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Phytoplankton 1 9 DOMAIN Groups (Kingdom) Dinophyta, Haptophyta, & Bacillariophyta 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 2.Archae 3.Eukaryotes 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates, coccolithophore Chromista 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, ochrophyta 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids 4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates 5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates- unicellular Phytoplankton 1 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs 2 DOMAIN Eukaryotes Domain Eukaryotes – have a nucei Supergroup Chromista- chloroplasts derived from red algae Chromista = 21,556 spp. chloroplasts derived from red algae Division Haptophyta- 626 spp. coccolithophore contains Alveolates & Stramenopiles according to Algaebase Group Alveolates- unicellular, plasma membrane supported by flattened vesicles Division Haptophyta- 626 spp. coccolithophore Division Dinophyta- 3,310 spp. of dinoflagellates Group Stramenopiles- two unequal flagella, chloroplasts 4 membranes Division Ochrophyta- 3,763spp. brown algae Division Bacillariophyta -13,437 spp diatoms sphere of stone 3 4 1 Division Haptophyta: Coccolithophore Division Haptophyta: Coccolithophore • Pigments? Chl a &c Autotrophic, Phagotrophic & Osmotrophic Carotenoids:B-carotene, diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin (uptake of nutrients by osmosis) •Carbon Storage? Sugar: Chrysolaminarian Primary producers in polar, subpolar, temperate & tropical waters • Chloroplasts? 4 membrane Coccolhliths- external bod y scales made of calcium carbonate - keep out bacteria & viruses - predatory defense •Flagella? 2, smooth , equal - focus light into cells & nutrient uptake •Life History? Alternation of Generation Haptonema- thread like extension involved in prey capture - Phagotrophic lack coccoliths and have haptonema 5 6 Haptophyta & Global Biochemistry Division Haptophyta- coccolithophore Genera: Emiliania •Carbon & sulfer cyclingglobal climate •Smallest unicellular eukaryote •Ubiquitous throughout top 200m •Ocean floor limestone accumulation •Tremendous blooms -largest long term sink of inorganic carbon •Armored coating makes the surface more reflective •Cools deeper ocean water •25% of total carbon to deep ocean from coccoliths •Contributes to global warming bc metabolism increases the amount of dissolved CO2 in the water •Produce large amounts of Dimethylsulfide (DMS) & reflect light - Increase acid rain - Enhance cloud formation – sulfate aerosols - Cooling influence on climate 7 8 2 Domain Eukaryotes – have a nuclei Supergroup Chromista- chloroplasts derived from red algae Division Dinophyta: Dinoflagellates Division Dinophyta- 3,310 spp. of dinoflagellates • Pigments? Chl a & c, carotenoid- B carotene, xanthophyll peridinin gyroxanthin diester •Carbon Storage? Starch • Chloroplasts? Triple membrane Thylakoids in stacks of 3 whirling flagella • Flagella? 2 unequal flagella Pyrrhos = “fire” - transverse & longitudinal bioluminescent •Life History? Haplontic 9 10 Xanthophyll Peridinin Division Dinophyta - a light harvesting carotenoid - unique in its high ratio of peridinin to chlorophyll 8:2 • Can be heterotrophic (eats food) or autotrophic (makes own food), - makes red tides red or both! •Obligate heterotrophs- secondary loss of plastids • Use flagella to capture prey • All have tri ch ocysts , prot ein rods tha t can be ejected, exact function is unknown •Mucocysts- simple sacs that release mucilage 11 12 3 Dinophyta Life History Dinophyta Morphology Haplontic: 1N thallus, the zygote is the only diploid stage • Posses two unequal flagella (at right angles to each other) • Cell wall made up of cellulose plates (a carbohydrate) • Both flagella are hairy (not mastigonemes) Normal conditions: Asexual Tranverse undulipodium (flage llum ) Stressful conditions: Fuse with another dinophyta to form hypnozygote (resilient resting stage) Longitudinal undulipodium (flagellum) 13 14 Dinophyta Morphology Dinophyta Movement -Genus determined by number & arrangement of thecal plates • Have a slight capacity to move into more favorable areas to increase productivity Apical Pore Thecal Plates • Use flagella to move (Cellulose) Epicone • Longitudinal flagellum propels in the opposite direction Girdle or Cingulum • Transverse flagellum this flagella allows for turning and Transverse maneuvering Undulipodium Hypocone • Some dinoflagellates (<5%) have eyespots that allow detection of Trichocyst Pores light source (mostly fresh water) Sulcul Groove Longitudinal • Trichocysts??? Undulipodium 15 16 4 Spines Dinophyta Genera: Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Symbiodinium • Larger SA/V • Helps to stay suspended in water column • Causes red tides when in high concentrations • Produces brevetoxin, a type of neurotoxin. • Poisons humans who eat shellfish that have been filtering it. 17 18 Dinophyta Bioluminescense Genera: Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Symbiodinium • Ancient mariners thought “the burning seas” were of supernatural origin • Obligate heterotroph • The next hypotheses were that the light was emitted from salt •Bioluminescent! molecules or burning phosphorous • Large – up to 2mm • In 1830, scientists agreed it was biological in origin • Dinophyta are the primary contributors to bioluminescence in the marine habitat • In bioluminescence, energy from an exergonic (spontaneous; energy released) chemical reaction is transformed into light energy • Compound responsible is luciferin (term for general class of 19 compounds) which is oxidized and results in the emission of light20 5 Domain Eukaryotes – have a nuclei Supergroup Chromista- chloroplasts derived from red algae Dinophyta Division Bacillariophyta -13,437 spp diatoms Genera: Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Symbiodinium • zooxanthella • endosymbiont of corals, anemones, foraminiferans and radiolarians • provides host with up to 90% of energy requirements 21 22 Division Bacillariophyta -diatoms Division Bacillariophyta -13,437 spp diatoms • Pigments? Chl a & c carotenoids: fucoxanthin • Most abundant group of marine phytoplankton •Carbon storage? sugar: laminarin •Sometimes heterotrophic • Unicellular,,(g) sometimes colonial (chain forming) • Chloroplasts? 4 membranes • Can be planktonic or benthic • Flagella? Spermatezoids have one flagellum with mastigonemes • Store oil as an energy reserve & help them float at the correct depth •Life History? Diplontic 23 24 6 Division Bacillariophyta - diatoms Division Bacillariophyta -13,437 spp diatoms Diatoms often form chains – look filamentous Centric morphology Pennate morphology25 26 Division Bacillariophyta - Morphology Division Bacillariophyta - Diatoms Movement Frustrules- Two-part boxlike cell walls •composed of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) •silicon can be a limiting nutrient for them •They secrete crystalline structures through Girdle - area of overlap of frustrules holes in the raphe or frustrules Raphe- central groove •These structures expand in H2O epitheca •This causes movement in opposite direction theca or frustrule •Movement regulated depending on which girdle (each half) holes they secrete through overlap hypotheca 27 28 7 Division Bacillariophyta - Reproduction Division Bacillariophyta - Life History •Division rates exceed one per day Diplontic: 2N thallus, the gametes are the only haploid stage •Asexual- individuals get smaller and smaller oogamous •Sexual- formation of auxospore, only way to get bigger 29 30 Domain Eukaryotes – have a nuclei Supergroup Chromista- chloroplasts derived from red algae Division Bacillariophyta -13,437 spp diatoms Navicula Genera: • Unicells or in chains Coscinodiscus, Chaetoceros, Navicula, Pseudo-Nitzschia • Common in rocky intertidal Coscinodiscus •Common in coastal waters, epiphytic on seaweeds Pseudo-Nitzschia • Produces anti-herbivory compound Chaetoceros Domoic Acid • Accumulate in anchovies, eaten by • Spines to slow sinking birds death and strange behavior • Dense blooms can cause damage to fish gills 31 32 8 Division bacillariophyta-diatoms Dinophyta, Haptophyta, & Bacillariophyta Only phytoplankton with economic value Petroleum & Natural Gas: •Formed over millions of years from dead diatoms Diatomaceous earth: •Mine d for filtrat ion purposes , water filters (porous ) •Pesticides (plugs up trachea) 33 39 Phytoplankton 34 Primary Production Primary Production • Phytoplankton are the major contributors to primary production in • Phytoplankton are at the base of marine food chains the open oceans………………………………………………………………..and globally! or webs primary producers •Primary Production: the amount of light energy converted to organic compounds by an ecosystems autotrophs during a given time period • Chlorophyll a is often measured as a proxy for primary production by phytoplankton •Important players phytoplankton produce over 99% of •Photosynthesis carried out primarily by: •Phytoplankton – open ocean the food supply for marine animals 35 36 •Macroalgae – along the coast 9 Phytoplankton are the base of pelagic food webs Light • Major factor limiting new cell production • Limited to growth in the photi c zone – near the sfsurface • Photic zone •euphotic zone <200m (good light) •disphotic zone 200-1000m (small but measurable light) 37 38 6 Light Nutrients •Major factor limiting new cell production (especially N, Fe, Si for diatoms) •Nutrient Sources: • Rivers, streams, and agriculture (runoff) • Upwelling • Defecation • Decomposition • Nitrogen fixers • Compensation depth = depth at which photosynthesis is equal to •Nutrient uptake: respiration (net production = 0) • Advantage of small size • Simple diffusion to supply nutrients
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