Symbols and Circuit Diagrams | Circuit Symbols
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
500 | Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols Symbols and circuit diagrams The electrical systems in vehicles contain Circuit symbols a wide array of electric and electronic devices for open and closed-loop engine- The circuit symbols shown in Table 1 are management systems as well as numer- a selection of the standardized circuit sym- ous comfort and convenience systems. bols relevant to automotive electrical sys- Only by using expressive symbols and tems. With a few exceptions, they conform circuit diagrams is it possible to provide to the standards of the International Elec- an overview of the complex circuits in trotechnical Commission (IEC). the vehicle’s electrical system. Circuit, The European Standard EN 60 617 schematic and terminal diagrams are a (Graphical Symbols for Electrical Circuit help during troubleshooting. They also Diagrams) corresponds to the interna- facilitate field installation of accessories, tional standard IEC 617. It exists in three and furnish support for trouble-free in- official versions (German, English and stallations and modifications on the French). The standard contains symbol vehicle’s electrical equipment. 1 Circuit diagram of an three-phase alternator with voltage regulator a WD+ B+ D+ wvu U D– DF B– b WB+D+ In addition to the symbol G for generator/alternator G, the circuit symbol also includes the symbols for the three 3 windings (phases) 3 U the star junction the diodes and the regulator U . B– Fig. 1 a With internal circuitry b Circuit symbols UAS0002-1E Robert Bosch GmbH (ed.), Bosch Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-01784-2, © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2014 Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols | 501 elements, signs and, in particular, circuit cate the shapes and dimensions of the de- symbols for the following areas: vices they represent, nor do they show the General applications Part 2 locations of their terminal connections. Conductors and connectors Part 3 This abstract representation format repre- Passive components Part 4 sents the only practicable option for illus- Semiconductors and electron tubes Part 5 trating how the devices are connected us- Production and conversion ing a circuit diagram. of electrical energy Part 6 Every symbol should satisfy the follow- Switchgear, controlgear and ing criteria: it must be easy to remember protective devices Part 7 and identify, easy to understand, easy to Measuring instruments, draw and should clearly indicate the type lamps and signaling devices Part 8 of device which it represents. Telecommunications, switching Symbols comprise symbol elements and and peripheral equipment Part 9 designations (Fig. 2). Designation codes Telecommunications, can take the form of letters, numbers, transmission equipment Part 10 mathematical and special-purpose sym- Architectural and topographical bols, abbreviations of units, characteristic installation plans curves, etc. and circuit diagrams Part 11 If a circuit diagram showing the internal Binary components Part 12 circuitry of a device becomes too complex, Analog elements Part 13 or if the function of the device can be illus- trated without showing all of the details, the Requirements circuit diagram for this specific device can Symbols are the smallest components of a be replaced by a single symbol (without in- circuit diagram, and are the simplest way ternal circuitry, refer to Figs. 1b and 2). to represent electrical devices and their Simplified representations are usually component parts. They illustrate how a de- used for integrated circuits, with their typ- vice operates, and are used together with ically high levels of compactness (synony- circuit diagrams to illustrate how technical mous with high levels of functional inte- sequences proceed. Symbols do not indi- gration within an individual component). 2 Sample composition of a circuit symbol: the Lambda oxygen sensor Element Designation code Physical Circuit symbol parameter, mathematical symbol Galvanic Non-linear Excess-air factor Lambda oxygen monitor cell ++=response pattern (Lambda), sensor temperature λ ° λ ,t t° UAS0001-1E 502 | Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols Representation 3 Operating state of the symbol deviating from the Symbols show circuits in their passive base position (base) state, unaffected by physical param- Base position Deviation eters such as the application of current, voltage or mechanical force. Other operat- NO contact ing states, i.e. any condition that varies from the base state defined above, is indi- cated by a juxtaposed double arrow (Fig. 3). Symbols and connecting lines (electrical and mechanical linkage elements) feature Electro- a single standard line width. mechanical In order to keep the connecting lines as drive straight as possible and to avoid crossed lines, symbols can be rotated by 90° incre- UAS1235-1Y ments or shown as mirror images as long as their significance remains unaltered. 4 Terminals The direction of continuation conductors may be freely selected. Tangential connec- tions may be shown as emerging from any At resistor convenient point on the symbols; the sole exceptions are resistors (connections only at the narrow ends) and the terminals for electromechanical drives (connections only at the long sides, Fig. 4). Branches may be shown either with or Electro- without a node point. No electrical con- mechanical nection is made at junctions without a drive Fig. 5 node point (Fig. 5). There is no mandatory a Branch with format for illustrating terminals on electri- UAS1236-1Y electrical cal devices. Terminals, plugs, sockets and connection threaded connections are identified by 5 Branch and junctions b Junction with symbols only at those points relevant for electrical connection installation and removal. All other junc- a b C c Junction without tions are represented by dots. electrical In the case of assembled representation, connection actuators with a common drive are illus- UAS1212-1Y trated as responding to this motive force by all moving in the direction indicated by 6 Mechanical actuation link on multi-position switch the dashed line (– – –) which represents the 15 50 mechanical linkage (Fig. 6). 0 12 0.1 30 UAS0099-1Y Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols | 503 1 Selected circuit symbols Connections Mechanical functions Conductor; conductor junctions Switching positions Variability, not intrinsic (with/without connection) (base position: solid line) (external), general 012 Shielded wire Variability, intrinsic, in response to a physical quantity, linear/nonlinear 012 Mechanical actuation link; electrical conductor (retrofitted) Adjustability, general Junctions Manual activation, with sensor (trip), (with/without connection) thermal (bimetal strip) Switches Connection, general; Detent; non-automatic/automatic Push-button switch, NO/NC contact separable connection return in the direction of the arrow (if portrayal is required) (push-button) Plug-in connection; socket; Activation, general (mech., pneum., Detent switch, NO/NC contact plug; 3-pin plug connection hydraul.); piston drive Ground Actuation at engine speed n, Changeover contact, make before (housing or vehicle ground) pressure p, quantity Q, time t, temp. t° break or break before make n p Q tt° UAS1230-1E Table 1 504 | Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols 1 Selected circuit symbols (continued) Switches Various components Three-position switch with three Drives with one winding Resistor contact modes (e.g. turn-signal indi- cator switch) NO/NC contact Drive with two windings acting in Potentiometer same direction (with three terminals) Double-make contact Drive with two opposed windings Heating resistor, glow plug, flame plug, screen defroster Multiple-position switch Electrothermal drive, thermal relay Antenna 012 Cam-lobe switch (e.g. ignition Electrothermal drive, tractive solenoid Fuse contact breakers) Thermal switch Solenoid valve (closed) Permanent magnets Initiator trigger Relay (drive and switch), example: Winding, inductive NC contact without delay and delayed NO contact Table 1 (continued) UAS1231-1E Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols | 505 1 Selected circuit symbols (continued) Various components Devices for automotive applications Positive temperature coefficient Dotted/dashed line to delineate Battery (PTC) resistor or frame logically associated circuit components t° Negative temperature coefficient Plug connection (NTC) resistor t Shielded device, frame connected to ground Diode, general, current flows Lamp, headlamp toward the apex of triangle Regulator, general PNP transistor Horn, fanfare horn NPN transistor E = Emitter (arrow indicates flow direction) Control units C = Collector B = Base E C E C Heated rear windshield (heating resistor in general) B B Light emitting diode (LED) Display element in general; Switch, general, without function lamp voltmeter; clock v Hall alternator Tachometer; temperature gauge; Switch, general, with function lamp speedometer nvt° Table 1 UAS1232-1E (continued) 506 | Symbols and circuit diagrams | Circuit symbols 1 Selected circuit symbols (continued) Devices for automotive applications Pressure switch Spark plug Engine with blower, fan p M Relay, general Ignition coil Starter motor with engagement relay (with/without internal circuitry) M Solenoid valve, injection valve Ignition distributor, general (injector), cold-start valve M Thermo-time switch Voltage regulators Wiper motor (one/two wiper speeds) U M Throttle-valve switch Three-phase alternator with voltage regulator (with/without