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Broadhurst, K. Cornish Language

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h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 4 7 9 6 7 / Q H K F 3 7 9 1 N O V E M B E R 2 0 2 0 V O L U M E 6 T H E D E A T H A N D S U B S E Q U E N T R E V I V A L O F T H E C O R N I S H L A N G U A G E Kensa Broadhurst University of Exeter Abstract Cornish is the vernacular language of Cornwall, the most South-Western part of Great Britain. It is widely believed the language died out in the eighteenth century with the death of Dolly Pentreath, the so-called last speaker of the language. What caused the language to become extinct, and why do minority languages fall into disuse? After the subsequent Cornish language revival at the beginning of the twentieth century, what lessons can the language community learn from linguists who have researched language extinction and revival? I. Introduction po dres dispresyans heb dyskans. Gwell My a vynnsa skrifa a-dro dhe’m hwithrans yw gans nebes tus kewsel an yeth rann yn kever mernans yethow yn ollgemmyn vrassa rag achesonyow politek po erbysek, ha mernans an yeth Gernewek yn ha wosa termyn hir an poblans a dhalleth arbennek. Yn ow breus vy yma meur a dhe dhos ha bos diwyethek. Rag an nessa dhyskansow rag an gemeneth henedhow gwella yw kewsel an yeth rann kernewegoryon dhe dhyski dhyworth fatel vrassa hepken ha wortiwedh, an yeth wra hedhi mernans an yethow. Des a vinoryta na veu gewsys marnas gans an dheffo, an moyha didheurek yw, y fo bysi dus koth. Yma elven dhidheurek moy. Pan dhe gewsel yethow gans an teylu y’n chi. a fleghes neb a gews yeth vinoryta dhe An gwella tra, ha’n moy posek, rag an skol le mayth yw res dhedha kewsel ha termyn a dheu dhe yethow minoryta yw dyski yeth rann vrassa, an teylu, mar aga threusperthi dhe’n henedh nessa heb kewsons i yeth vinoryta hepken, a dhalleth falladow, ha nyns yw, herwydh konygyon kewsel an yeth rann vrassa ynwedh. Ny yethow, da lowr gul marnas dyski yethow yllons i gortos unyethek drefen bos poos yn skol, po yn klassow gorthugherweyth dhyworth an flogh dhe gewsel yeth aral rag tevesigyon. herwydh konygyon yethow. Awos henna, an fordh bosek rag difres yethow minoryta Yn kynsa le, prag y ferow yethow? yw aga threusperthi dhe’n henedh nessa, Herwydh an wiasva Ethnologue, yma ha ri kerensa rag yeth vinoryta dhe’n seyth mil yeth kans ha seytek y’n bys yn henedh nessa. An gwella tra a vydh an pols ma. Hwetek kansran ha peswar ugens fleghes dhe dhos ha bos diwyethek. a veu kewsys gans peder kansran dhe’n poblans, ha rag unn kwarter dhe’n yethow, My re studhyas istori an yeth Gernewek yma le ages mil kowser hepken. An niver kyns mernans Dolly Pentreath. Pur yagh o kesriv dhe gowsoryon rag pub yeth yw an yeth Gernewek kyns oos Tudor. An hwegh mil. Yethow minoryta a dheu ha peswardhegves ha pymthegves bos fesyas gans yethow rann vrassa drefen kansvledhynnyow o oos owrek rag an yeth, an yethow rann vrassa dhe heveli moy pan veu skrifys an gwariow mir an posek. Yma lies rann yn mernans yeth. Yn ‘Ordinalia,’ (Origo Mundi, Passio Christi ha kynsa le yma, dell yw usys, discernyans Resurrexio Domini), ha’n bardhonek ‘Pascon politek po kowethasek war-tu kowsoryon Agan Arluth.’ Y feu dew wari bewnans sens an yeth vinoryta, po dres policis sodhogel, skrifys ynwedh – dhe Veriasek ha Ke. Mes 20 | THE OPEN REVIEW N O V E M B E R 2 0 2 0 V O L U M E 6 wosa y teuth ha bos Henry VII Myghtern ev edhom dhe’n glorogyon kewsel Kernewek a ros orth y skodhyoryon gernewek ha hwath y’n seytegves kansvledhen. Dres an kembrek oberennow yn y lys, ha gwella o Kas an Pymp Pobel res o dhe William ganso kewsel Sowsnek. Wosa Henry VIII Jackman, pronter Lannfiek, ri Komun Sans dhe worfenna gans an eglos yn Rome, yth yn Kastel Penndenis yn Kernewek rag an esa lies chanj yn bewnans kryjyk, ha pan dus ena. dheuth ha bos y vab Edward Myghtern, an Lyver Pysadow Kemmyn a veu skrifys. Y’n seytegves kansvledhen y feu skrifys Prag na veu ev skrifys yn Kernewek? gwari moy gans William Jordan dhyworth Herwydh lies den, hemm yw kaws mernans Hellys. Gwreans an bys yw problemek. Kernewek. Herwydh Richard Polwhele, Orth an myns, tus a dyb Jordan dhe skrifa istrier kernewek dhe’n nownsegves dasskrif dhe Origo Mundi dhyworth an kansvledhen, nyns o da gans nebes tus Ordinalia. An hwedhel yw haval, yma kewsel Kernewek yn pols ma. Gwella o kampol dhe limbo, tybyans Katholik, ytho ganso kewsel Sowsnek drefen bos Sowsnek dhyworth an termyn kyns chanjyow an yeth rag negys. I a vynnas bargynnya ha kryjyk. Yma lies ger yn Sowsnek dres oll negysyas y honan, na vynsons i usya an gwari ynwedh. Yw Gwreans an bys treylyansow po na wrussons negys yn Pow dasskrif dhe Origo Mundi, po yw ev gwari Sows, po na ve posek yn lys Edward. Ytho, nowydh? Jordan a skrif lies ger kernewek an dus ma, tus dhyworth an renkasow yn maner sowsnek, gans lytheren ‘e’ moy ughella, a leveris na vynsons an Lyver orth penn an ger. Ev a skrif nebes ger yn Pysadow Kemmyn yn Kernewek. Nyns esa, Sowsnek ynwedh, ha yn despit war skians yn pols na, tus ow tadhla rag an Lyver ha devnydh dhe unn ger yn Kernewek Pysadow Kemmyn, po an Bibel dhe vos (guw), ev a’n skrif yn Sowsnek ynwedh skrifys yn Kernewek. nebes linen diwettha. Ev a skrif commandment yn maner kernewek gans An lyver a veu komendys yn Sowsnek. medhelheans, mes yma ger Kernewek: Kales o rag an yeth. Yn kynsa le, nyns o arghadow. Yn ow breus vy, Gwreans an bys pes lowen an dus kernewek kemmyn, ha a veu skrifys yn termyn pan gewsi an dus moy ages pymp mil Kernowyon a veu unn yeth kemyskys yntra Kernewek ha ladhys hag i dhe rebellya yn Karesk. Nyns Sowsnek, pan esens i diwyethek. esa gwrythow dhe’n gwariow mir na fella drefen i dhe vos kowethyas gans an eglos Dres an etegves kansvledhen y teuth ha Katholik. Herwydh an eglos nowydh, an bos Kernewek yeth vinoryta. Yth esa gwer eglos Sowsnek, an dus kemmyn a ylli neb a vynnas sawya an yeth, Edward Lhuyd keskomunya gans Duw lemmyn, ha redya ha William Gwavas rag ensampel. I a an Bibel aga honan, ytho nyns esa edhom guntelas temmyn an yeth war-barth, mes ragdha dhe dhyski hwedhlow Bibel dres an ny gowssons i gans tus kemmyn, an dus gwariow. Y’n vledhen 1560 yth esa neb a, martesen, gewsi Kernewek hwath govenek dhyworth bagas Puritan neb a y’n termyn na. Yn kres an etegves wovynnas orth Myghternes Elizabeth. I a kansvledhen y viajya den, Daines vynnas fleghes kernewek po kembrek dhe Barrington y hanow, yn Kernow west. Ev a allos dyski an Deg Arghadow ha Pader vynna kavos tus neb a wodhya kewsel agan Arlodh yn aga yeth aga honan. Nyns Kernewek. Ev eth dhe Borth Enys, le may esa Elizabeth hy honan erbynn an yethow ev a vetyas gans Dolly Pentreath. Hi a dell hevel, mes nyns esa sewena dhe’n gewsis orto yn Kernewek, mes yth esa diw govenek. Magata dell hemma, yth esa venyn ynwedh neb a ylli hy honvedhes. 21 | THE OPEN REVIEW N O V E M B E R 2 0 2 0 V O L U M E 6 Herwydh Dolly Pentreath, hy honan, hi o henna? Mar kalsen ni omvyska an an diwettha kowser an yeth Gernewek y’n gemeneth – mar kallons i skrifa lyvrow, pols na. Dolly Pentreath a verwis mis paperyow nowodhow po gwiasvaow rag Kevardhu 1777. An yeth Sowsnek a ensampel y fia perghenogeth aga yeth dheuth ha bos usys a-derdro yn Kernow ha dhedha hag an yeth a allo kavos talvosgeth war-tu penn etegves kansvledhen nyns o rygdhi. an yeth Gernewek kewsys na hwath dell hevel. Mes nyns o mernans Kernewek An gwettha kudyn byth moy pan vynnyn ni mater sempel. Yth esa lies acheson prag y dasserghi yeth yw kavos dyskadoryon hag hwrug tus chanjya dhe gewsel Sowsnek: asnodhow lowr. Nyns yw gerlyver ha delanwes an governans ha tus dhyworth yethador da lowr na fella. Yma edhom dhe renkasow ughella, chanjyow kryjyk hag adhyskans divers rag dastewynna fatel o ynkressyans dhe dus ow viajya a-derdro an an yeth, mes rag hy gwitha ha’y displegya pow. ynwedh. Mes, yma edhom dhyn dhe dhyskansow ha lyvrow arnowydh rag dyski Dres an nownsegves kansvledhen yth esa an yeth.Fatel wra dyski yethow a chanjyas tevyans kenedlegieth Geltek, gans dres an ugensves kansvledhen. Lemmyn, Kernowyon ynwedh kachys ynni. Henry gans gweres jynnow-amontya ni a yll dyski Jenner, Kernow neb a oberas yn Gwithti war agan klappkodhow, po warlinen, po yn Bretennek, ha’n Revrond Lach-Syzrma a klassow, ha gwella yw gul devnydh a’n dhallathas tornya Kernow west, rag kuntel asnodhow ma, rag tus yowynk yn py temmyn an yeth Kernewek y kavsens. arbennek. Magata dell henna, res yw dhyn Jenner a bresentyas an temmyn ma yn kavos dyskadoryon neb a yll dyski an yeth areth dhe’n Kowethas Hendhyskoniethel yn gisyow arnowydh ynwedh, nyns yw da Bretennek yn 1876. Bys dalleth an lowr redya dyskans yn ughel hepken avel ugensves kansvledhen, y hwilas Jenner yn kres an ugensves kansvledhen.
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  • The Death of Cornish

    The Death of Cornish

    THE DEATH OF CORNISH P. A. S. POOL Price: 4op THE DEATH OF CORNISH (1600- 1800) by P. A. S. POOL, M.A., F.S.A. President of the Royal Institution of Cornwall Hon. Research Fellow, Institute of Cornish Studies 1975 Obtainable from the Author at 37 Morrab Road, Penzance Peter Dalwood, 5 Chapel Street, Penzance The County Museum, River Street, Truro AUTHOR'S NOTE This booklet contains the text of my Address to the International Congress of Celtic Studies at Penzance in April 1975. Some addi• tions and corrections have been made, and full references given, but the spoken form has been retained. My best thanks are due to Professor Charles Thomas, Director of the Institute of Cornish Studies, for inviting this contribution, and to Mr. Oliver J. Padel, Research Fellow, for his most helpful comments on my text. I am deeply grateful to Lord St. Levan and to the Royal Institution of Cornwall for use of the portraits of Dolly Pentreath and William Gwavas, and to Mr. R. D. Penhallurick for drawing the map. Above all, I am conscious of my debt to the late Robert Morton Nance, so much of whose research is included in these pages, and whose life's work made it possible for me to end a survey of a tragic phase in the history of Cornish on a note of hope rather than despair. Abbreviations used in footnotes: CWBF O.J. Padel, The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family, 1975. JRIC Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall (NS, New Series). OC Old Cornwall (Journal of the Federation of Old Cornwall Societies).
  • When the Cornish Person Looks Closely Into the Mirror of the Cornish

    When the Cornish Person Looks Closely Into the Mirror of the Cornish

    Historic legacies and modern challenges: the Cornish language If the Cornish person looks closely into the mirror of the Cornish language they might find contemporary Cornwall staring right back out at them. For the Cornish language mirrors the doubts and uncertainties confronting Cornwall at the beginning of the second millennium. The language has a proud history, dating back to Cornwall’s first millennium, a time of shadowy and insubstantial Cornish kings and independent kingdoms. Familiar placenames such as Trewassa, Carnglaze, Rescorla, Creegbrase, Bosullow provide everyday reminders of our Celtic and non-English roots. Yet the texts of the language are heavily suffused with English borrowings even from the earliest miracle play cycle of the 1300s. The reality is that Cornwall, since the ninth century, has been to a greater or lesser degree influenced and structured by its powerful neighbour to the east – England. And so has the Cornish language. For example, words such as pont or nant, which retained that form in Cornish’s sister languages Welsh and Breton, changed to pons and nans in Cornish well before the fourteenth century, an early effect of the influence of English. For centuries the language was marginalised and despised, a thing of no worth, low- status gibberish fit only to call the pigs to their food. However, like Cornwall, the language has been patronised and romanticised in more recent times. Since the 1870s Cornwall has been buffeted by a storm of signifiers as the artistic and literary metropolitan gaze settled on what it perceived as a primitive and simple folk whiling their time away in age-old harmony with the environment on the fringes of ‘civilised’ Europe.