. This work is the first study to research the embryology and larval development of this species of razor clam, using light and scanning electron microscopy. A new method, consisting of changing water levels using tide simulations with brief Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article/74/2/103/1161011 by guest on 23 September 2021 dry periods, was developed to induce spawning in this species. The blastula was the first motile stage and in the gastrula stage the vitelline coat was lost. The shell field appeared in the late gastrula. The trocho- phore developed by about 19 h post-fertilization (hpf) (198C). At 30 hpf the D-shaped larva showed a developed digestive system consisting of a mouth, a foregut, a digestive gland followed by an intestine and an anus. Larvae spontaneously settled after 20 days at a length of 378 mm. INTRODUCTION following families: Mytilidae (Redfearn, Chanley & Chanley, 1986; Fuller & Lutz, 1989; Bellolio, Toledo & Dupre´, 1996; Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) is the most abundant species of Hanyu et al., 2001), Ostreidae (Le Pennec & Coatanea, 1985; Pharidae in Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • Shelled Molluscs
    Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Archimer http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/ ©UNESCO-EOLSS Archive Institutionnelle de l’Ifremer Shelled Molluscs Berthou P.1, Poutiers J.M.2, Goulletquer P.1, Dao J.C.1 1 : Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzané, France 2 : Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Abstract: Shelled molluscs are comprised of bivalves and gastropods. They are settled mainly on the continental shelf as benthic and sedentary animals due to their heavy protective shell. They can stand a wide range of environmental conditions. They are found in the whole trophic chain and are particle feeders, herbivorous, carnivorous, and predators. Exploited mollusc species are numerous. The main groups of gastropods are the whelks, conchs, abalones, tops, and turbans; and those of bivalve species are oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams. They are mainly used for food, but also for ornamental purposes, in shellcraft industries and jewelery. Consumed species are produced by fisheries and aquaculture, the latter representing 75% of the total 11.4 millions metric tons landed worldwide in 1996. Aquaculture, which mainly concerns bivalves (oysters, scallops, and mussels) relies on the simple techniques of producing juveniles, natural spat collection, and hatchery, and the fact that many species are planktivores. Keywords: bivalves, gastropods, fisheries, aquaculture, biology, fishing gears, management To cite this chapter Berthou P., Poutiers J.M., Goulletquer P., Dao J.C., SHELLED MOLLUSCS, in FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE, from Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford ,UK, [http://www.eolss.net] 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Molluscs Gastropods
    Group/Genus/Species Family/Common Name Code SHELL FISHES MOLLUSCS GASTROPODS Dentalium Dentaliidae 4500 D . elephantinum Elephant Tusk Shell 4501 D . javanum 4502 D. aprinum 4503 D. tomlini 4504 D. mannarense 450A D. elpis 450B D. formosum Formosan Tusk Shell 450C Haliotis Haliotidae 4505 H. varia Variable Abalone 4506 H. rufescens Red Abalone 4507 H. clathrata Lovely Abalone 4508 H. diversicolor Variously Coloured Abalone 4509 H. asinina Donkey'S Ear Abalone 450G H. planata Planate Abalone 450H H. squamata Scaly Abalone 450J Cellana Nacellidae 4510 C. radiata radiata Rayed Wheel Limpet 4511 C. radiata cylindrica Rayed Wheel Limpet 4512 C. testudinaria Common Turtle Limpet 4513 Diodora Fissurellidae 4515 D. clathrata Key-Hole Limpets 4516 D. lima 4517 D. funiculata Funiculata Limpet 4518 D. singaporensis Singapore Key-Hole Limpet 4519 D. lentiginosa 451A D. ticaonica 451B D. subquadrata 451C Page 1 of 15 Group/Genus/Species Family/Common Name Code D. pileopsoides 451D Trochus Trochidae 4520 T. radiatus Radiate Top 4521 T. pustulosus 4522 T. stellatus Stellate Trochus 4523 T. histrio 4524 T. maculatus Maculated Top 452A T. niloticus Commercial Top 452B Umbonium Trochidae 4525 U. vestiarium Common Button Top 4526 Turbo Turbinidae 4530 T. marmoratus Great Green Turban 4531 T. intercostalis Ribbed Turban Snail 4532 T. brunneus Brown Pacific Turban 4533 T. argyrostomus Silver-Mouth Turban 4534 T. petholatus Cat'S Eye Turban 453A Nerita Neritidae 4535 N. chamaeleon Chameleon Nerite 4536 N. albicilla Ox-Palate Nerite 4537 N. polita Polished Nerite 4538 N. plicata Plicate Nerite 4539 N. undata Waved Nerite 453E Littorina Littorinidae 4540 L. scabra Rough Periwinkle 4541 L.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of California Mussel (Mytilus Californianus) Fisheries Biology and Fisheries Programs
    Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans Canada Canada Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Secrétariat canadien pour l’évaluation des stocks Research Document 99/187 Document de recherche 99/187 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors1 autorisation des auteurs1 A Review of California Mussel (Mytilus californianus) Fisheries Biology and Fisheries Programs D. Schmidt North Island Biological Consultants Ltd. 5088A Beaver Harbour Road Box 2437 Port Hardy, BC V0N 2P0 1 This series documents the scientific basis for the 1 La présente série documente les bases scientifiques evaluation of fisheries resources in Canada. As des évaluations des ressources halieutiques du such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time Canada. Elle traite des problèmes courants selon les frames required and the documents it contains are échéanciers dictés. Les documents qu’elle contient not intended as definitive statements on the subjects ne doivent pas être considérés comme des énoncés addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing définitifs sur les sujets traités, mais plutôt comme investigations. des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the official Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans la language in which they are provided to the langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit envoyé Secretariat. au secrétariat. ISSN 1480-4883 Ottawa, 1999 1.0 Abstract This paper is a literature review of all available and relevant information on past and present data concerning the California mussel (Mytilus californianus) for the purposes of establishing a fishery on M. californianus. A group located on North Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC), the Vancouver Island Shellfish Cooperative (VISCO), has expressed an interest in starting a commercial harvest on California mussels for the purpose of creating jobs in the winter months (G.
    [Show full text]
  • MS#6 (Tayco Et Al)
    Philippine Journal of Science 142 (1): 45-54, June 2013 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: ?? Feb 20?? Characterization of a κ-Carrageenase-producing Marine Bacterium, Isolate ALAB-001 Crimson C. Tayco1, Francis A. Tablizo1, Raymond S. Regalia2 and Arturo O. Lluisma1* 1The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101 2Center for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052 Carrageenases are glycoside hydrolases that specifically degrade carrageenan, a highly anionic polysaccharide found in the cell wall of many red algal species. To date, only a few of these enzymes have been characterized, and identifying additional sources is important considering the role of carrageenases in production of carrageenan derivatives. In this paper, we report the characterization of a marine bacterial strain that produces κ-carrageenase. The strain, which we designate as ALAB-001, was isolated from diseased thallus fragments of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii, a commercially important source of carrageenan. Genotypic and phenotypic data suggest that the isolate belongs to a relatively poorly-characterized group of bacteria in Alteromonadaceae (Alteromonadales) and is closely related to Marinimicrobium and Microbulbifer. Significant κ-carrageenase activity (175 U/mL) was evident when the isolate was grown in the presence of κ-carrageenan. Activity against starch was also high (180 U/mL), but activity against agar, alginate, cellulose, ι-carrageenan, and λ-carrageenan was significantly lower (25-50 U/mL). Laboratory-scale production of the enzyme using batch cultures of the isolate was achieved by optimizing culture medium, length of culture time and degree temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • View a Copy of This Licence, Visit
    Raimundo et al. Microbiome (2021) 9:43 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00970-2 RESEARCH Open Access Functional metagenomics reveals differential chitin degradation and utilization features across free-living and host-associated marine microbiomes I. Raimundo1†, R. Silva1†, L. Meunier1,2, S. M. Valente1, A. Lago-Lestón3, T. Keller-Costa1* and R. Costa1,4,5,6* Abstract Background: Chitin ranks as the most abundant polysaccharide in the oceans yet knowledge of shifts in structure and diversity of chitin-degrading communities across marine niches is scarce. Here, we integrate cultivation- dependent and -independent approaches to shed light on the chitin processing potential within the microbiomes of marine sponges, octocorals, sediments, and seawater. Results: We found that cultivatable host-associated bacteria in the genera Aquimarina, Enterovibrio, Microbulbifer, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella, and Vibrio were able to degrade colloidal chitin in vitro. Congruent with enzymatic activity bioassays, genome-wide inspection of cultivated symbionts revealed that Vibrio and Aquimarina species, particularly, possess several endo- and exo-chitinase-encoding genes underlying their ability to cleave the large chitin polymer into oligomers and dimers. Conversely, Alphaproteobacteria species were found to specialize in the utilization of the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine more often. Phylogenetic assessments uncovered a high degree of within-genome diversification of multiple, full-length endo-chitinase genes for Aquimarina and Vibrio strains, suggestive of a versatile chitin catabolism aptitude. We then analyzed the abundance distributions of chitin metabolism-related genes across 30 Illumina-sequenced microbial metagenomes and found that the endosymbiotic consortium of Spongia officinalis is enriched in polysaccharide deacetylases, suggesting the ability of the marine sponge microbiome to convert chitin into its deacetylated—and biotechnologically versatile—form chitosan.
    [Show full text]