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The Weight of Respect Khündlekh Yos – Frames of Reference, Governmental Agendas and Ethical Formations in Modern Mongolia Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät I Sozialwissenschaften und historische Kulturwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg von Frau Elisa Myriam Kohl-Garrity geb. am 16.11.1984 in Saginaw, Michigan/USA Gutachter: PD. Dr. Dittmar Schorkowitz Prof. Dr. Matthias Kaufmann Prof. Dr. Manduhai Buyandelger Die Verteidigung der Dissertation erfolgte am 26.11.2019 The Weight of Respect: Khündlekh Yos – Frames of Reference, Governmental Agendas and Ethical Formations in Modern Mongolia Acknowledgements I Illustrations II Glossary IV Acronyms XI Note on Transcription XI Introduction 1 1. Respect as Inclusion and Differentiation: Master-Disciple Relations 17 2. Humans Have Elder Brothers as Deels Have Collars: Senior-Junior Relations 54 3. Filial Respect - The Father is the Khaan of All, the Older Brother is the Khaan of his Younger Sibling 89 4. Qing Institutionalization of Respect: Crafting Rule and Order in Times of Unrest 121 5. Late Socialist Institutionalization in Re(tro)spect: Discipline, Respect and the Question of Negative Freedom 145 6. Intending History 173 7. Respecting Tradition 201 8. Negotiating Love, Fear and Respect 228 Concluding Remarks 257 Appendix 267 Bibliography 292 Dedicated to my teachers, foremost my parents. Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to the teachers, students and many families related to the project I volunteered at in Bayankhoshuu, who welcomed me into their lives, taught me everything I needed to know and showed such great patience during my time of learning. I greatly cherish your support over the years. This thesis could not have been written without you. Thanks also goes to the many people spread across different areas of Ulaanbaatar, who have shared their thoughts and views on society with me and have welcomed me. My teachers and mentors Dittmar Schorkowitz, Ines Stolpe, Ganaa Altangerel, Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz, Anjum Alvi, Dorothea Heuschert-Laage, Matthias Kaufmann, Hans Van Ess, Michael Müller I am deeply grateful for the advice you have rendered me over the years, for sharing your passion for research with me and inspiring me, for continuously supporting me and broadening my horizons. I received a grant for one academic year by the former Mongolian President Elbegdorj and was affiliated with the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, in particular the History Institute. I am immensely thankful for this opportunity. My special thanks also goes to the Vice President of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences T. Galbaatar, who greatly facilitated my research stay. I owe sincere thanks also to S. Chuluun for rendering invaluable access to the archives, both the National Archives of Mongolia and the archives of the History Institute and welcomed me tot he institute. To my mentors at the institute Ts. Minjin and Ch. Baasanjargal, thank you so much for your help and friendship. I greatly enjoyed the time at the institute with my colleagues and friends Odbayar, Byambasüren, Enkhbayar and Altansükh - thank you for our lively discussions, exchange and support. I would like to also show gratitude to D. Bum-Ochir, my supervisor at the Mongolian National University and to Azzaya, who introduced me to the National Archives of Mongolia. This thesis would not have been possible without the very generous support by the Max- Planck-Institute for Social Anthropology, which smoothed the way so I could focus on research. I was lucky to enjoy the company of great colleages from ANARCHIE and beyond. Thanks for your humor, friendship and the intellectual exchange. I Otgonbayar Ershuu, Purevdash Dashtseveg, Katie Bowen-Williams, Emma Hite, Asia Doli and Karolina Zymanowska I’m very grateful for your friendship and our time together in Ulaanbaatar. Last, but not least, the backbone of my life – my family. Words cannot express what you have given me. To my mom, for giving me all her time, understanding me, accompanying and comforting me. To my dad for our discussions, his support and loving kindness. To my husband, who travelled all this way with me and takes my mind off things; and our son, who puts me in awe and keeps me grounded. To my brother, who is always there. My extended family, who visited me in Mongolia and rhymed poems about their travels! Illustrations Figure1 Tsogtbayar, Samandariin. The Naked King [original English title. Mongolian Title: Nütsgen Khaan].Cartoon. Ulaanbaatar. Baabar.mn. Last modified April 16, 2012. Accessed November 10, 2014. http://baabar.mn/article/3983. Statement: “Look! The Khaan’s feet are bare!” (Khaan here refers to the former president Enkhbayar, who was arrested on claims of corruption. He was carried out of his office without shoes. The comment also likely refers to the tale of The Emperor’s New Clothes.) Figure 2 Juniors greet the Senior of the household on Tsagaan Sar – the Soli-Lunar New Year. Photograph by author, January 31st, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Fig. 3 Scene depicted on the socialist-era monument known as Zaisan in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolian woman welcoming her USSR brother with a bowl of presumably airag [fermented mare’s milk] or milk tee and a blue honorary ritual scarf. These scenes were to connote the friendship and promote an equal standing of both people. Yet, the mural is also a tribute to the (military) achievements of the USSR. Photograph by author, April 12th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 4 Sur, sur bas dakhin sur “Study, study and keep studying” an expression ascribed to Lenin and still hanging in the Educational University of Ulaanbaatar in 2009. Figure 5 Coca-Cola advertisement at an intersection in Ulaanbaatar for the Soli-Lunar New Year Tsagaan Sar, a festivity and exchange, which honors seniors, bestowing gifts on them while juniors receive a “share” in the form of sweets and gifts. It features the traditional New Year’s greeting, in which the experience flows downward to the junior, while the junior elevates the senior. The advertisement is highly loaded with symbols including the horse, which is not per sé a part of the festivity, but which is nevertheless highly revered. Photograph by author January 29th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 6 The popular Confucian wisdom, partially found in The Great Learning, displayed in a classroom together with other Mongolian proverbs: “First govern your body, then govern your home and then govern the state.” Photograph by author, May 5th, 2014. II Figure 7 Festivity honoring the Mongolian Queens in Khentii Aimag, which turned into a celebration of honoring mothers. Photograph by author, Bayan-Adarga sum, July 6th, 2014. Figure 8 Supermarket “Grey-Haired Mother” one of the corner stores in the ger-districts of Ulaanbaatar. Filial piety can also be drawn upon to market food. Photograph by author, January 1st, 2014. Figure 9 Date unknown, after 1952. March at the Sükhbaatar square upholding Lenin and Sükhbaatar. The banner seems to read Akhmadin damjlalaar “transferred by the seniors.” Socialist Mongolian Parade. Digital Image. Mongolin Tüükh Gerel Zuragt. Accessed November 25th, 2013. https://www.facebook.com/groups/mongoliintuuh/photos/. Figure 10 Date unknown. A parade by pioneers at the Sukhbaatar square on the first of May. Mongolian pioneer girls. Digital image. Mongol Tüükh Gerel Zuragt. Accessed May 14th, 2014. https://www.facebook.com/groups/mongoliintuuh/photos/. Figure 11 Advertisement at a Bus stop in Ulaanbaatar, 2014. It reads “Thank you for respecting my work.” “Respect for labor” here belongs to a notion of “personal development” as it contributes to a material manifestation of order in the city-scape. Photograph by author, August 14th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 12 Chronology of Mongolian Khaans depicted in a classroom at a local Ulaanbaatar school, together with posters featuring the national cultural goods, national Mongolian symbols, a map etc. Photograph by author, November 30th, 2013, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 13 Graffiti on a wall in Ulaanbaatar reading: “Charlie says relax.” It seems the spray artists were playing with the meaning as it could easily be read “Chinggis says relax” from afar. Photograph by author, August 30th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 14 Khatdiin Örgöö in Bayan-Adarga Sum, built to commemorate the Queens of Mongolia, thereby being able to attract (local) tourists in competition with the Dadal Sum, which claims to be the place where Chinggis Qaγan was born. The pictures show a part of the display of a succession of Mongolian Queens, the standard and hearth in the middle of the palace and a throne, which symbolize the dwelling of a queen. Photographs taken by author, July 6th, 2014. Figure 15 Station for car repair just outside a tourist camp. Close to Ongiin Khiid. Photograph taken by author August 25th, 2014. Figure 16 Marco Polo Statue, known as presumable envoy of Khubilai Khaan in Ulaanbaatar’s Public Park surrounded by cartoon characters. Photograph by author, May 11th, 2014. III Figure 17 Advertisment of the Empire epic by S. Erdenebold on Sükhbaatar square. Photograph by author Ulaanbaatar, November 4th, 2013. Figure 18 Feeding the pigeons at Gandan monastery – an act of compassion. Photograph by author, May 3rd, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 19 “Love yourself month.” Marketing an entangled version of Buddhist compassion, feminist slogans and neo-liberal consumption. Advertisement by the pharmacy Monos. Monos Tuul Emiin San. "Ööriigöö Khairlakh Sar." Advertisement Medee Medeelel. Last modified
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