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82Nd, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 3-8, 1999) DOCUMENT RESUME ED 433 572 CS 510 153 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (82nd, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 3-8, 1999). Status of Women. INSTITUTION Association for Education ib Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE 1999-08-00 NOTE 246p.; For other sections of this proceedings, see CS 510 132-153. PUB TYPE Collected Works Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Asian Americans; Cartoons; Content Analysis; *Females; *Feminism; Higher Education; Journalism Education; Journalism Research; Mass Media Role; Presidents of the United States; Programming (Broadcast); Scientists; Sex Role; Space Exploration; Television Commercials IDENTIFIERS Asian Culture; Clinton (Bill); Life Magazine; Media Coverage; Time Magazine; Womens Suffrage ABSTRACT The Status of Women section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Coverage of Mars Exploration: Media Messages about Women Scientists" (Karon R. Speckman and Lois A. Bichler); "The Case of President Clinton and the Feminists: Discourses of Feminism in the News" (Dustin Harp); "Liberal Feminist Theory and Women's Images in Mass Media: Cycles of Favor and Furor" (Sandra L. Ginsburg); "Reporting the Birth and Death of Feminism: Three Decades of Mixed Messages in 'Time' Magazine" (Carolyn Kitch); "The Women's Suffrage Movement through the Eyes of 'Life' Magazine Cartoons" (J. Robyn Goodman); "Displaced Persons: Race, Sex and New Discourses of Orientalism in the U.S. Mass Media" (Meenakshi Gigi Durham); "Gender and Cultural Hegemony in Reality-Based Television Programming: The World According to 'A Wedding Story'" (Erika Engstrom); and "Portrayal of Women Using Computers in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis" (Candace White, Katherine N. Kinnick, and Kadesha Washington). (RS) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (82nd, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 3-8, 1999): Status of Women. Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. 1999-08 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) 11(Thisdocument has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES °Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent official OERI position cr policy. Coverage of Mars exploration: Media,Messages about women scientists by Karon R. Speckman, Ph.D. Cornmunication Department Truman State University Kirksville, MO 63501 Mailing address: 4100:WateTtown Pl. Codurribia,IMO 65203 Email: [email protected] Phone: 666' -47185-7231 (work) 573-41-6649 (home) and Lois A. Bich ler, Ph.D. Natural,Scierice Program Stephens pollege Columbia,MO 65215 Presented to the Commission on the Status of Women, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication 1999 national convention, New Orleans Abstract Coverage of Mars exploration: Media messages about women scientists This study examines coverage of the Mars exploration in 1997 to determine what view about women and science media users gained. Media coded included ABC, NBC, CNN, Associated Press, the New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times. The study used content analysis to determine whether media used the woman in charge of the Mars project as a main source, source choice by gender of report/anchor, and how sources were described. by Karon R. Speckman, Ph.D. Communication Department" Truman State University Kirksville, MO 63501 Mailing address: 4100 Watertown Pl. Columbia, MO 65203 Email:[email protected] Phone: 660-785-7231 (work) 573-449-6649 (home) and Lois A. Bich ler, Ph.D. Natural Science Program Stephens College Columbia,MO 65215 Coverage of Mars exploration, I Coverage of Mars exploration: Media messages about women scientists The world watched on July 4, 1997, as NASA's Pathfinder spacecraft landed on Marsthe first Mars landing since Viking One and Viking Two in 1976. A six-wheeled mobile robot or rover, Sojourner, explored the planet and sent pictures back to earth. The landing and photos interested people because scientists speculated that Mars once had life. Media users learned much about space exploration and the scientists' enthusiasm over a successful project. However, did media users learn that the manager of the Mars Exploration Program and designer of Pathfinder was a woman? Did they learn that the rover vehicle, Sojourner, was named after Sojourner Truth, an African-American civil war abolitionist? Did media users learn that science is a viable career option for both women and men? This study examined the world view that media users would gain about women scientists by studying news coverage of the Mars Pathfinder mission to determine whether print and television used the woman in charge of the Mars project as a source, how female sources were described, and whether the origin of the robot's name was explained. Significance of topic Because society continues to advance technologically, society may have an interest in increasing women and minorities in science careers. The United States needs more qualified workers and scientists to continue competing in the global marketplace (Terry, 1997). Female enrollments are rising in undergraduate science programs in the United States, yet many of these women do not go on to graduate school or a science career. Why this disparity continues is a complicated society problem. "Women in science confront a complex web of competing and contradictory realities and discourses Coverage of Mars exploration, 2 as they negotiate their career identities" (Erwin & Maurutto, 1998, p. 51). Experts suggest a variety of reasons for women abandoning science careers such as lack of mentors and lack of support in school or from families (see Literature Review section). However, if we accept that media are agencies of socialization and could shape societal attitudes about gender roles, then studying media coverage of women's role in the Mars landing is significant because it aids in understanding what view about women and science media users will gain. Media coverage that accurately portrays women's contributions to the field of science without stereotypes could relay successful messages that women are capable of achieving in science, especially space exploration. Media have covered the increase of women astronauts, but the Mars, exploration coverage focused more on the scientists behind the scenes because the main characterswere machines as opposed to people. Media outlets examined were CNN, ABC, NBC, the Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, and Associated Press wire stories for two weeks before and two weeks after the landing. Specifically, the study examined whether Donna Shirleywas used as a main source, whether gender of the reporter/anchor affected source choice, how female and male sources were described, and whether media users would have gained informationon the naming of Sojourner. Although coverage extended four weeks, the television stories were heavily concentrated in a two-week period. In this paper's first section, the literature on women and science, agenda-setting, framing, and use of sources is examined. The following section focuseson the research questions and description of the method. Results, discussion, and conclusions follow. 6 Coverage of Mars exploration, 3 Literature review Women in science Although some occupations have achieved gender equity, engineering and science occupations have not. Or if women do enter science fields, they often do not remain in what is called the "science pipeline" (Hanson, 1996). The pipeline is a metaphor used to describe how women choose certain careers and advance in those careers. Enrollment in math courses is considered essential to the start of the pipeline. Ages at which the science disparity begins differ depending on study. Hanson concluded that in eighth grade, the United States has female enrollments of 51.2 % of students in math classes; however, this changes by twelfth grade to 43.8%(1996).1Another study concluded that at age nine, both sexes have similar mathematics and science proficiencies, but the gap appears at age 13 (Women in Mathematics and Science, 1997). An earlier study showed that by tenth grade, the gap widens with only 10% of girls interested in the natural sciences compared with 25% of boys (Women and K-12 Science and Mathematics Education, 1994). By high school graduation, 5% of girls indicate that they want a potential career in science while 20% of boys indicate the same interest (Women and K- 12 Science and Mathematics Education). A 1996 study showed that 20% of men and 4% of women planned to major in computer sciences or engineering (Women in Mathematics and Science). The most recent AAUW study showed that the gap in math and science achievement is narrowing at present, but girls now lag far behind boys in technology (AAUW(A) & AAUW(B), 1998). Also, boys are more likely than girls to take the three core science coursesbiology, chemistry, and physicswith
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