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Icgt Lecture Note

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Icgt Lecture Note SYLLABUS MODULE - I (10 hrs) Introduction : Classification, Engine nomenclature, engine operating and performance parameters, Valve timing diagram of SI & CI Engines, Comparison of SI and CI engine. Thermodynamic Analysis of cycles : Significance of Fuel-Air & Actual cycles of I.C. engines. Comparison with Air Standard Cycles. Analysis of Fuel-Air & Actual cycles (Effect of chemical equilibrium and variable specific heats. Effect of air fuel ratio and exhaust gas dilution. Time Loss Factor, Heat Loss Factor, Exhaust Blow down, Loss Due to Gas Exchange Processes, Volumetric Efficiency, Loss due to Rubbing Friction) Fuels :Fuels of SI and CI engine, Fuel additives, Properties, potential and advantages of alternative liquid and gaseous fuels for SI and CI engines (biofuels, LPG and CNG) Fuel Induction Techniques in IC engines : Fuel induction techniques in SI and CI engines, Mixture Requirements at Different Loads and Speeds. MODULE II (10 hrs) Carburetion: Factors Affecting Carburetion, Principle of Carburetion, Simple Carburetor and its drawbacks, Calculation of the Air–Fuel Ratio, Modern Carburetors. Fuel Injection:Functional Requirements of an Injection System, Classification of Injection Systems, Fuel Feed Pump, Injection Pump, Injection Pump Governor, Mechanical Governor,Pneumatic Governor, Fuel Injector, Nozzle, Injection in SI Engine, Electronic Injection Systems, Multi-Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) System, Functional Divisions of MPFI System, Injection Timing, Group Gasoline Injection System, Electronic Diesel Injection System. Ignition :Energy requirement for ignition, requirements of an ignition system, conventional ignition systems, modern ignition systems (TCI and CDI), firing order, Ignition timing, Spark advance mechanism. MODULE III (10 hrs) Combustion :Stages of combustion in SI and CI engines, effects of engine variables on flame propagation and ignition delay, Abnormal combustion, Preignition & Detonation, Theory of Detonation. Effect of engine variables on Detonation, control of Detonation. Diesel Knock & methods to control diesel knock, Requirements of combustion chambers. Features of different types of combustion chambers system for S.I. engine. (I-head, F-head combustion chambers), C.I. engine combustion chambers -Open and divided type, Air swirl turbulence-M. type combustion chamber. Comparison of various types of combustion chambers. Super Charging &Scavenging :Thermodynamics Cycles of supercharging. Effect of supercharging, Efficiency of supercharged engines. Methods of super charging, supercharging and scavenging of 2stroke engines. MODULE-IV (8 HRS) Testing and Performances :Power, fuel & air measurement methods, Performance characteristic curves of SI & CI engines, variables affecting performance and methods to improve engine performance. Cooling & Lubricating Systems, Engine Emission &Controls :Air cooling & water cooling systems, Effect of cooling on power output & efficiency, Properties of lubricants and different types of lubricating system. Modern developments in IC Engines, EGR, MPFI, CRDI, GDI, HCCI, dual fuel engine, Lean burn engine, Stratified engine (basic principles). Emission and control : Mechanism of pollutant formation and its harmful effects. Methods of measuring pollutants and control of engine emission. MODULE-V (07 HRS) Gas Turbines :Introduction, Open and closed cycle gas turbines, Analysis of practical gas turbine cycle. Air Craft Propulsion :Analysis of Turbo Jet, Turbo Prop, Turbo fan & Ram jet engines. Axial Flow & Centrifugal Compressor :Basic construction of centrifugal and axial flow compressor, Velocity diagram, performance characteristics of centrifugal and axial flow compressor, effects of slip, surging and stalling on compressor Prepared by priyadarsi M padhi STAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 1 Module - I INTRODUCTION Heat engine: in thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. It is classified into two types- (a) External combustion engine (b) Internal combustion engine External combustion engine: An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. Internal combustion engine: An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful work: 1. According to the basic engine design- (a) Reciprocating engine (Use of cylinder piston arrangement), (b) Rotary engine (Use of turbine) 2. According to the type of fuel used- (a) Petrol engine, (b) diesel engine, (c) gas engine (CNG, LPG), (d) Alcohol engine (ethanol, methanol etc) 3. According to the number of strokes per cycle- (a) Four stroke and (b) Two stroke engine 4. According to the method of igniting the fuel- (a) Spark ignition engine, (b) compression ignition engine and (c) hot spot ignition engine 5. According to the working cycle- (a) Otto cycle (constant volume cycle) engine, (b) diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle) engine, (c) dual combustion cycle (semi diesel cycle) engine. Prepared by priyadarsi M padhi STAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 2 6. According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation- (a) Carburetted type (fuel supplied through the carburettor), (b) Injection type (fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold, fuel injected into the cylinder just before ignition). 7. According to the number of cylinder- (a) Single cylinder and (b) multi-cylinder engine 8. Method of cooling- water cooled or air cooled 9. Speed of the engine- Slow speed, medium speed and high speed engine 10. Cylinder arrangement-Vertical, horizontal, inline, V-type, radial, opposed cylinder or piston engines. 11. Valve or port design and location- Overhead (I head), side valve (L head); in two stroke engines: cross scavenging, loop scavenging, uniflow scavenging. 12. Method governing- Hit and miss governed engines, quantitatively governed engines and qualitatively governed engine 14. Application- Automotive engines for land transport, marine engines for propulsion of ships, aircraft engines for aircraft propulsion, industrial engines, prime movers for electrical generators. Comparison between external combustion engine and internal combustion engine: External combustion engine Internal combustion engine 1. Combustion of air-fuel is outside the 1. Combustion of air-fuel is inside the engine cylinder (in a boiler) engine cylinder (in a boiler) 2. The engines are running smoothly and 2. Very noisy operated engine 3. silently due to outside combustion 4. Higher ratio of weight and bulk to 3. It is light and compact due to lower ratio output due to presence of auxiliary of weight and bulk to output. apparatus like boiler and condenser. Hence it is heavy and cumbersome. 5. Working pressure and temperature 4. Working pressure and temperature inside the engine cylinder is low; inside the engine cylinder is very much hence ordinary alloys are used for the high; hence special alloys are used manufacture of engine cylinder and its parts. 6. It can use cheaper fuels including solid 5. High grade fuels are used with proper fuels filtration 7. Lower efficiency about 15-20% 6. Higher efficiency about 35-40% Higher requirement of water for 7. Lesser requirement of water dissipationof energy through cooling system 8. High starting torque 8. IC engines are not self-starting Main components of reciprocating IC engines: Prepared by priyadarsi M padhi STAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 3 Cylinder Block: 1. It is the main block of the engine. 2. It contains cylinders accurately finished to accommodate pistons 3. The cylinder block houses crank, camshaft, piston and other engine parts. 4. In water cooled engines, the cylinder block is provided with water j ackets for the circulating cooling water. 5. The materials used for cylinder are grey cast iron, aluminium alloys etc., 6. It is usually made of a single casting Cylinder Head: 1. The cylinder head is bolted to the cylinder Block by means of studs. 2. The water jackets are provided for cooling water circulation. 3. The materials used for cy linder head are cast iron, aluminium alloy etc., 4. This is also generally made of single cast iron. Cylinder Liners: 1. The liner is a sleeve whi ch is fitted into the cylinder bore. 2. It provides wear resisting surface for the cylinder bores. Liners are classified into: • (a) Wet liner (b) Dry liner Cylinder Liners Wet Liner : These liners are surrounded or wetted by cooling water. It provides wear resisting surface for the piston to reciprocate. Also it acts as a seal for the water jacket Dry Liner :Dry liners have metal to metal contact with the cylinder block. They are not directly in touch with the cooling water. Liner Materials: 1- Liner material should withstand abrasive wear and corrosive.Chromium
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