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Die Deutsche Metaphysische Kantinterpretation Der 1920Er Jahre Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2004 Die deutsche metaphysische Kantinterpretation der 1920er Jahre Baertschi, Christian Abstract: Die Arbeit beginnt mit einer kurzen Situationsanalyse der Philosophie in Deutschland um 1920. Anschliessend grenzt der Autor den Begriff der ”metaphysischen” vom Begriff der ”ontologischen” Kantinterpretation ab, gibt eine Literaturübersicht und reflektiert Methodenfragen. Die in der Literatur nicht gemachte Unterscheidung fundiert er im Rekurs auf die im 18. Jahrhundert geläufige Einteilung der metaphysica in eine metaphysica generalis (Ontologie) und eine metapysica specialis (Kosmologie, Psychologie, rationale Theologie). Entsprechend ist die Dissertation aufgebaut. Auf die Darstellung der Kantinterpretationen von Friedrich Paulsen, Konstantin Oesterreich, Max Wundt, Erich Adickes und Heinz Heimsoeth, die Kant im Sinne der metaphysica specialis lesen, folgt die Analyse der ontologischen Deutungen von Nicolai Hartmann und Martin Heidegger. In diesen Hauptteil fragt der Autor im Hinblick auf die einzelnen Interpreten (1) nach deren eigenem Metaphysikverständnis und (2) nach der jeweiligen Ortung des Metaphysischen in Kants Denken. Die abschliessende systematische Diskussion ermittelt den Ertrag der metaphysischen Kantinterpretationen in den drei einschlägigen Problembereichen des Dinges an sich, des Subjekts und der Ideen. The dissertation begins with a short description of the state of philosophy in Germany around 1920. The author defines the notions ”metaphysical” and ”ontological interpretation” with regard to Kant’s philosophy. He gives a survey on the literature of the 20th century and considers a number of questions concerning the respective methods. The structure of the thesis is based on a division commonly made in 18th century German philosophy: The metaphysica was divided into a metaphysica generalis (Ontology) and a metaphysica specialis (Cosmology, Psychology, rational Theology). The dissertation is structured according to this division. The exposition of the interpretations of Friedrich Paulsen, Konstantin Oesterreich, Max Wundt, Erich Adickes and Heinz Heimsoeth, who read Kant in the sense of the metaphysica specialis, is followed by an analysis of the ontological interpretations of Nicolai Hartmann and Martin Heidegger. Within this part of the dissertation the author addresses (1) each interpreter’s own understanding of metaphysics and (2) the ’location’, as he determines it, of the metaphysical in Kant’s philosophy. The dissertation concludes with a systematic evaluation of the metaphysical interpretations with regard to the three problems of the thing in itself, the subject and the ideas. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163127 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Baertschi, Christian. Die deutsche metaphysische Kantinterpretation der 1920er Jahre. 2004, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Die deutsche metaphysische Kantinterpretation der 1920er Jahre Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Christian Baertschi von Zürich Angenommen auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Helmut Holzhey Zürich, 2004 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung 1 Die Situation der Philosophie in Deutschland um 1920 Seite 4 1.1 Die Wende zur Metaphysik 4 1.2 Das Bedürfnis nach Weltanschauung 8 2 Die „metaphysische“ oder „ontologische“ Kantinterpretation 11 2.1 Begriff 12 2.2 Die bisherige Forschung 13 3 Methode und Aufriss 17 Teil I: Die metaphysische Kantinterpretation 4 Friedrich Paulsen und die von ihm ausgelöste Diskussion 23 4.1 Lebensdaten und philosophischer Werdegang 23 4.2 Paulsens Kantbuch 27 4.2.1 Die Grundlage der Interpretation 27 4.2.2 Metaphysik und Weltanschauung 28 4.2.3 Die Methode der Metaphysik 29 4.2.4 Der Inhalt der kantischen Metaphysik 31 1.3 Die Reaktionen auf Paulsens Kantbuch 36 1.4 Paulsens Entgegnung 37 1.5 Zusammenfassung 39 5 Konstantin Oesterreich 41 5.1 Biographische Angaben 41 5.2 Kantinterpretation: Ausgangslage und Prämissen 41 5.3 Kants Persönlichkeit 42 5.4 Die vorkritischen Schriften bis und mit der Inauguraldissertation 43 5.5 „Der Kritizismus und die Metaphysik“ 46 5.5.1 Kants Metaphysikbegriff in der kritischen Periode 46 5.5.2 Die immanente Metaphysik der kritischen Periode 48 5.5.3 Die transzendente Metaphysik der kritischen Periode 50 5.6 Zusammenfassung 51 6 Max Wundt 52 6.1 Einleitung 52 6.1.1 Biographische Angaben 52 6.1.2 Fragestellung 53 6.1.3 Metaphysikbegriff 54 6.1.4 Abgrenzung gegen Paulsen 54 6.2 Kants Metaphysikbegriff 55 6.3 Die metaphysische Weltanschauung Kants 58 6.3.1 Sinnliche und übersinnliche Welt 60 6.3.2 Mechanismus und Teleologie 61 6.4 Die Wende Kants hin zur kritischen Philosophie 63 6.5 Kritik der reinen Vernunft 63 1 6.5.1 Empirische Realität und transzendentale Idealität 64 6.5.2 Die Idee 67 6.5.3 Der moralische Glaube 69 6.6 Die praktische Philosophie und die Kritik der Urteilskraft 70 6.7 Die Transzendentalphilosophie als neue Metaphysik 74 6.7.1 Die Methode von Kants „transzendentaler Metaphysik“ 78 6.7.2 Der Gehalt der „transzendentalen Metaphysik“ 85 6.8 Zusammenfassung 87 7 Erich Adickes 88 4.1 Biographische Angaben 88 4.2 Adickes’ Auseinandersetzung mit Kant in den 1920er Jahren 88 4.3 Adickes’ Monismus 90 4.4 Die Kantinterpretation 91 4.5 Das Ding an sich 92 4.5.1 Die Anwendung der Kategorien auf die Dinge an sich 95 4.5.2 Die doppelte Affektion unseres Ich 97 4.5.2.1 Anwendung der Lehre auf umstrittene Stellen bei Kant 102 4.6 Ideen- und Postulatenlehre 104 4.7 Ein Vergleich zwischen Adickes’ eigenen philosophischen Grundannahmen und seiner Kantinterpretation 105 4.8 Zusammenfassung 106 8 Heinz Heimsoeth 108 8.1 Biographische Angaben 108 8.2 Textgrundlage 108 8.3 Heimsoeths Begriff von Metaphysik 110 8.4 Kantinterpretation 112 8.5 Grundlegende Annahme: Kant war Metaphysiker 114 8.6 Die „metaphysischen Motive“ für die Ausbildung der kritischen Philosophie 117 8.6.1 Erscheinung und Ding an sich 117 8.6.2 Raum 123 8.6.3 Zeit 128 8.7 Persönlichkeitsbewusstsein und Ding an sich 130 8.7.1 Kants vorkritische Auffassung 131 8.7.2 Die kritische Auffassung 132 8.8 Zusammenfassung 138 Teil II: Die ontologische Kantinterpretation 9 Nicolai Hartmann 139 9.1 Biographische Angaben 139 9.2 Auseinandersetzung mit Kant 140 9.3 „Metaphysik“ und „Ontologie“ 142 9.4 Das „Subjekt überhaupt“ 145 9.5 Das Ding an sich 150 9.6 Zusammenfassung 152 2 10 Martin Heidegger 154 7.1 Biographische Angaben 154 7.2 Literaturbasis 155 7.3 Methode, Hintergrund und Fragestellung von Heideggers Kantinterpretation 156 7.3.1 Die Methode 156 7.3.2 Kantinterpretation im Zusammenhang mit Sein und Zeit 159 7.4 Abgewiesene Interpretationen 164 7.5 Die Kritik der reinen Vernunft gelesen als Grundlegung der Metaphysik 165 7.5.1 Was heisst Metaphysik... 166 7.5.1.1 ...bei Kant nach Heideggers Auslegung? 166 7.5.1.2 ... für Heidegger selbst? 167 7.5.2 Was versteht Heidegger unter „Grundlegung“? 169 7.6 Der Erkenntnisbegriff 171 7.7 Die transzendentale Einbildungskraft als Wurzel von Anschauung und Denken 175 7.8 Das ‚Geschehen’ der kantischen Grundlegung 179 7.8.1 Die „innere Bewegung der kantischen Grundlegung“ 179 7.8.2 Kants Zurückweichen vor der transzendentalen Einbildungskraft 182 7.8.3 Interpretation des ‚Geschehens’ der kantischen Grundlegung 185 7.9 Zusammenfassung 187 Teil III: Systematische Diskussion 1. Das Ding an sich 189 2. Das Subjekt und die Seele 196 3. Die Ideen 202 Bibliographie 209 Lebenslauf von Christian Baertschi 216 3 Einleitung Wenn in dieser Arbeit eine bestimmte Erscheinung im philosophischen Diskurs eines begrenzten geographischen Gebiets und einer festgelegten Zeitspanne interessiert, dann drängt es sich auf, in einem ersten Schritt nach den Grundstimmungen zu fragen, die das geistige Leben in Deutschland während der ersten rund dreissig Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts beherrschten. Dabei ist der Gedanke leitend, dass philosophische Diskurse, im Speziellen die Debatten über die adäquate Interpretation von gewissen Texten oder die Lösung von philosophischen Problemen, jeweils nicht zuletzt getragen werden von den ‚Strömungen der Zeit’. Um eine Vorstellung von der allgemeinen und die Philosophie betreffenden Stimmung zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland zu erhalten, habe ich einerseits Aussagen von Zeitzeugen herangezogen, die ihr Erleben unmittelbar schildern, andererseits habe ich mich an die Historiker gewandt, die das geistige Geschehen der Zeit aus der Retrospektive zu fassen versuchen. 1. Die Situation der Philosophie in Deutschland um 1920 1.1 Die Wende zur Metaphysik „Wir stehen heute an einem hochbedeutsamen Wendepunkte der europäischen und vielleicht sogar der Weltkultur überhaupt“, schrieb Peter Wust 1919 zu Beginn seines Buches Die Auferstehung der Metaphysik. Was er als Zeitzeuge gespürt hatte, fällt auch Hermann Noack aus der Perspektive der 1970er Jahre auf. Noack sieht den Ausdruck für das „Bewusstsein, in einer ‚Zeitenwende’ zu leben“ in verschiedenen Werktiteln der philosophischen und kulturkritischen Literatur gespiegelt. Titel wie Kritik der Zeit (Walter Rathenau 1913), Der Untergang der Erde am Geist (Theodor Lessing 1916), Die Krisis der europäischen Kultur (Rudolf Pannwitz 1917), Der Untergang des Abendlandes (Oswald Spengler 1918), Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (Karl Kraus 1922), Die neuentstehende Welt (Hermann Keyserling 1926), Der Geist als Widersacher der Seele (Ludwig
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