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“I Just Really Like Walking, to Tell You the Truth”: Gendered Discourses of Safety and Danger in Urban Public Spaces

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“I Just Really Like Walking, to Tell You the Truth”: Gendered Discourses of Safety and Danger in Urban Public Spaces “I Just Really Like Walking, to Tell You the Truth”: Gendered Discourses of Safety and Danger in Urban Public Spaces By Tamy Superle, B.A. (Hons.), M.A. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Sociology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario January 2013 ©2013 Tamy Superle Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94240-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94240-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes gendered discourses of safety and danger in urban public spaces as they relate to women who embody salient social privileges. I seek to answer two related questions: (i) what are the dominant gendered discourses of safety and vulnerability regarding public spaces? And (ii) how are those discourses understood and negotiated by women who are most constituted or targeted by them? This research project is significant because it analyzes both the discursive construction of fearfulness and vulnerability and the ability to resist that construction. Previous research indicates that women report being more fearful of crime than men and are the targets of gendered safety advice to help them manage their potential victimization. In particular women who are privileged by education, social class, geographical location, and/or whiteness are most expected (and able) to embody the type of femininity represented in the media and official safety sources. A key characteristic of this type of normative femininity, or what I term ‘respectable’ femininity, is physical vulnerability. Enacting respectable femininity includes fearfulness, which is especially acute in the presence of male strangers. As such, women report taking precautions that place limits on their mobility through public spaces in order to ensure their safety. In order to explore gendered safety discourses, as well as to investigate the enactment of and resistance to respectable femininities that these discourses encourage, I employ a three-pronged research approach. I analyzed (i) official safety advice from police and university websites, (ii) articles about violence against womenCosmopolitan, in and (iii) interviews with nineteen women who all embody a level of social privilege based on their social class, education, and/or racial category. From these sources, I argue that personal crime prevention advice remains gendered and contains dominant discourses which reinforce and reify female bodies as vulnerable and strangers in public spaces as dangerous. These discourses help to maintain women’s fearfulness and encourage the performance of fearful femininity through the promotion of safekeeping behaviour. Using the concept of ‘doing gender’ (West and Zimmerman 1987), I analyze the constant negotiation between doing gender in an ‘appropriate’ way that follows the dominant discourses of respectable femininity and ‘redoing’ gender by resisting these expectations of respectable femininity. I conclude that women both maintain gender norms and resist them. They resist partially through the construction of identities which do not conform to the image of normative femininity. The implications of this research are that by studying resistance or actions of redoing gender we can explore the ways in which these changes at the interactional level can possibly drive institutional change, in order to have a transformative effect on urban public spaces. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I want to thank my supervisor Andrea Doucet, and committee members Aaron Doyle, and Fran Klodawsky who have been sources of support, encouragement, and guidance throughout this entire process. To Andrea, I would like to express my sincerest thanks for her constant support and encouragement. Her belief in me, along with her good advice, helped me to see my way to the end. As well, I thank Aaron for his guidance and assistance throughout this process. I am especially grateful for his willingness to provide support and advice whenever I needed help. Thanks also to Fran for her insightful feedback and willingness to help me work through some tricky concepts. My parents—Marlene and Brian Superle—have been unfailing in their support through every stage of my life and education. Without their love, support, and belief in me I can say without hesitation that I would not have been able to begin or finish a doctoral degree. Words cannot exist to express my love and gratitude for Devin Hale’s help, good humour, and support throughout this process. His patience with the time and energy it took for me to complete this project is nothing short of amazing, and I am truly fortunate to have had him by my side throughout this process. A special thanks to Jen Wrye, Holly Thomas, and Andrew Gibson. Jen and I had a dream of writing a joint dissertation that was unfortunately not realized, but her thoughts, critiques, and insights were invaluable as I wrote my own dissertation, as were her friendship, encouragement and humour. Holly’s support and friendship made the difficult days bearable and made the good days even better. And Andrew’s companionship, humour, and support made the endless hours in front of my computer screen much more tolerable. Thanks also to Dana Way for a lifetime of friendship and support. As much as the PhD is an individual endeavor, it would have been impossible for me to complete it without the help and support of friends, family, and colleagues. The names of all who have influenced and inspired me throughout this journey are too many to list, but I am grateful for all the shoulders to cry on, the buddies to drink with, and the sounding boards to bounce ideas (the good and the bad) off of. I owe many thanks to the participants who volunteered their time to answer my questions and provide the rich and compelling stories that made this project possible. And thanks to Izzy for always keeping my head warm at night. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS___________________________________________________ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS______________________________________________________ v LIST OF APPENDICES____________________________________________________ viii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction_________________________________________________ 1 Introduction_______________________________________________________________ 1 My Beginnings_____________________________________________________________3 The ‘Spark’ _______________________________________________________________ 4 Research Questions _____________________________________ 7 Boundaries of the Project____________________________________________________ 9 Privilege_________________________________________________________________ 10 Doing Gender Framework__________________________________________________ 13 Conclusion_______________________________________________________________ 16 Chapter Outline___________________________________________________________17 CHAPTER TWO: Moving Beyond Crime Research ______________________________19 Introduction______________________________________________________________ 19 Fear of Crime Literature___________________________________________________ 20 The Legacy of Fear of Crime Research _______________________________________ 36 Fear of Crime as Governance _______________________________________________43 The Problems with ‘Fear’ o f‘Crime’ ____________________________ 47 Beyond Fear of Crime: Additional Literatures_________________________________53 Conclusion_______________________________________________________________ 63 CHAPTER THREE: Methodological Considerations and Research Design__________ 64 Introduction______________________________ 64 Research Design 67 Who, How and Why of the Participants _______________________________76
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