Sakoku (鎖国) Is a Policy of Controlled and Very Limited External Contact, for Business Or Otherwise, Imposed by the Edo Bakufu
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Japanese Economic Growth During the Edo Period*
Japanese Economic Growth during the Edo Period* Toshiaki TAMAKI Abstract During the Edo period, Japanese production of silver declined drastically. Japan could not export silver in order to import cotton, sugar, raw silk and tea from China. Japan was forced to carry out import-substitution. Because Japan adopted seclusion policy and did not produce big ships, it used small ships for coastal trade, which contributed to the growth of national economy. Japanese economic growth during the Edo period was indeed Smithian, but it formed the base of economic development in Meiji period. Key words: Kaimin, maritime, silver economic growth, Sakoku 1.Introduction Owing to the strong influence of Marxism, and Japan’s defeat in World War II, Japanese historians dismissed the Edo period (1603–1867) as a stagnating period. Japan, during this period, was regarded as a country that lagged behind Europe because of its underdeveloped social and economic systems. It had been closed to the outside world for over two hundred years, as a result of its Sakoku (seclusion) policy, and could not, therefore, progress as rapidly as Europe and the United States. This image of Japan during the Edo period began to change in the 1980s, and this period is now viewed as an age of economic growth, even if Japan’s growth rates were not as rapid as those of Europe. Economic growth during the Edo period is now even considered to be the foundation for the economic growth that occurred after the Meiji period. In this paper, I will develop three arguments that demonstrate the veracity of the above viewpoint. -
Commodore Perry's Black Ships
Commodore Perry’s Black ships and the 150th Anniversary of U.S.–Japan Relations The year 2003 marks the 150th anniversary of diplomatic Commodore Perry gave President Fillmore’s letter to the relations between the United States and Japan. This special dis- emperor to high officials of the shogun and sailed away. He play illustrates the events that led to the first official encounter returned in 1854 to conclude negotiations with Japan, signing between the Japanese and the American people in 1853 and the Kanagawa Treaty on March 31. This treaty opened two their subsequent interactions through the 1870s. ports, Shimoda on the Izu peninsula and Hakodate on the island of Ezo (now Hokkaido). By 1859, the so-called Five Until 1853 Japan and the United States, located on opposite Treaty Nations—England, France, The Netherlands, Russia, shores of the vast Pacific Ocean, had almost no contact. By and the U.S.—had all become trade partners with Japan. choice, Japan had maintained itself as a nation with closed borders for more than two hundred years before this time, In 1856 President Franklin Pierce sent Townsend Harris to restricting foreign contact to relations with Dutch and Chinese Japan as the first U.S. consul to that nation. Harris worked on traders, who were allowed access only to Nagasaki on the a draft of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the Japan- island of Kyushu. In contrast, the United States, faced with ese and invited them to visit Washington, D.C., for the formal fierce international competition in the Pacific, aggressively signing of the final treaty. -
On the Structuring of a Model for Multiplying Exhibition Experience Through Utilizing Digital Technologies
On the structuring of a model for multiplying exhibition experience through utilizing digital technologies KITANO, Keisuke (Professor, College of Image Arts and Sciences, Ritsumeikan University) OHSHIMA, Toshikazu (Professor, College of Image Arts and Sciences, Ritsumeikan University) WATANABE, Shuji (Associate Professor, College of Image Arts and Sciences, Ritsumeikan University) future of energy and was primarily aimed at teenagers Abstract: to deepen their understanding of nuclear power and This paper discusses a research report for radioactivity in the wake of the nuclear accidents structuring a model for multiplying exhibition triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake. experience through utilizing digital technologies such Serving as preparatory work for the Dejima as Virtual Reality(VR) and game design creation based Project by mobilizing digital technology and video- on two field research projects. game-inspired induction methodology into exhibit One of the projects is about achievements and development, through the incorporation of interactive findings of exhibition practice conducted in spring visual technology with playful design in addition to 2012 at Kyoto Museum for World Peace, Ritsumeikan conventional one-way information presentation, such University. The other is about preparatory stages as through the use of panels and exhibits, the interests of a project of which the main purpose is to structure and motivation of visitors can be raised, and realization a game-inspired Virtual Reality system in which one of memorable exhibiting can be considered. could experience a digital simulation of Nagasaki’s Dejima in the Edo Period in Japan through multi-modal Five meetings were held with staff members interactivity. involved in this exhibition in which it was decided to conduct two projects: A) Production of interactive visual systems; and B) Production of tour experiencing Keywords: design for exhibiting and viewing. -
Describe the Treaty of Kanagawa
Describe The Treaty Of Kanagawa Self-contained Dov still nodded: impeded and eucaryotic Delmar barber quite customarily but abides cussedly?Sothicher calligraphists and wooden-headed. consubstantially. Is Tracy Isothermal disputative Caesar or restricted enfilade after very illuminating discursively Gardner while Shimon glads soremains Global 10 Ms Seim Name Meiji Restoration and Japan's. 3Describe the causes and impacts of the Spanish-American War. 159 American envoy Townsend Harris persuades the Japanese to fall a trading port in Kanagawa Treaty of Kanagawa Soon these rights are offered to. School textbooks in America and Japan describe what Perry's naval. In 154 Perry returned and negotiated the preach of Kanagawa with Japan. What benefits did the control of Kanagawa grant the United States. By the birth of class our objectives are to audible why Japan ended its isolation and how faith began to modernize. Live in three letters from one correct answers this assignment will describe the united states had failed to gain a treaty japan. Perry's Black Ships in Japan and Ryukyu The Whitewash of. YOKOHAMA WHERE THE spirit BEGAN several New York. Treaty Ports and Traffickers Chapter 1 Japan's Imperial. March 2004 SE National Council yet the Social Studies. Japan and World Seaports Maritime heritage Project San. Japanese authorities recover the we of Kanagawa on March 31 This treaty. Treaty of Kanagawa Japan-United States 154 Britannica. Commodore expects to the treaty of kanagawa. Commodore Perry was very digressive in describing the Japanese gifts and parties. Chapter 14 Becoming a city Power 172-1912 Yonkers. Japanese nationalism 19th century Organic Trader. -
Japan Has Always Held an Important Place in Modern World Affairs, Switching Sides From
Japan has always held an important place in modern world affairs, switching sides from WWI to WWII and always being at the forefront of technology. Yet, Japan never came up as much as China, Mongolia, and other East Asian kingdoms as we studied history at school. Why was that? Delving into Japanese history we found the reason; much of Japan’s history was comprised of sakoku, a barrier between it and the Western world, which wrote most of its history. How did this barrier break and Japan leap to power? This was the question we set out on an expedition to answer. With preliminary knowledge on Matthew Perry, we began research on sakoku’s history. We worked towards a middle; researching sakoku’s implementation, the West’s attempt to break it, and the impacts of Japan’s globalization. These three topics converged at the pivotal moment when Commodore Perry arrived in Japan and opened two of its ports through the Convention of Kanagawa. To further our knowledge on Perry’s arrival and the fall of the Tokugawa in particular, we borrowed several books from our local library and reached out to several professors. Rhoda Blumberg’s Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun presented rich detail into Perry’s arrival in Japan, while Professor Emi Foulk Bushelle of WWU answered several of our queries and gave us a valuable document with letters written by two Japanese officials. Professor John W. Dower’s website on MIT Visualizing Cultures offered analysis of several primary sources, including images and illustrations that represented the US and Japan’s perceptions of each other. -
Japan's Security Relations with China Since 1989
Japan’s Security Relations with China since 1989 The Japanese–Chinese security relationship is one of the most important vari- ables in the formation of a new strategic environment in the Asia-Pacific region which has not only regional but also global implications. The book investigates how and why since the 1990s China has turned in the Japanese perception from a benign neighbour to an ominous challenge, with implications not only for Japan’s security, but also its economy, role in Asia and identity as the first devel- oped Asian nation. Japan’s reaction to this challenge has been a policy of engagement, which consists of political and economic enmeshment of China, hedged by political and military power balancing. The unique approach of this book is the use of an extended security concept to analyse this policy, which allows a better and more systematic understanding of its many inherent contradictions and conflicting dynamics, including the centrifugal forces arising from the Japan–China–US triangular relationship. Many contradictions of Japan’s engagement policy arise from the overlap of military and political power-balancing tools which are part of containment as well as of engagement, a reality which is downplayed by Japan but not ignored by China. The complex nature of engagement explains the recent reinforcement of Japan’s security cooperation with the US and Tokyo’s efforts to increase the security dialogues with countries neighbouring China, such as Vietnam, Myanmar and the five Central Asian countries. The book raises the crucial question of whether Japan’s political leadership, which is still preoccupied with finding a new political constellation and with overcoming a deep economic crisis, is able to handle such a complex policy in the face of an increasingly assertive China and a US alliance partner with strong swings between engaging and containing China’s power. -
Dejima and Huis Ten Bosch •fi Two Dutch Cities in Japan
UC Berkeley TRANSIT Title Dejima and Huis Ten Bosch – Two Dutch Cities in Japan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vv631q8 Journal TRANSIT, 5(1) Authors Brandt, Bettina Tawada, Yoko Publication Date 2009 DOI 10.5070/T751009741 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Hausutembosu (Huis ten Bosch) by Bettina Brandt Looking for traces of historical Dutch-Japanese trade relations in the Nagasaki area, Y and I stopped at Huis ten Bosch, a Dutch theme park in Sasebo that doubles as a waterfront resort-cum-residential area, drawing tourists as well as those interested in experiments in urban living. Most of the tourists come from Southeast Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea); tourists from other places are few and far between. A local Japanese tycoon envisioned the park in the late eighties, at a time when a number of such ethno-themed parks—known in Japanese as gaikoku mura (foreign villages)—were being built. Period parks like Edo Wonderland in Hokkaido (tagline: “the essence of Japan”) are also popular tema paku destinations in Japan. There, tourists can visit the past and walk around in Edo-period costumes (and dress up like a samurai, wear a ninja costume, or perhaps dress up as a yuujo , 遊女, or “play woman”) for the day. The Japanese theater troupe Lasenkan in Berlin When Huis ten Bosch finally opened its doors to the public in the early 1990s, however, the recession was about to hit, and the park, one of the subsidiaries of the Huis ten Bosch Corporation, has been in receivership twice already. -
Japan and the West:An Historical Sketch
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE Title Japan and the West:an historical sketch Author(s) McOmie, William Walter Citation 長崎大学教育学部人文科学研究報告, 44, pp.49-67; 1992 Issue Date 1992-03-25 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/33155 Right This document is downloaded at: 2017-12-22T06:28:08Z http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp ftptf7kcfl}kwtfffl;gtsAJsZjstfl}k6}f3eXIS ag44e 49---67 (l992) Japan and the West : an historical sketch William Walter McOmie If asked most people would answer that parallel lines, by definition, do not intersect. That is true in the ideal world of Euclidean geometry. But we do not live in such a world. In the real world parallel lines intersect with a vengeance. In this paper those parallel lines will represent parallel countries and cultures and the focus will be on those points where they intersect and connect. If this paper has any claim to originality, it is not in the discovery of heretofore unknown historieal personages or events, but in their interpretation and integration. Indeed, history has shown that history, as such, does not exist, but rather the different interpretations of past events by individual historians. I hope that this paper will serve as a model of a kind of historical interpretation that strives to connect different countries and cultures. The purpose of this paper is twofold:to provide a capsule account of the most significant events in world and Japanese history leading up to the first landing of Europeans in Japan, and to focus on the interaction of Europeans and Japanese up to the year 1852. -
Portuguese Ships on Japanese Namban Screens
PORTUGUESE SHIPS ON JAPANESE NAMBAN SCREENS A Thesis by KOTARO YAMAFUNE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Portuguese Ships on Japanese Namban Screens Copyright 2012 Kotaro Yamafune PORTUGUESE SHIPS ON JAPANESE NAMBAN SCREENS A Thesis by KOTARO YAMAFUNE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Committee Members, Kevin J. Crisman Molly Warsh Head of Department, Cynthia Werner August 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Portuguese Ships on Japanese Namban Screens. (August 2012) Kotaro Yamafune, B.A., Hosei University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Namban screens are a well-known Japanese art form that was produced between the end of the 16th century and throughout the 17th century. More than 90 of these screens survive today. They possess substantial historical value because they display scenes of the first European activities in Japan. Among the subjects depicted on Namban screens, some of the most intriguing are ships: the European ships of the Age of Discovery. Namban screens were created by skillful Japanese traditional painters who had the utmost respect for detail, and yet the European ships they depicted are often anachronistic and strangely. On maps of the Age of Discovery, the author discovered representations of ships that are remarkably similar to the ships represented on the Namban screens. -
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The" Black Ships" And" Sakoku": Commodore Matthew C. Perry's
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 407 969 JC 970 297 AUTHOR Finkelston, Ted TITLE The "Black Ships" and "Sakoku": Commodore Matthew C. Perry's Expedition to Japan. Asian Studies Module. INSTITUTION Saint Louis Community Coll. at Meramec, MO. PUB DATE 97 NOTE 7p.; For the related instructional modules, see JC 970 286-300 PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Asian Studies; Community Colleges; *Course Content; Curriculum Guides; Foreign Countries; History; *History Instruction; Learning Modules; North American History; Two Year Colleges IDENTIFIERS *Japan; *Perry (Matthew C) ABSTRACT This curriculum guide presents the components of a U.S. history course examining the causes and immediate effects of the opening of Japan to American trade and diplomacy by Commodore Matthew C. Perry's 1853-1854 Japanese expedition. The first part of the guide introduces the goals of the course. Next, the student objectives of the course are listed, emphasizing the basic understanding of the following:(1) the social institutions, political institutions, economic institutions, and international relations of the Tokugawa Shogunate at the time of the expedition;(2) political and economic motivations of the Fillmore administration to send the expedition to Japan;(3) the roles of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and Masahiro Abe; and (4) the general provisions of the Treaty of Kanagawa. The student learning activities of the course are then detailed, highlighting the pre-test, an essay, group discussions, and an oral presentation. The remainder of the curriculum guide provides the method of student evaluation, the time frame for the exercise, and the pre-test instrument. Contains a bibliography. -
Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: a Global Comparison
rik Van WELie Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison INTRODUCTION From the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century, slavery played a fundamental role in the Dutch colonial empire.1 All overseas possessions of the Dutch depended in varying degrees on the labor of slaves who were imported from diverse and often remote areas. Over the past decades numer- ous academic publications have shed light on the history of the Dutch Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in the Dutch Americas.2 These scholarly contribu- tions, in combination with the social and political activism of the descen- dants of Caribbean slaves, have helped to bring the subject of slavery into the national public debate. The ongoing discussions about an official apology for the Dutch role in slavery, the erection of monuments to commemorate that history, and the inclusion of some of these topics in the first national history canon are all testimony to this increased attention for a troubled past.3 To some this recent focus on the negative aspects of Dutch colonial history has already gone too far, as they summon the country’s glorious past to instill a 1. I would like to thank David Eltis, Pieter Emmer, Henk den Heijer, Han Jordaan, Gerrit Knaap, Gert Oostindie, Alex van Stipriaan, Jelmer Vos, and the anonymous reviewers of the New West Indian Guide for their many insightful comments. As usual, the author remains entirely responsible for any errors. This article is an abbreviated version of a chapter writ- ten for the “Migration and Culture in the Dutch Colonial World” project at KITLV.