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WO 2010/132955 Al (12) INTERNATIONALAPPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 25 November 2010 (25.11.2010) WO 2010/132955 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12M 1/00 (2006.01) AOlG 7/00 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AOlH 13/00 (2006.01) Cl 2N 1/12 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, HOlL 31/052 (2006.01) CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (21) International Application Number: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, PCT/AU20 10/0006 17 KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, (22) International Filing Date: ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, 2 1 May 20 10 (21 .05.2010) NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (25) Filing Language: English TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 61/180,240 2 1 May 2009 (21 .05.2009) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, OMEGA 3 INNOVATIONS PTY LTD [AU/AU]; PO EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, Box 72, Mt Eliza, Victoria 3930 (AU). LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, (72) Inventors; and GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). (75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): EDWARDS, Scott, R. [AU/AU]; 140A Hawthorn Road, Caulfield North, Published: Victoria 3161 (AU). FITZPATRICK, Ian, S. [AU/AU]; — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) 129 Tennyson Street, Elwood, Victoria 3184 (AU). (74) Agent: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE; 1 Nicholson Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 (AU). (54) Title: APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS (57) Abstract: A photo synthetic growth apparatus including: photosynthetic material defining a preferred photosynthesis absorp tion band of optical wavelengths for performing photosynthesis; and a wavelength converter for emitting growth light in the pre ferred photosynthesis absorption band, for absorption by the photosynthetic material, by absorbing solar radiation in a converter absorption band different to the preferred photosynthesis absorption band, based on Stokes fluorescence. APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS FIELD The present invention relates to apparatuses, systems and methods for providing photosynthesis, for example for growing algae with a photobioreactor (PBR). BACKGROUND The climate of planet Earth is changing as increasing volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulate in the environment, in particular the atmosphere, lakes and oceans. Much of the CO2 released into the environment is generated by technologies and industries that have become important to national economies and people's way of life. For example, coal- fired electricity generation plants provide cheap electricity that is essential for modern society, but are increasingly under pressure to reduce the amount of CO2 they emit into the atmosphere. Governments and companies are in desperate need to reduce the amount of CO2 being released into the environment, and to reduce the amount of CO2 already released, using so-called "carbon capture" techniques. For example, photosynthetic growth captures CO2 to build structures of plants, such as its biological cells. However, there is insufficient growing photosynthetic matter (e.g., plants on land and in the ocean) on Earth, or at least insufficient photosynthetic matter that is conveniently located, to capture enough CO2 to reverse its accumulation in the environment at current rates of emission. There is a need for an increase in the Earth's capacity to capture CO2, including a need for more photosynthetic material performing photosynthesis, and more efficient use of available solar radiation in photosynthesis, in particular using solar radiation directly, in more efficient facilities. There is a need to provide high-efficiency photosynthesis concentrated in particular locations, e.g., near CO2-emitting facilities. There is a need for containing photosynthetic materials in non-contaminating facilities, e.g., through ingress or egress of materials / pollutants. There is a need for more robust and simpler apparatuses for supporting photosynthesis. It is desired to address or ameliorate one or more of the problems, disadvantages and limitations associated with the prior art, or to at least provide a useful alternative. SUMMARY In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a photosynthetic growth apparatus including: at least one solar collector configured to collect solar radiation; at least one growth area configured for photosynthetic material to perform photosynthesis using radiation having at least one selected wavelength; a wavelength converter configured to convert at least a portion of the collected solar radiation having at least one wavelength different from the at least one selected wavelength to radiation with the at least one selected wavelength for the photosynthetic material; and a light modulator configured to control irradiation of the photosynthetic material by the radiation with the at least one selected wavelength to at least substantially reduce photoinhibition of the photosynthesis. In some embodiments, the irradiation of the photosynthetic material uses light arising from the solar radiation. In some embodiments, the light modulator modulates the amplitude of the irradiation of the photosynthetic material. In some embodiments, the light modulator modulates the amplitude of the irradiation between zero and a maximum. In some embodiments, the light modulator includes a distributor configured to distribute the collected radiation and the converted radiation between a plurality of different portions of the photosynthetic material in the at least one growth area. In some embodiments, the distributor includes a moving distributor configured to selectively and sequentially direct the collected radiation and the converted radiation to the plurality of different portions of the photosynthetic material. In some embodiments, the moving distributor is a rotating distributor including a rotating reflector. In some embodiments, the moving distributor is a switching distributor including a plurality of switching reflectors. In some embodiments, the plurality of different portions of the photosynthetic material are in respective different growth areas of the at least one growth area. In some embodiments, the light modulator is controlled by a modulation controller to control the intensity at a selectable maximum intensity, minimum intensity, modulation frequency, and/or modulation duty cycle. In some embodiments, the modulation frequency is about 1 Hz to 20 kHz, or about 25 Hz to 250 Hz. In some embodiments, the duty cycle is between about 10% and about 50%. In some embodiments, the light modulator is controlled by a modulation controller to control the intensity to at least substantially reduce self-shadowing of the photosynthetic material due to excessive growth of the photosynthetic material. In some embodiments, the at least one solar collector includes at least one reflective surface for concentrating the solar radiation. In some embodiments, the at least one reflective surface is moveable to track movement of the sun. In some embodiments, the at least one reflective surface is fixed relative to movement of the sun, and the at least one solar collector includes at least one respective tilting arm receiver moveable to track movement of the concentrated solar radiation caused by movement of the sun. In some embodiments, the at least one solar collector forms a fixed roofing structure, and the at least one reflective surface concentrates the solar radiation to a radiation capture device substantially protected from environmental and mechanical damage. In some embodiments, the at least one reflective surface includes two surfaces, and the first surface is shaped to concentrate the solar radiation to the receiver behind the second surface. In some embodiments, the first surface has a compound parabolic concentrator shape. In some embodiments, the at least one selected wavelength includes one or more wavelengths respectively corresponding to one or more of the lowest photosynthetic absorption states of the photosynthetic material. In some embodiments, the at least one selected wavelength includes one or more wavelengths corresponding to red light. In some embodiments, the red light includes wavelengths from about 620 nm to about 780 nm. In some embodiments, the red light includes wavelengths from about 660 nm to about 750 nm. In some embodiments, the photosynthetic growth apparatus includes an artificial light source configured to generate artificial radiation having at least one selected wavelength for irradiating the photosynthetic material to perform photosynthesis when the solar radiation is not available, to at least substantially reduce respiration by the photosynthetic material. In some embodiments, the artificial light source includes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting red light.
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