DOCSLIB.ORG

The Weight of Respect

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Weight of Respect The Weight of Respect Khündlekh Yos – Frames of Reference, Governmental Agendas and Ethical Formations in Modern Mongolia Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät I Sozialwissenschaften und historische Kulturwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg von Frau Elisa Myriam Kohl-Garrity geb. am 16.11.1984 in Saginaw, Michigan/USA Gutachter: PD. Dr. Dittmar Schorkowitz Prof. Dr. Matthias Kaufmann Prof. Dr. Manduhai Buyandelger Die Verteidigung der Dissertation erfolgte am 26.11.2019 The Weight of Respect: Khündlekh Yos – Frames of Reference, Governmental Agendas and Ethical Formations in Modern Mongolia Acknowledgements I Illustrations II Glossary IV Acronyms XI Note on Transcription XI Introduction 1 1. Respect as Inclusion and Differentiation: Master-Disciple Relations 17 2. Humans Have Elder Brothers as Deels Have Collars: Senior-Junior Relations 54 3. Filial Respect - The Father is the Khaan of All, the Older Brother is the Khaan of his Younger Sibling 89 4. Qing Institutionalization of Respect: Crafting Rule and Order in Times of Unrest 121 5. Late Socialist Institutionalization in Re(tro)spect: Discipline, Respect and the Question of Negative Freedom 145 6. Intending History 173 7. Respecting Tradition 201 8. Negotiating Love, Fear and Respect 228 Concluding Remarks 257 Appendix 267 Bibliography 292 Dedicated to my teachers, foremost my parents. Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to the teachers, students and many families related to the project I volunteered at in Bayankhoshuu, who welcomed me into their lives, taught me everything I needed to know and showed such great patience during my time of learning. I greatly cherish your support over the years. This thesis could not have been written without you. Thanks also goes to the many people spread across different areas of Ulaanbaatar, who have shared their thoughts and views on society with me and have welcomed me. My teachers and mentors Dittmar Schorkowitz, Ines Stolpe, Ganaa Altangerel, Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz, Anjum Alvi, Dorothea Heuschert-Laage, Matthias Kaufmann, Hans Van Ess, Michael Müller I am deeply grateful for the advice you have rendered me over the years, for sharing your passion for research with me and inspiring me, for continuously supporting me and broadening my horizons. I received a grant for one academic year by the former Mongolian President Elbegdorj and was affiliated with the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, in particular the History Institute. I am immensely thankful for this opportunity. My special thanks also goes to the Vice President of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences T. Galbaatar, who greatly facilitated my research stay. I owe sincere thanks also to S. Chuluun for rendering invaluable access to the archives, both the National Archives of Mongolia and the archives of the History Institute and welcomed me tot he institute. To my mentors at the institute Ts. Minjin and Ch. Baasanjargal, thank you so much for your help and friendship. I greatly enjoyed the time at the institute with my colleagues and friends Odbayar, Byambasüren, Enkhbayar and Altansükh - thank you for our lively discussions, exchange and support. I would like to also show gratitude to D. Bum-Ochir, my supervisor at the Mongolian National University and to Azzaya, who introduced me to the National Archives of Mongolia. This thesis would not have been possible without the very generous support by the Max- Planck-Institute for Social Anthropology, which smoothed the way so I could focus on research. I was lucky to enjoy the company of great colleages from ANARCHIE and beyond. Thanks for your humor, friendship and the intellectual exchange. I Otgonbayar Ershuu, Purevdash Dashtseveg, Katie Bowen-Williams, Emma Hite, Asia Doli and Karolina Zymanowska I’m very grateful for your friendship and our time together in Ulaanbaatar. Last, but not least, the backbone of my life – my family. Words cannot express what you have given me. To my mom, for giving me all her time, understanding me, accompanying and comforting me. To my dad for our discussions, his support and loving kindness. To my husband, who travelled all this way with me and takes my mind off things; and our son, who puts me in awe and keeps me grounded. To my brother, who is always there. My extended family, who visited me in Mongolia and rhymed poems about their travels! Illustrations Figure1 Tsogtbayar, Samandariin. The Naked King [original English title. Mongolian Title: Nütsgen Khaan].Cartoon. Ulaanbaatar. Baabar.mn. Last modified April 16, 2012. Accessed November 10, 2014. http://baabar.mn/article/3983. Statement: “Look! The Khaan’s feet are bare!” (Khaan here refers to the former president Enkhbayar, who was arrested on claims of corruption. He was carried out of his office without shoes. The comment also likely refers to the tale of The Emperor’s New Clothes.) Figure 2 Juniors greet the Senior of the household on Tsagaan Sar – the Soli-Lunar New Year. Photograph by author, January 31st, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Fig. 3 Scene depicted on the socialist-era monument known as Zaisan in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolian woman welcoming her USSR brother with a bowl of presumably airag [fermented mare’s milk] or milk tee and a blue honorary ritual scarf. These scenes were to connote the friendship and promote an equal standing of both people. Yet, the mural is also a tribute to the (military) achievements of the USSR. Photograph by author, April 12th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 4 Sur, sur bas dakhin sur “Study, study and keep studying” an expression ascribed to Lenin and still hanging in the Educational University of Ulaanbaatar in 2009. Figure 5 Coca-Cola advertisement at an intersection in Ulaanbaatar for the Soli-Lunar New Year Tsagaan Sar, a festivity and exchange, which honors seniors, bestowing gifts on them while juniors receive a “share” in the form of sweets and gifts. It features the traditional New Year’s greeting, in which the experience flows downward to the junior, while the junior elevates the senior. The advertisement is highly loaded with symbols including the horse, which is not per sé a part of the festivity, but which is nevertheless highly revered. Photograph by author January 29th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 6 The popular Confucian wisdom, partially found in The Great Learning, displayed in a classroom together with other Mongolian proverbs: “First govern your body, then govern your home and then govern the state.” Photograph by author, May 5th, 2014. II Figure 7 Festivity honoring the Mongolian Queens in Khentii Aimag, which turned into a celebration of honoring mothers. Photograph by author, Bayan-Adarga sum, July 6th, 2014. Figure 8 Supermarket “Grey-Haired Mother” one of the corner stores in the ger-districts of Ulaanbaatar. Filial piety can also be drawn upon to market food. Photograph by author, January 1st, 2014. Figure 9 Date unknown, after 1952. March at the Sükhbaatar square upholding Lenin and Sükhbaatar. The banner seems to read Akhmadin damjlalaar “transferred by the seniors.” Socialist Mongolian Parade. Digital Image. Mongolin Tüükh Gerel Zuragt. Accessed November 25th, 2013. https://www.facebook.com/groups/mongoliintuuh/photos/. Figure 10 Date unknown. A parade by pioneers at the Sukhbaatar square on the first of May. Mongolian pioneer girls. Digital image. Mongol Tüükh Gerel Zuragt. Accessed May 14th, 2014. https://www.facebook.com/groups/mongoliintuuh/photos/. Figure 11 Advertisement at a Bus stop in Ulaanbaatar, 2014. It reads “Thank you for respecting my work.” “Respect for labor” here belongs to a notion of “personal development” as it contributes to a material manifestation of order in the city-scape. Photograph by author, August 14th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 12 Chronology of Mongolian Khaans depicted in a classroom at a local Ulaanbaatar school, together with posters featuring the national cultural goods, national Mongolian symbols, a map etc. Photograph by author, November 30th, 2013, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 13 Graffiti on a wall in Ulaanbaatar reading: “Charlie says relax.” It seems the spray artists were playing with the meaning as it could easily be read “Chinggis says relax” from afar. Photograph by author, August 30th, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 14 Khatdiin Örgöö in Bayan-Adarga Sum, built to commemorate the Queens of Mongolia, thereby being able to attract (local) tourists in competition with the Dadal Sum, which claims to be the place where Chinggis Qaγan was born. The pictures show a part of the display of a succession of Mongolian Queens, the standard and hearth in the middle of the palace and a throne, which symbolize the dwelling of a queen. Photographs taken by author, July 6th, 2014. Figure 15 Station for car repair just outside a tourist camp. Close to Ongiin Khiid. Photograph taken by author August 25th, 2014. Figure 16 Marco Polo Statue, known as presumable envoy of Khubilai Khaan in Ulaanbaatar’s Public Park surrounded by cartoon characters. Photograph by author, May 11th, 2014. III Figure 17 Advertisment of the Empire epic by S. Erdenebold on Sükhbaatar square. Photograph by author Ulaanbaatar, November 4th, 2013. Figure 18 Feeding the pigeons at Gandan monastery – an act of compassion. Photograph by author, May 3rd, 2014, Ulaanbaatar. Figure 19 “Love yourself month.” Marketing an entangled version of Buddhist compassion, feminist slogans and neo-liberal consumption. Advertisement by the pharmacy Monos. Monos Tuul Emiin San. "Ööriigöö Khairlakh Sar." Advertisement Medee Medeelel. Last modified
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan
    Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) In History By Farooq Ahmad Rather Under the Supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey CENTRE OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES University of Kashmir, Srinagar- 190006 JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA September, 2012 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar “A” Grade NAAC Accredited CERTIFICATE Certified that the thesis entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by Farooq Ahmad Rather for the Degree of M. Phil in the discipline of History is an original piece of research work. This work has not been submitted fully or partially so far anywhere for the award of any degree. The scholar worked under my supervision on whole time basis for the period required under statues and has put in the required attendance in the Centre. Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey (Supervisor) Countersigned (Prof. G. R. Jan) Director Declaration I solemnly declare that the Dissertation entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by me in the discipline of History under the supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey embodies my own contribution. This work, which does not contain piracy, has not been submitted, so far, anywhere for the award of any degree. Dated Signature 5 October 2012 Farooq Ahmad Rather CCAS University of Kashmir, Srinagar CONTENTS Page No. Preface i Chapter-I Introduction 1
    [Show full text]
  • Per La Filosofia, L'epistemologia, Le Scienze Cogn
    Università degli Studi dell’Insubria «Centro Internazionale Insubrico “Carlo Cattaneo” e “Giulio Preti” per la Filosofia, l’Epistemologia, le Scienze cognitive e la Storia della scienza e delle tecniche» Direttore scientifico: prof. Fabio Minazzi Biblioteca Aurelia (Lella) Monti Elenco con numerazione dei 1039 voll. Sezioni LM = logica matematica, filosofia della scienza, epistemologia (206 voll.); C = classici di filosofia (175 voll.); F = filosofia, storia della filosofia (87 voll.); P = pedagogia, psicologia (14 voll.); S = storia, economia, sociologia, diritto (265 voll.); L = letteratura, critica letteraria, teatro (140 voll.); LG = linguistica (14 voll.); A = arte, musica, cinema (17 voll.); E = enciclopedie, dizionari (30 voll.); R = riviste (17 voll.); AT = atti di convegni (6 voll.); Msc = manuali scolastici, testi per la scuola (63 voll.); Misc = miscellanea (5 voll.); Ms = manoscritti, documenti e carte varie. Collocazione Sede del Centro Insubrico “C.Cattaneo e G.Preti” di Villa Toeplitz, II piano. Armadi (1-4) con 5 scaffali l’uno, per es.: 2.4 significa armadio n. 2 scaffale n. 4. LM sta in 2. 2., 2.3, 2.4., 2.5.; P, R, A, AT, Misc in 2.5; C in 3.1, 3.2.; F in 3.3.; Msc in 3.4., E in 3.5; S in 4.1, 4.2, 4.3.; L in 4.4, 4.5; LG in 4.5. LM (logica matematica, filosofia della scienza, epistemologia) 56 1. Aa. Vv., La scienza in tasca. Proposta per una bibliografia di informazione scientifica, a cura della Provincia di Milano, Assessorato alla cultura, Bibliografica, Milano 1982, pp. 306 [a cura di Felice Mondella la sezione: Conoscenza comune, conoscenza scientifica e immagine della natura, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Türk Mitolojisi Table of Contents
    ATATÜRK OKULU * TÜRK MİTOLOJİSİ TABLE OF CONTENTS TÜRK MİTOLOJİSİ .................................................................................. 1 YARATIKLAR, TANRILAR, TANRIÇALAR VE KISA HİKAYELERİ ............................. 1 SUYUN KORUYUCUSU SU İYESİ ...................................................................... 2 İKİ KARTAL BAŞLI İNSAN SEMRÜK BÜRKÜT ..................................................... 3 DİŞİ KURDUN SEMBOLÜ ASENA ..................................................................... 4 İYİLİK TANRISI ÜLGEN ................................................................................. 6 YARATICI TANRI KAYRA HAN ........................................................................ 7 YERALTININ KÖTÜ TANRISI ERLİK HAN ..........................................................8 GÜLER YÜZLÜ UTKUUÇİ ............................................................................. 10 YAŞAM DÖNGÜSÜNÜ BAŞLATAN AK ANA ........................................................ 11 SAVAŞ TANRISI KIZAGAN HAN ..................................................................... 12 AKIL TANRISI MERGEN HAN ....................................................................... 13 YAŞAM AĞACININ SAHİBİ UMAY ANA ............................................................ 14 DUMAN TANRISI KARLIK HAN ..................................................................... 15 YAZGI TANRISI SUYLA HAN ......................................................................... 16 IRMAK TANRISI YAYIK HAN .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
    Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkse Mythologie Gratis Epub, Ebook
    TURKSE MYTHOLOGIE GRATIS Auteur: Ingrid Klerk Aantal pagina's: 310 pagina's Verschijningsdatum: 2004-02-07 Uitgever: Sigma EAN: 9789065562265 Taal: nl Link: Download hier Turkse mythologie Behalve platen en cd's van klassiek en pop tot folk en jazz verkopen we ook platenspelers, speakers, accessoires en muziekboeken. Onze Brasserie kan niet zonder u. En hopelijk mist u ons ook een beetje! Daarom kunt u iedere donderdag een warm diner afhalen in de Brasserie. Reserveer uiterlijk woensdag voor Onze collega bespreekt een specifiek tijdslot van een kwartier met u waarin u uw diner kunt afhalen. In tegenstelling tot onze eerdere afhaaldiners worden de bestellingen warm aan u meegegeven. Dit product is bij ons op voorraad in de winkel. Bestel het voor Veilig op afstand betalen: betaal vooraf via Tikkie of aan de deur met de pin. We maken het apparaat na elke betaling schoon. Wij raden u aan om voor de beschikbaarheid en levertijd van deze titel contact met ons op te nemen. In verband met de coronacrisis hebben verschillende Engelse leveranciers hun levering geminderd of tijdelijk gestaakt. De levertijd van boeken die niet bij ons op voorraad zijn kunnen hierdoor afwijken. Soms kunnen we een boek nog via andere wegen bestellen. Neem dus altijd even contact met ons op. Boeken In de Drvkkery dwaalt u door duizenden prachtige verhalen. Veelgezochte categorieën De tip van Vinyl Platenspelers Speakers Cd's Ga naar de verzamelpagina. Brasserie de Drvkkery Onze Brasserie kan niet zonder u. Bekijk het afhaalmenu van komende donderdag Wat staat er aankomende donderdag op het menu? Bekijk het menu.
    [Show full text]
  • Historia Del Marxismo: Teorías De La Evolución, Revolución Y Estado
    Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky Lawrence Krader 3 335.4 K73 Krader, Lawrence Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky / Lawrence Krader.-- 1a. Ed.-- Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas: UNICACH, 2016. 54 P. ; 21.5X17cms. ISBN: 978-607-8410-74-3 1. historia - Crítica e interpretación. 2. Estado - sociedad. 3. Economía marxista. Colección , número 3 Primera edición: 2016 D.R. © UNIVERSIDAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE CHIAPAS 1a Av. Sur Poniente 1460, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México www.unicach.mx CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MÉXICO Y CENTROAMÉRICA Calle Bugambilia 30, fracc. La Buena Esperanza, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México Tel. y Fax: 01 (967) 678 69 21 www.cesmeca.unicach.mx ISBN: 978-607-8410-74-3 Impreso en México Traducción del original en inglés: Víctor Manuel Esponda Jimeno Imagen de portada: Emmanuel Malerva González Diseño de portada: Irma Cecilia Medina Villafuerte Corrección de estilo: Roberto Rico Chong y María Isabel Rodríguez Ramos Este libro ha sido publicado con el permiso de Lawrence Krader Reserch Project, institución dependiente de la Universidad McMaster en Hamilton, Ontario, Canadá. Índice Prólogo de Andrés Fábregas Puig y Víctor Manuel Esponda Jimeno 7 Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky 13 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Nodes and Regional Interactions in Southern Eurasia
    MARLENE Laruelle STRATEGIC editor NODES Central Asia Program REGIONAL Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies and INTERACTIONS Elliott School of International SOUTHERN A airs The George Washington University in EURASIA STRATEGIC NODES AND REGIONAL INTERACTIONS IN SOUTHERN EURASIA Marlene Laruelle, editor Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Central Asia Program, 2017 www.centralasiaprogram.org The volume provides academics and policy makers with an introduction to current trends in Southern Eurasia. At the collapse of the Soviet Union, Western pundits celebrated the dramatic reshaping of regional interactions in Southern Eurasia to come, with the hope of seeing Russia lose its influence and be bypassed by growing cooperation between the states of the South Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as the arrival of new external powers. This hope has partially failed to come to fruition, as regional cooperation between the South Caucasus and Central Asia never started up, and cooperation within these regions has been hampered by several sovereignty-related and competition issues. However, a quarter of century after the disappearance of the Soviet Union, strategic nodes in Southern Eurasia have indeed deeply evolved. Some bottom-up dynamics seem to have taken shape and the massive involvement of China has been changing the long-accepted conditions in the wider region. Islamic finance has also emerged, while external actors such as Turkey, Iran, the Gulf countries and Pakistan have progressively structured their engagement with both Central Asia and South Caucasus. Another key node is centered in and around Mongolia, whose economic boom and strategic readjustments may help to shape the future of Northeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anti-Imperial Choice This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Anti-Imperial Choice the Making of the Ukrainian Jew
    the anti-imperial choice This page intentionally left blank The Anti-Imperial Choice The Making of the Ukrainian Jew Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern Yale University Press new haven & london Disclaimer: Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Copyright © 2009 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and ex- cept by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Ehrhardt type by The Composing Room of Michigan, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petrovskii-Shtern, Iokhanan. The anti-imperial choice : the making of the Ukrainian Jew / Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-13731-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Jewish literature—Ukraine— History and criticism. 2. Jews in literature. 3. Ukraine—In literature. 4. Jewish authors—Ukraine. 5. Jews— Ukraine—History— 19th century. 6. Ukraine—Ethnic relations. I. Title. PG2988.J4P48 2009 947.7Ј004924—dc22 2008035520 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper). It contains 30 percent postconsumer waste (PCW) and is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 10987654321 To my wife, Oxana Hanna Petrovsky This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Politics of Names and Places: A Note on Transliteration xiii List of Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 chapter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia and the OSCE Adiyasuren Jamiyandagva
    In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2014, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 155-162. Adiyasuren Jamiyandagva Mongolia and the OSCE Introduction to Mongolia Mongolia is located in the heart of Asia. It shares borders only with Russia (3,543 km) to the north and China (4,709 km) to the south. Mongolia is a landlocked nation with a surface area of 1.5 million square kilometres. In terms of territory, Mongolia is the seventh largest country in Asia and the 19th largest in the world. Mongolia has a continental climate with four sea- sons, and consists of a mixture of forests, steppes, deserts, and mountains. In 2013, Mongolia’s population was 2.93 million, making it the 139th most populous nation in the world. The latest census shows that 67 per cent of the population is under the age of 35, thus, making the country rather youthful compared to its neighbours. Mongolia’s official language is Mongolian, a language of the Altaic language family. Standard written Mongolian is based on the Khalkha dialect using the Cyrillic alphabet with slight modifications. The most common for- eign language used in Mongolia is English, followed by Russian. Mongolians, like other nomadic groups of Central Asia, mainly adhered to Shamanism until the rapid spread of Buddhism began in the 14th century. Nevertheless, Shamanism continues to be practised. According to the 2010 census, 53 per cent of citizens above the age of 15 identified themselves as Buddhists, three per cent as Muslims, three per cent as adherents of Shaman- ism, two per cent as Christians, and 39 per cent as atheists.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 an Analysis of the Mongolian Political and Economic Transition: A
    An Analysis of the Mongolian Political and Economic Transition: A Model Democracy with a Promising Future By Enkhtaivan Oyunbazar May, 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in (Economics) in cursu honorum Reviewed and approved by: Dr. Alexander Mirescu Submitted to The Honors Program, Saint Peter’s University March 23, 2015 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of the people who have been helpful, supportive, and caring to make this work possible. I am extremely thankful to have a wonderful family, friends, and teachers who have helped me throughout life and continue to support me in any endeavor. Special thanks to the Director of the Honors Program Dr. Rachel Wifall and my advisor for this work Dr. Alexander Mirescu from the Department of Political Science. Abstract Mongolia is a democratic free market-oriented Asian state and it is the second largest land locked country in the world. Located between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, Mongolia’s total area of 1.6 million square kilometers encompasses an area greater than that of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy combined; four times the size of Japan. Mongolia is the fifth largest country in Asia and it is also the least densely populated country in the world; the country’s population reached only three million in 2015. Mongolia became the second communist country in the world after the USSR when the Bolsheviks advised the young Mongolian nationalists to establish a Marxist state. Mongolia emerged as a supplier of raw materials and food for the USSR’s Siberian industries and towns leading up to the transition.
    [Show full text]
  • Genghis Khan and Modern Mongolian Identity: the Democracy Connection
    The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Number 8-9, 2002 GENGHIS KHAN AND MODERN MONGOLIAN IDENTITY: THE DEMOCRACY CONNECTION Paula L. W. Sabloff (USA)* It is not surprising that since Mongolia’s separation from the Soviet Union Genghis Khan has rapidly become a symbol of national unity. Born in 1162 in Hentii Province (aimag), Mongolia, Genghis Khan had united the Mongol peoples into an independent, sovereign nation in 1189. By 1206, the year he was elected Genghis Khan of All Mongols, he had expanded Mongol territory to roughly its present size. Over the next twenty-one years, he and his sons conquered the largest land mass ever held by one ruler: from Korea to Persia and the Caspian Sea, from Russia south to the Yellow River of China (Ratchnevsky 1997). Clearly Genghis Khan is the author of Mongolian independence. Today’s Mongolian government promotes Genghis Khan as a symbol of national unity and independence. His picture is on the three highest denomina- tions of Mongolian money. The ceremonial ger (yurt) located in the inner court- yard of Parliament houses a huge statue of the seated ruler; visiting dignitaries are brought here for ‘photo-ops.’ Right outside the legislative chamber on the first floor of Parliament, nine ceremonial ‘banners’ of white horsetails stand opposite a bust of Genghis Khan. The banners are paraded at the Naadam festival and then placed in a circular holder before the reviewing stand of the President. As 1,000 wrestlers march into the arena during the opening parade, they literally make obeisance to the nine banners, bowing before them.
    [Show full text]
  • 01Feh3!~9Iditti~~~--'-- Ber~I.'
    RESOLUTION "Ruben Salazar Day" April 28, 2014 \ WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar began his pioneering journalism career at the EI Paso Herald-Post, focusing on issues affecting the Latino community; and WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar covered the Mexican-American community as a reporter for the Los Angeles Times and maintained a column at the Times, giving him the opportunity to address the paper's largely white readership, bridging the gap between the old ideology of assimilation and the new chicanismo; and WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar's focus on the Mexican-American community paved the way for other Mexican-American journalists; and continued to report and advocate for the Mexican- American community as the news director for the Spanish language television station KMEX in Los Angeles; and WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar was tragically killed on August 29, 1970 by a Los Angeles County Sheriffs Deputy during the Chicano Moratorium March; and WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar's story of courage and activism is documented in the PBS documentary Ruben Salazar: Man in the Middle and countless scholarships and awards are given in his name; and WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar proved that a journalist can be an advocate for empowering a community while still maintaining journalistic integrity; and WHEREAS, Ruben Salazar was a role model who addressed issues that still resonate to this day. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that by the adoption of this resolution, the Los Angeles City Council does hereby declare April 28, 2014 as "RUBEN SALAZAR DAY"! April 2S, 2014 Presented by: 01fEH3!~9IDitTI~~~--'--
    [Show full text]