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Status of Butterfly Species in Pallassena Village, Palakkad District, Kerala

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Status of Butterfly Species in Pallassena Village, Palakkad District, Kerala Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(3): 320-329 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Status of butterfly species in Pallassena village, JEZS 2018; 6(3): 320-329 © 2018 JEZS Palakkad district, Kerala Received: 17-03-2018 Accepted: 18-04-2018 N Narmadha N Narmadha and Dr. K Varunprasath PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Butterflies are one of the most important assemblages of insects that act as biodiversity indicators as well Dr. K Varunprasath as nature’s gardeners. The current survey was carried out to document the butterfly species diversity Assistant Professor, M.Sc, M.Phil, Ph.D PSG College of along with abundance in Pallassana Village, Palakkad district, Kerala from September 2017 to January Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 2018. A total of 303 individuals with 57 varieties, under five families of butterflies were recorded. Tamil Nadu, India Among the families, Nymphalidae consist of 27 species followed by Pieridae 12 species, Papilionidae 10 species, Lycanidae 7 species and one Hesperiidae species were observed. Among these families maximum abundance in Herbs and shrubs habitat with 29 species followed by grassland includes 17 species, agricultural with 9 species. Based on the IUCN list, 26 common species, 16 very common, 12 uncommon species and one rare species were recorded. According to monthly wise abundance, maximum of 80 species in the month of January where as 4 species in September were observed during the study. Keywords: Butterflies, abundance, distribution, diversity indices, Pallassana village 1. Introduction Butterflies are day flyer and a colourful insect belonging to the Order Lepidoptera. These insects plays an important role in ecosystem as plant pollinator in food chain as herbivores [1]. 18, 000 butterfly species around the world. Butterflies respond to trouble and alter in habitat [2] and act as an environmental pointer . Environmental variations and changes in the forest composition are severely affected for butterflies because butterflies are directly dependent on flora [3-4]. Migration or local extinction of butterflies purely based on minor changes in habitat alteration [4-6]. Butterfly diversity might be reflecting the overall floral variety in the certain region because of their floral association [7]. Butterflies mixture ultimately reflects overall plant range specially herbs and shrubs in the region [8]. [9] More than half of the world’s known animal species are insects in which Lepidoptera is the second largest and the most diverse order in the class Insecta [10]. [11] Documented 19238 species of butterflies in the world. Later, [12] reported 1504 species in Indian subcontinent. [13] Reported about 177 species of butterflies in Central Provinces [14]. Recorded a total of 167 species of 90 genera from Vidarbha region. In India, out of 1,501 butterfly varieties, 521 Brush-footed butterflies, 443 Blues, 321 are Skippers, 109 Whites and Yellows and 107 Swallowtails [15]. Butterfly species are firmly seasonal and favour only a particular set of habitats [16]. Butterflies are fine indicators in terms of anthropogenic interruption and habitat excellence [17]. Out of 18,000 known butterfly species of world, in Indian subcontinent alone identified around 1500 butterfly species which contain 8.33% [18-19]. In India, during 19th [12] century the pioneering work in butterfly studies started . 330 butterfly species present in Western Ghats and 48 species are endemic to Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR). Out of 1,501 species of butterflies in India, 334 varieties were reported from the Western Ghats and 37 species are endemic to the Western Ghats [20-21]. In Western Ghats has 334 varieties of butterflies and 316 species reported from Kerala [22]. In Kerala state the documentation of [23-29] butterfly species done by several researchers . The Western Ghats of India is under threat due to deforestation and one of the hotspots regions Correspondence [30]. Biodiversity mostly affected by habitat destruction and deterioration feature [31]. Increased Dr. K Varunprasath city quality along with road and rail network, buildings leads correspond with decreases in Assistant Professor, M.Sc, [32-35] M.Phil, Ph.D PSG College of butterfly species richness, variety and abundance . Habitat degradation as well as Arts and Science, Coimbatore, decreased floral species diversity, reduced water quality and increased air and soil pollutions Tamil Nadu, India due to urbanization development [36-40]. Use of heavy machinery and increased input of ~ 320 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies insecticides, pesticides and herbicides [41] of these, chemical 2. Materials and Methods pesticides potentially affect development of butterfly larva 2.1 Study Area and nectar producing plants which adversely affect adult butterfly diversity. Developments of agriculture field in forest ecosystem endanger many species throughout the world [42]. Fig 1: Showing the Satellite map of Pallassana village, Palakkad district, Kerala (Scale-100 feet, 50 meter) Kerala, traditionally identified as Keralam, is an Indian state in IUCN (2015) was followed. The transects surveyed of in South India. Palakkad is one of 14 districts of the state of existing Garden, Agriculture area, Shrubs and herbs, Kerala in Southern India. Palakkad has a dry climate with the Grassland areas. Typical and unique features of the wings, moderate temperature exception in March and April and abdomen and pattern of coloration of all body parts were annual rainfall is around 83 inches (211 cm). The summers noted down. Sketches were made accordingly using pencils are much rainier than the winters in Palakkad. The average and marked the pattern of colour patches and print annual temperature in Palakkad is 27.8 °C. In a year, the distribution. Butterflies were photographed by (Sony W520) average rainfall is 2135 mm. Plains, Mountains, Backwaters, camera, from different angles to enable positive identification Forests, Farm lands and including Parambikulam Wildlife of species. Descriptions, photographs and drawings were Sanctuary and Silent Valley National Park make up the compared with literature and the species were identified based topography of the district. In Silent Valley National Park, 128 on the collected data and available reference, both printed and butterfly varieties and 400 species of moths found inside the electronic. Identification of species was confirmed with the national park under situated this district. In Parambikulam help of the field guides [21] taxonomy and nomenclature has Wildlife Sanctuary, 39 species of mammals, 280 species of been updated. Vegetations of each site and sub site were birds, 61 species of reptiles, 47 species of fishes and keenly observed and relevant data were recorded enumerable number of butterflies and insects are sharing this eco system. Pallassana Village present in Nemmara Block in 2.3 Measurement of Diversity Palakkad District and belongs to Central Kerala Division. In Relative dominance index of the butterfly species was this village, the temperature remains moderate throughout the calculated by year, the annual rainfall around 2,135 millimetres and receive Dominance index (%) = Number of individuals of one species South-West Monsoon. The forest covers an area of 13, 6,257 (n) X 100/Number of individuals of all species (N). hectare which is 25% of the total geographical area, mainly Simpson’s Index is a measure of diversity; it takes into over the north eastern of the district. The village has a account the number of species present, as well as the Gardens, Trees as well as Wild plants. The major Garden abundance of each species. plants are Ixora (Ixora alversia), Hibiscus (Hibiscus syricua), D = Σn (n-1)/ N (N-1) Catharanthus roses etc. Trees include Palms, Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Mango trees (Manifera indica) and Jack fruit trees. Where, D-Simpson’s index n-The number of individuals of each different species 2.2 Methodology N-The total number of individuals of all species. The survey was carried out from September 2017 to January 2018 (morning 6.00 am till 7.00 p.m) Pallassana Village, Shannon Weaver index is used to characterize species Palakkad district. The survey of butterflies was undertaken diversity and abundance in a community. Shannon-Wiener along five different transects. The butterflies were recorded index (H’) is given as follows using standard transect counting method [43], counted while H’= - Σ Pi ln (Pi), walking along the selected transect route of 1 km, in each Where, H’-the Shannon’s index, Pi-the proportion of habitat. The nomenclature used in the check list of Butterflies individuals in the i th species, ln-natural log. ~ 321 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 3. Result 3.1 Table Showing the Status of Butterflies in Pallassena Village, Palakkad District, Kerala. Common name Scientific name Habitat and host plant Family name-Nymphalidae Glassy blue tiger* Parantica aglea GI, Calotropis sp. Ceropegia sp. Cryptolepis buchanani, Tylophora indica, T. tenuis GIII, Barleria spp, Hygrophila auriculata, Justicia neesii, J. procumbens, Arrowleaf Lemon pansy* Junonia lemonias Sida Sida rhombifolia, Corchorus capsularis. GIII, Asclepias currassavica, Ceropegia sp. Cynanchum sp., Marsdenia roylei, Striped tiger* Danus genita Stepahnotis sp. Tylophora tenuis. GIII, Adenia hondala, Modecca palmata, Passiflora edulis, P. foetida, P. subpeltata, Tawny coster* Acraea tersicore Hybanthus enneaspermus, Turnera ulmifolia. GIII,Calotropis gigantea, C. procera, Cynanchum
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