ANALYSIS I ANALYSE
NINETEENTH-CENTURY CHURCHES IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND THEIR PLACE IN THE GOTHIC REVIVAL
P1' ofessor Ma lcolm rl1ur!by, Ph.D F S A . >MALCOLM THURLBY 1 teaches r-nedi eval art and ar~cflitect:LH' e , and
Canadian Bl'Ch!teCLLwe in the Oepar,trnent of
Visual Arts. York University . His latest book,
Rornonesque Architecture and Sculpture in
!!Vales, was published by Loga,;ton P1·ess , Almeley INTRODUCTION fH er efol'dShll'el. 111 ,June 2006. The nineteenth-century churches of Prince Edward Island are relatively well known thanks to the publications of H.M. Scott Smith, Canon Robert Tuck, and Father Art O'Shea. 2 Smith provides a useful starting point for any study of the churches on t he Island. Yet there are some strange omis sions from his books, not least of which are three churches in Charlottetown. First, there is the monumental, one thousand two hundred-seater Trinity Wesleyan Methodist (now United) Church, built in 1863-1864; then, St. Peter's Anglican Cathedral, 1867-1869, and St. James Old Kirk, 1877, both by David Stirling (1822- 1887), one of the most accomplished nineteenth-century architects in the Atlantic provinces. William Critchlow Harris (1854-1913), who apprenticed with Stirling from 1870 to 1875, was respon sible for a large number of churches in Prince Ed ward Island, all of which are carefully documented by Robert Tuck. Art O'Shea provides a com prehensive over view of Roman Catholic churches in Prince Ed ward Island, complete w ith excellent colour photographs. This paper builds on the work of these authors to inves tigate the nineteenth-century churches of Prince Ed ward Island in the context of the Gothic Revival in Canada, Britain, and the United States.
EARLY GOTHIC REVIVAL CHURCHES DOWN TO 1840
Th e earliest churches in Prince Ed ward Is land depend strongly on the eighteenth century tradition of meetinghouses and churches in New England and Nova FIG. 1. BELFAST, ST. JO HN'S PRESBYTERIAN, 1824. EXTERIOR FROM SW. I M'kohnThodby
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FIG . 2. CROO ME D'A BITOT (WORCESTERSH IR E), ST. MARY FI G. 3. WEST COVEHE AD, ST. JAMES'S PRE SBYTE RI AN (UNITED). EXTERIOR FROM SW (SE). I Malcolm lhodby. MAGDALENE, 1763. LANCELOT BROWN. EXTERIOR FROM SW. I Malcolm Thodb y.
Scotia. For the churches, the influence parallel for the setbacks is Wren's Christ gallery in the sanctuary.' 0 The simple of the English architect James Gibbs Church, Newgate Street, 1703-17047 pilasters at the corners of the church are (1682-1754) is of paramount importance, Just as the Belfast tow er owes nothing paralleled in St. Paul's, Halifax, w hile the as w itnessed, for example, in St. Paul 's, directly to medieval Gothic sources, so bro ken pediment above the w est door Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749, wh ich was the multi-pane, sash windows of the w ay is a co mmon neoclassical detail, as modeled on Gibbs's Marylebone Chapel, west front and tower are made Gothic in Greenock Church, St. Andrews, New London, 1721-1722 3 St. John's Presbyteri with pointed arches and intersecting Brunswick, 1824. Other elements, like an, Belfast, 1824, has the pulpit platform glazing bars in the eighteenth-century the fan transom above the doorway and against the east wall and galleries around tradition of Batty and Thomas Langley the differentiation in the surface of the the other three sides of the sanctuary, in (1696 -1751) 8 The cusped Y-tracery of the fa~ade of the building from the sides a simplified version of that eighteenth si de windows at first seems more con and back, also recall a North American century tradition. 4 The west tower is di vincingly medieval, but the appearance neoclassical heritage. vi ded into four stages with pronounced of simi lar forms in the Gothic Cathedral setbacks in each storey (fig. 1). Setbacks desig ned for Kew Gardens by Johann In Charlottetown, the former St. James on towers are a d istinctly English fea Hein rich Muntz, circa 1758,9 and at Presbyterian Old Kirk of 1831 (fig. 4) ture that goes back to the eleventh St . Mary Magdalene's, Croome d'Abitot, was designed according to similar prin century Anglo-Saxon tower at Earls Worcestershire, by Lancelot Brown, 1763 cip les, and even included emphasized Barton, Northamptonshire, and remain (fig. 2). suggests that eighteenth-century keystones and pilasters with recessed popular through the rest of the Middle intermediaries were a factor in the de panels on the angles on the nave from Agess However, the setbacks at Belfast sign at Belfast. a North American classical-vernacular are far more extreme than in medieval tradition. The main entrance was on towers. Smith has compared the tower Pointed windows with intersecting glaz the south wall of the tower, as in meet w ith Sir Christopher Wren's St . Dunstan ing bars light the early 1830s St. James inghouses like Old Covenanter Church, in-the-East, London' The parallel is not a Presbyterian (United). West Covehead Grand Pre, Nova Scotia -" On the tower, close one, although it is interesting that (fig. 3). w here the small scale of the the stepped buttresses, the pi nnacles St . Dunstan's tower is Gothic. A better church provides room only for a w estern and the arcades at the top of the w alls
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FIG. 4. CHA RLOTTETOWN, ST. JAM ES OLD KIR K, FIG. 5. SOU TH RUSTICO, ST. AUGUST INE, 1838-1841. FIG. 6. SALISBURY CATHEDRA L, 1220-1258. 1831-1878. PHOTOGRAPH IN THE VESTRY EXTERIOR FROM SW. [ Makolmlhuciby. W FRON T. [ MalcolmThuclby. OF OLD KIRK. I Makolm lhuclby
w ere Gothic, but they lacked sufficient One must have taste to be sensib le to the the mind I I which p1 le of bu ild in g conveys monumentality to be directly associated beauties of Grec1an archi tecture; one only the more d evout ideas, which f ills the with medieval models. wants passions t o feel Gothic. In St. Pete1·'s senses with the gr eatest attention of the I Rome I one is convin ced that it was bui lt by heaven above u s; w hich leads us more to Geddes Memorial Church, Springbrook, great pr inces I . I In Westminster Abbey, contemplate on the life t o come? If I may 1836-1837, represents the eighteenth one thinks not of the builder; the religion of take the liberty to Judge, it is !Westminster century meetinghouse tradition w ithout the place makes its first impression I . I and Abbey] St. Paul's can neve1· impart those any reference to Gothic details, while though stripped of its altars and shrines. it se nsations; it has the opposite effect. We at First Baptist (Cross Roads Christian). is nearer conve1·ting one to popery than all behold the wondrous object w ith a familiar Cross Roads, 1836, just east of Char the regular pageantry of Ro man dom es'3 eye ; we consider lit] as raised to pass the lottetown, we witness the same tradi hours in business, pl easure, and delight; tion, but with pointed windows on the The importance of John Carter (1848- no pious thoughts possess the m ind , as ground storey." 1817) for the revival of Gothic is encap while we a1·e gazing on the vaulted roof of sulated by Mordaunt Crook: IWestminsteJ-1." 14 The choice of the Gothic style, or rather the introduction of Gothic elements, in "C lassica l a1·chitecture I .. 1 ha s its place, The Church Building Act of 1818 was not the ecclesiastical architecture in Prince in mansions and other structures of ease specific on the matter of style, but some Ed w ard Island, should be considered and pleasure " But it was "the Invention of architects suggested that Gothic was less against three backgrounds: England, foreigners." And for myster y, sublimity and expensive than a classical alternative15 the United States, and Nova Scotia. drama ther e 1s nothing to match "that awful Kenneth Clark reported that of the two The origins are to be found in England. style of bu ilding" barba1·ously misnamed hundred and fourteen churches that re- Horace Walpole (1717-1797), creator of "Gothic." Compare I I Westminste1· Abbey suited from the 1818 Act, one hundred the Gothic "castle" Strawberry Hill, and St. Paul's· that "mortal r epository of and seventy-four w ere Gothic.16 While Twickenham, 1749, and author of the Engl ish glory" on the one hand, and "S ir the quality of these churches varied con- Gothic novel, Castle of Otranto (1764). Christophe r 's heathenized prodigy" on the siderably, the sheer weight of numbers wrote: other. "Which has the greater effect on could only further raise interest in the
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FIG. 7. SOUTH RUSTICO, ST. AUGUSTINE , 1838-1841 . FIG. 8. GRAND RIVER , ST. PATRI CK, 1844. FIG. 11. COVEH EAD, ST. EUGENE. INTERIO R INTERIOR TO E.] M• lmlmlh"dby. INTERIOR TO E. ] M•lcolmThmlby. TOW (E).] M•lcolmlh"dby.
FIG. 9. GRAND RIVER, ST. PATRICK, 1844/1890. EX TER IOR FIG. 10. COVEHEAD, ST. EUGENE . EXTER IOR FIG . 12. liTTLE POND, ST. FR ANCIS DE SAL ES, 1863. FROM NW.] M•lmlmThmlby. FROM NW (SE). JM• lmlmlhmlby. EXTER IO R FR OM SW. j M•lcolm Th"dby
revival of the Gothic style for ecc lesiasti Massachusetts, contemporary, Charles and Catholics whereas Congregationalists ca l architecture. Bulfinch (1763-1844), adapted the meet opted for neoclassical. inghouse tradition to Gothic in Federal Aside from that English impetus, Ameri Street Church, 1809.21 Old St . Patrick's Ro In Nova Scotia, pointed windows already can Gothic analogues are important.17 man Catholic Cathedral, New York, 1809- appeared in the Gibbsian box at Christ Here we witness the Gothic modification 1815, by French-born architect Joseph F. Church, Karsdale, 1791 -1793, and that was to a Gibbsian tradition in the second Mangin, is also Gothic." So is lthiel Tow n's followed in Goat Island Baptist Church, Trinity Church, New York, 1788-1790.18 (1784-1844), Trinity Church, New Haven, at Upper Clements, circa 1810, St. Luke's, Benjamin Latrobe (1764-1820) produced Connecticut, 1817, and here Town himself Annapolis Royal, 1814-1817, and St . Mary's a Gothic design for Baltimore Cathedral.'9 reported that "the Gothic style of archi Halifax, 1820-1829.24 In Newfoundland, It was not built, but his Gothic Christ tecture has been chosen and adhered to St. Paul's Anglican at Trinity used pointed Church, 1808, Washington, District of in the erection of this Church, as being windows w ith intersecting glazing bars in Columbia, stands to this day, so does his in some respects more appropriate, and 1814-1818.25 ln New Brunswick, St . Anne's St . Paul's Episcopa l, 1817, in Alexa ndria, better suited to the solemn purposes of Westcock, 1817, has three pointed win Virginia .20 Just as the classicist Latrobe religious w orship."" In general, Gothic dows on each side of the Gibbsian box, had his Gothic adventures, so his Boston, w as preferred by the Epi sc opal (Anglican) one pointed west window, pointed arches
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FIG. 13. LITTLE POND, ST. FR ANCIS DE SA LE S, 1863. FIG. 14. PORT HI LL, ST. JAM ES, 1843. EXTERI OR FIG. 15. PORT HILL, ST. JAM ES, 1843. INTERIOR TO E. I MalcolmTh,dby. FROM SW. I MalcolmTh"'lby. INTERIORTO E. I MalcolmThorlby.
FIG . 16. GEORGETOWN, HOLYTRINITY, 1839. EXTER IOR FIG . 17. GEOR GETOWN, HOLY TRINITY, 1839. EXTERIOR FIG. 18. GEORGETOWN, HOLY TRINITY, 1839. FROM S.l MalcolmTh,rlby. FRO M ENE . I MalcolmTh,dby. INTERIORTO E. I MalcolmTh,dby. .
to the otherwise Gibbsian belfry, and popularity of the James Gibbs tradition the publication of Thomas Rickman's even a Gothic version of a Venetian win in Pri nce Edward Island (fig . 5) . The Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of dow in the apse." Similar Gothic adapta proportions of the box-like nave with Architecture in England, from the Con- tions of the Gibbsian tradition are found pilasters at the angles are paralleled at quest to the Reformation in 1817.'6 as at St . Paul's, Chatham Head, 1823, and St . Paul 's, Halifax.33 However, there are well as John Britton's Architectural An- Old Stone Church in Saint John, 1824. 27 details on the exterior that suggest that tiquities of Great Britain and Cathedral In Quebec, Christ Church Anglican at the knowledge of Gothic has moved Antiquities, the latter with over three Saint-Andre Est, 1819-1821, is a red-brick beyond Batty and Thomas Langley. For hundred illustrations." box with four pointed side windows and instance, the plate tracery of the win- a west tower with a Gothicised-Gibbsian dows recalls the west front of Salisbury Like the exterior of St. Augustine's, South belfry and spire, and Gibbsian roof pitch; Cathedral (figs. 5 and 6) . And there is a Rustico, so the interior of the church the chancel was added later. 28 In 1823, much more specific link with Salisbury. speaks of a Gothic modification of a James Gothic was chosen for Notre-Dame in On the tower at South Rustico, there are Gibbs-derived church (fig. 7) . The use of Montreal.'' In Ontario, general parallels friezes of quatrefoils with trefoils in the galleries on three sides of the nave and for Gothicised-Gibbsian churches are at spandrels exactly as on the west front the giant order may be compared with St. Mary's Anglican, Picton, 1823,30 Hal of Salisbury. Salisbury Cathedral was Gibbs's St. Martin-in-the Fields, London, dimand Baptist, 1824,31 and St . Thomas's published in John Britton's The Beau 1721-1726, and his Marylebone Chapel, Anglican in St . Thomas.32 ties of England and Wales, and in his London.38 Such cosmetic Gothicism were History and Antiquities of the Cathedral not at all unusual and may be paralleled THE BEGINNINGS OF MEDIEVAL Church of Salisbury of 1814.34 Salisbury in England at St . James's, Poole, Dorset, REFERENCES also served as a specific model for Holy 1820, 39 and in Nova Scotia in St . Mary's Trinity, Theale, Berkshire, by Edward Cathedral, Halifax, also of 182040 The Roman Catholic church of St . Au Garbett and John Buckler, 1820-1826.35 gustine at South Rustico, 1838-1841, More generally, interest in original St . Dunstan's Roman Catholic Cathedral provides evidence for the continued medieval Gothic was stimulated with in Charlottetown was commenced in 1843
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FIG . 19. IRISHTOWN / BURLINGTON, ST. STEPHEN , 1855. EXTERIOR FROM NW.I MalcolmlhU FI G. 22. DESABLE, FREE CHU RCH OF SCOTLAND, 1855. INTERIOR TO E. I Malcolm Thurlby. 70 JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 M ALCO LM T HUR LBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE and the Royal Gazette of Tuesday, July 25, reported that "it w ill be the largest build ing in the Island, being one hundred and forty-one f eet long, including the Tower, by seventy feet wide, and thirty-si x feet in the post."41 The juxtaposition of the tower and nave was the same as South Rustico, and there was a si x- bay division on the exterior articulated with simple pilasters. Tall pointed w indows with Perpendicular FIG . 23. CHAR LOTTETOWN, TRINI TY WESLEYAN FIG . 24. CHAR LOTTE TOWN, TRINITY WESLE YAN MET HODIST (UNI TE D), 1863 -1 864. EXTER IOR METH ODIST (UNITE D). 1863-1864. INTERIOR tracery illuminated the interior from the FROM SW.I MalcolmThudby. TO E. I Malcolm Thurlby. sides while at the east end single lancets flanked a three-light window also with Perpendicular tracery, which included su per mullions at the top. Reference to the Perpendicular- the last phase of English Gothic that started around 1330-was popular in the 1820s in England, as at St . Mary's, Bathwick, Som ers et , by John Pinch (1820), and as late as 1839-1841 , it was adopted by Pugin for St . Alban's, Macclesfield, Chesh ire . In the 1840s, Pug in and the Ecclesiologists preferred Middle Pointed or Decorated; Early English was suitable for small churches and chapels, and in larger churches if funds w ould not run to the more elaborate Decorated. In North America, Perpendicular was chosen by Richard Upjohn for his Trinity Church, New York, 1839-1846." For the tower of FIG . 25. TIGNIS H, ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE, FIG . 26. TI GN ISH, ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE, St . Dunstan's, Charlottetown, the propor 1859-1860. PATRI CK C. KEELY. EXTE RIOR 1859-1860. PATRI CK C. KEE LY. EXTERI OR FROM NW (S E). I Malcolm Th udby FROM W (E). I Malcolm Th udby. tions of the octagonal belfry and spire owe more to Gibbs than to medieval Gothic. However, the three set-offs in the tower and spire, stepped buttresses and lancet w indows rather incongruously elevation of the tower and the substantial a " chancel" (fig. 8) . The appearance of arranged with one in the ground sto stepped buttress look more convincingly the latter may be convincing from the rey, two in the second, and three in medieval. exterior but, rather than housing the the third storey. Above that, the bel high altar, it provides office space entered fry openings are better proportioned St. Patrick's, Grand River, was completed through two doorways in the east wall of and are topped by gables, and the in 1844 and then remodelled by William the nave to either side of the high altar angle buttresses are continued up as Critchlow Harris in 1890." 1t is an excellent (figs. 7 and 8) . pinnacles. The octagonal spire is now barometer of the great change in church covered with asphalt tiles. The design design during that time. The interior, with The simple rectangular nave of St . Eu of the belfry with the angle pinnacles galleries on three sides and giant octago gene's, Covehead, 1853, has two-light and octagonal spire is closely paral nal columns, belongs with St. Augustine's, windows with Perpendicular tracery leled in the work of William Critchlow South Rustico (figs. 8 and 9) . The exterior in the side walls (fig . 10).44 There is a Harris, as at St . John's at Milton, 1898 is convincingly gothicised by Harris with substantial tower with stepped angle (fig. 55), St . John's at Windsor, Nova the addition of a finely proportioned buttresses and three storeys of squat Scotia, 1898, St . John' s at Crapaud, JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 71 M ALCOLM T HU RLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE the foliage capitals relate closely to a number of Harris examples, such as St . Paul's, Charlottetown, 1894-1896 (figs. 52 and 53) . This suggests that the interior of the church was remodelled by Harris in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centu ry at which time here built or added the belfry and spire. FIG. 27. TIG NISH, ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE, FIG . 28. TIGNI SH, ST. SIMON AN D ST. JUDE, 1859 -1860. St . Francis de Sales, Little Pond, 1863, PATRICK C. KEELY, 1859-1860. INTERIOR PATRIC K C. KEELY. SE (NW) CH APEL, EXTERI OR TOE (W ). I Malcolmlhudby. FRO M W (E). I Malcolm lhurlby. demonstrates the conservative nature of church design in rural Prince Edward Island. The plan still follows the basic Gibbsian box with the west tower articu lated by pilasters at the corners (fig. 12) . The main entrance is on the south wall of the tower, in the eighteenth-century meetinghouse tradition. The galleried interior of Little Pond follows the mode of South Rustico and Grand Bend, but with separate columns for the main ar cades and galleries (figs. 7, 8, and 13). The FIG. 30. CARDIG AN, ALL SAINTS, 1874. only concessions to the more progressive INTERIOR TO E. I Malcolmlhorlby. aspects of the Gothic revival are in the steeper pitch of the roof and the geomet ric bar tracery in the windows. Turning to the Anglican churches in Prince Edward Island, St. Paul's, Charlottetow n, was built in 1836, extended twenty-two feet to the east in 1845, and demolished in FIG. 29. TIGNI SH, ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE, 1859-1860. 1896. It was a Gibbsian box with a three PAT RIC K C. KEELY. SE (NW) CHAPEL, INTERIO R stage west tower with pointed openings TOE (N). I Malcolmlhurlby. surmounted by an octagonal spire.45 With FIG. 31 . VERNON RI VER [ ST. JOACHIM, 1877-187 9. INTE the 1845 extension there were four point RIOR TOE (N). Malcolm lhudby. ed windows on each side of the church 1902, Immaculate Conception at Truro and, in the west w all, there was one to Nova Scotia, 1908 (destroyed 1977), and either side of the tower. Inside, there was formerly at St. Cuthbert's at St . Teresa, a segmental lath-and-plaster barrel vault 1912 . The motif is adapted from David over the 1836 part of the nave in the tra Stirling's churches, as at Fort Massey, dition of James Gibbs, but a flat ceiling Halifax, and Westminster Presbyterian in the 1845 eastern extension. Columns New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. Inside, the carried galleries on three sides faced association with Harris is confirmed in with a Doric entablature complete with the for m of the wooden rib vault, or triglyphs and metopes in the frieze.•• A groined ceiling as Harris would have brick chancel with a five-light bar-tracery called it (fig . 11) . In particular, the east window was added in 1873-1874 to FI G. 32 . PA LMER RO AD, IMMAC ULATE CONC EPTI ON, 1891- 1893. INTERIORTOE (N). I Malcolmlhurlby. form of the triple-shaft responds with the design of Thomas Alley.47 The chancel 72 JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N" 2 > 2006 MALCOLM T HURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE FIG . 33. CARDIGANj ALL SAINTS, 1874. EXTERIOR FIG. 34. PALMER RO AD, IMMAC ULATE CONC EPTION, FIG . 35. VER NO N RIVE R, ST. JOACHI M, 1877-1 879. FRO M SW. Malcolm Thurlby. 1891 -1893. EXTE RIOR FRO M EXTERI OR FRO M SW (S E). I MalcolmThurlby. SW (S E). I Malcolm Thurlby. communicated with the nave through a Butlers Hill, Yarmouth, 1807, where the for the altar and quite unlike any me wide plain pointed arch. The geometric doorway was in the liturgical north wall dieval Gothic chancel (fig. 15) . There is bar tracery depends on medieval design of the tower. 5° Similarly, in New Bruns a western porch with the doorway on principles of the second half of the thir wick, at Trinity, Kingston, 1769-1857, and the south side, and a room to the north teenth century. St . Paul 's, Whitehead, 1841 , the doorway of the porch. There are multi-pane sash is in the south wall of the tower, while windows with intersecting glazing bars St . John's at St . Eleanors, 1838-1841, St . Peter's, Upham, 1843, has a door in in the pointed heads on the side walls, incorporates several Gibbs-derived fea the liturgical north wall of the tower. 51 and a two-light Y-tracery window with tures; the rectangular box complete with In the side walls at St. Eleanors, the plate plate tracery in the head in the east angle pilasters, the segmental lath-and tracery windows are similar to those in wall of the chancel. That last detail is plaster barrel vault, the gallery at the St. Augustine's, South Rustico, and, con the only feature derived from medieval west end of the nave carried on fluted comitantly, the plate-tracery windows precedent. responds.48 Moreover, the vestries that at Salisbury Cathedral. The triple lancet flank the chancel are not articulated windows in the east wall of the chancel Christ Church, Cherry Valley, 1842, has on the exterior of the church, although may also have been inspired by the aisle a short chancel, a simple recta ngular there is a doorway to each vestry in windows or the Lady Chapel east win nave with two pointed windows in the the east wall (fig. 16). This derives from dows of Salisbury Cathedral. north and south walls, and a two-storey James Gibbs's Marylebone Chapel and, west tow er surmounted by a spire, and a in turn, from St . Paul's, Halifax, based St. James, Port Hill, 1841, perpetuates pointed doorway in the south wall. The on that very Gibbs model.49 The main the Gibbs tradition, and here we even angles of the building are articulated entrance is in the south wall of the west witness a distinct classicising element with two-step pilasters. Inside, there is tower as in the 1836 Presbyterian Old in the delicate fluting of the angle pi a gallery at the w est end of the nave. Kirk, Charlottetown. The side door to lasters (fig. 14)." The chancel projects The chancel is entered through a broad the tower appeared in an Anglican con at the east end of the nave, but it is segmental arch that bears witness to text in Nova Scotia in Old Holy Trinity, very shallow with barely enough room classicising antecedents. JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N" 2 > 2006 73 MALCOLM THURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE FIG. 36. VERN ON RI VER, ST. JOACHIM, 1877-1879. S (E) FIG . 37. CHARLOTTETOWN, ST. PETER , PRESENTATION FIG . 38. NEW GLASGOW, NS, NEW WESTMINSTER TRANSEPT FA<;A DE.I Malcolmlhurlby. DRAWING , DAVID STIRLING (?), 1867. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH , 1874-1876. DAVID STIRLING . W (S) FA<;ADE.I Malcolmlhurlby. Holy Trinity Anglican, Georgetown, 1842, articulated on the exterior of the church, windows. The interior of the church is is a rectangular box plus a west tower although there are doorways to each ves notable for its excellent carpentry de with a south side entrance to the tower as try in the east wall (fig. 16). tails. 54 Fine woodwork is also evident in at St. Eleanors, Port Hill and Cherry Valley the frieze on the tower and the pulpit (figs. 14, 16, and 17). 53 The crocketed pin Even after 1850, the Gibbsian-box plan at the Free Church of Scotland, Desable, nacles on the tower ultimately depend on plus west tower with south doorway is 1855 (figs. 21 and 22) .55 The basic form medieval sources but their flimsy nature continued in two Anglican churches on of Desable remains traditional, complete is more characteristic of English Commis the Island, at St. Stephen's, lrishtown, with the side entrance to the tower, al sioners' churches of the 1820s. The win Burlington., 1855-the spire was added though the roof has a steeper pitch, dow tracery follows Perpendicular models in 1884, and the chancel in 1903-1904 which is more in keeping with a Gothic as in the east window of St. Dunstan's (fig. 19)-and St. Thomas's, Springbrook, aesthetic. The use of lucarnes at the bot Cathedral, Charlottetown, and Trinity 1876. The nave of St . Stephen's is covered tom of each side of the octagonal spire Church, New York, and the stepped but with a wooden paneled vault with seven seems exceptional in this context. That tresses at the eastern angles possess a facets (fig. 20). In its truthful use of mate motif was used in the 1867 design for degree of medieval substance. Inside, rial, it reflects the principles of Augustus St . Peter's Cathedral, Charlottetown, there are wooden octagonal columns Welby Pug in and the Cambridge Camden probably by David Stirling, and later ap as in St . Augustine's, South Rustico, and Society, but it is not up-to-date in eccle pears in a number of churches by William St. Patrick's, Grand River, and a pointed siological terms. Critchlow Harris. barrel vault covers the nave (figs. 7, 8, and 18). The vault is lath and plaster and NONCONFORMIST CHURCHES The cornerstone of Wesleyan Methodist, is a Gothicised version of a Gibbsian struc AFTER 1850 now United, Charlottetown, was laid on tural practice rather than owing anything May 25, 1863, and the church was dedi to a medieval building tradition. There St. John's United, Mount Stewart, 1853, cated on November 13, 1864 (figs. 23 is a division between nave and chancel, follows the Gibbsian-box tradition for and 24) . It was designed by two mem and the chancel is flanked by two ves the sanctuary and is lit by somewhat bers of the congregation, Thomas Alley tries. As St . Eleanors, the vestries are not eccentrically patterned plate tracery and Mark Butcher. 56 At the laying of the 74 JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 MALCO LM THURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE FIG. 39. CHARLOTTETOWN, ST. PETER, 1867-1869. DAVID STIRLING (?). INTERIOR TOE (N ).I Malcolmlhunby. FIG. 41. CHARLOTTETOWN, ST. JAMES OLD KIRK, 1877. STIRLING AND HARRIS. EXTERIOR FROM NW (SE) . I Malcolmlhurlby. FIG . 42 . CHARLOTTETOWN, ST. JAMES OLD KIRK , 1877. STIRLING AND HARRIS. INTERIOR TOE (W). I Malcotmlhunby. JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 75 MALCOLM THURL BY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE FIG. 43. CHARLOTT ETOWN, ST. JAM ES OLD KIRK, 1877. FIG. 45. PORT HILL, ST. JAMES, 188 5. FIG . 47. ELL ERSLIE, ST. JOHN , 1894 -1 899. STI RLI NG AND HARRIS. S (W) ARCAD E, PRE-1898. INTERIOR TO E. I Malcolm lhudby. INTERI OR TO E.l Malcolmlhurlby. FIG . 44. PORT HILL, ST. JAM ES, 1885. EXTE RIOR ELLE RS LIE , ST. JOHN, 1894-1899. EXTE RIOR FIG. 48. KENSING TON, ST. MARK, 1885. FROM SW. I Malcolm lhmlby. FR OM SW. I Malcolm lhurlby. W FA~AD E . I Malcolm lhurlby. foundation stone, the minister, Reverend monum ental, red-brick town church to the interior articulation of our Char M. Brewster, announced: with a U-shaped gallery carried on lottetown church is William Thomas's slender cast-iron columns around three St. Matthew's, Halifax, 1856, but here The building to be erected on this foundation sides of the interior focused on the again the gallery h as wooden sup will be simple, plain and exceedingly primitive. pulpit platform. There is a full base ports. 59 Centenary Methodist (United), No rich carving in stone or fancy moulding ment for offices, lecture rooms, and Hamilton, Ontario, 1868, by A .H. Hills, will attract the eye. No tower or stately class rooms. The scale of the chu r ch, provides a parallel for the cast-iron col spire w ill grace its am ple proportions. Its the basement, and seati ng arrange umns to carry the gallery in a large brick peculi ar excell ence wil l be in its facility for ment may be derived from works like church, and shows that the Charlotte the preaching and hearing of the gospel of Wilmot Methodist, Fredericton, 1852, by town church is up-to-date with non our blessed Lor d 5 ' Matthew Stead, although Stead's church conformist town churches elsewhere in is wooden and uses giant wooden col Canada .60 In contrast to the segmental The design of the church is signifi umns to carry pointed arches and lath lath-and-plaster barrel vault in Centena cantly different from the nonconform and-plaster vaults rather than cast-iron ry Methodist, Hamilton, the sanctuary 8 ist churches examined so far. It is a columns to support the gallery. 5 Closer of Wesleyan Methodist in Charlottetown 76 JSSAC I JStAC 31 > N" 2 > 2006 MALCO LM THURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE is covered w ith a beautifully executed city or town for the first time? On looking advant ages which no other style gives for pointed wooden barrel vault. This has upon t he building (unless an inscription- chaste ornament and beautiful effect. great acoustical benefits and provides board was on it) he could not tell whether it precedent for the more elaborate vaults was a Concert-room. a Theatr e. a Town-hall Some congregations feared Gothic as- of William Critchlow Harris's churches. or a Chapel. But who. on seeing a Gothic sociations with popery and opted for chapel , has had any difficul ty in determining a round-arched style, even though Gothic continued to be popular with its appointed purpose? Its ecclesiastica l many other details of the designs, nonconformist congregations on the Is form made known it s use, at first sight. and like stepped buttresses were Gothic. land, as at Uigg Baptist Church, Princeton w it houtanypossibilityofmistake.Whatcan Ex amples are at Montague Baptist, Presbyterian (United) Church, Malpeque, more fully mani fest the fitness and propriety 1876-1879,66 and Victoria, Wesleyan 1870, and St . Peter's Bay Presbyterian of erecting bui ld ings for Ch ristian worship in Methodist, now United, 1877. (United), 1886. That situation is not dif the Gothi c style of ar chitecture?63 ficult to contextualize. In England, the PUGIN'S TRUE PRINCIPLES? case for Gothic nonconformist churches Jobson also suggested that Gothic is was articulated by F.J . Jobson, which was more economical than Grecian or Roman St. Simon and St. Jude, Tignish, 1859-1860, more than a little influenced by Augustus architecture64 by the New York-based architect Patrick C. Welby Pugin.61 Jobson stated that "Gothic Keely (1816-1896), represent something architecture is Christian architecture, as In the United States, George Bowler's entirely new in Catholic church architec distinctly and emphatically, as the Egyp Chapel and Church Architecture present ture in Prince Ed w ard Island (f igs. 26-29). tian, Greek, and Roman are Pagan. " 62 He ed designs in various styles, but his obser Keely is credited w ith some si x hundred continued: vation that accompanied Design No. 11 , a churches for the Roman Catholics in Gothic church, is instructive:65 America, and has been called the Irish- t h e pr o priety o f em p loyi n g Goth i c American PuginY St. Simon and St . Jude Architecture on houses for Christian worsh ip There is perhaps no style of architecture is a large brick-built church with a west m ight be ar gued on other grounds- such as m ore perfectly adapted to t he purposes (east) tower and spire in the centre of the the confusion of appr ehension or knowledge of chur ch bui lding than that of the design fa <; ade, separat e north and south porches occasioned by our use of Pagan Architecture. which we her e present. The idea has been towards the west (east) end of the church, Who h a s not fe lt the u n certai nty of very commonly diff used that this style is square-ended sanctuary with a vestry to apprehension. and t he in congruity of ideas, mor e costly than others ; but such does the north (south), and a chapel to the arising from t he sight of a Chapel in Roman not prove t o be t he fact. The Gothic is no so uth (north) (figs. 26, 28, and 29). The or Grecian Architecture when he entered a more costly t han others, while it presents interior is divided into a nave and aisles JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 77 MALCOLM THURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE with pointed main arcades on wooden is the church of the Immaculate Concep compound columns, and is vaulted with tion, Palmer Road, 1891-1893, where the lath-and-plaster groin vaults (fig. 27) . wood of the columns, arches, and roof That type of three-aisle, single-storey, is truthfully exposed (fig. 32) .74 Cardigan vaulted interior was popular for Roman (fig. 33), Fort Augustus, and Palmer Road Catholic churches in Canada from the (fig. 34) all have shallow transepts, while 1840s, as in St. Patrick's Montreal,68 and at Vernon River, transept fa~ades add a St . Mary's, Kingston, Ontario. In 1860, degree of monumentality to the exterior Keely remodelled St. Mary's, Halifax, even though there are no functioning with exactly that type of interior.69 Later, transepts inside (figs. 31 and 35) . That in 1878, he repeated the design in the quest for the monumentality of the great Basilica of St . Michael at Chatham, New church is also expressed in these churches Brunswick, although his church was not with towers and spires. At Cardigan, the built until 1904.70 That type of interior is tower and spire are in the centre of the specifically Roman Catholic and is based fa~ade as at Tignish (figs. 26 and 33) . on the Roman Gothic church of Santa At Vernon River, they are at the south Maria sopra Minerva. Iconographically, west corner of the nave (fig. 35), and at it fuses the Christian Gothic style with Palmer Road, there is a large tower and the centre of papal authority in Rome. spire in this position and a smaller one at Popular as it was with Roman Catholics the northwest corner (fig. 34). The place FIG . 51 . CHAR LOTTETOWN, ST. PAUL, 1894 -1896. WILLI AM C. HARR IS. EXTERIOR FRO M SE.JMalco lmlhurl by. throughout North America, the use of ment of the bell tower at the southwest wooden columns and arches, and lath angle of the nave follows the prescription and plaster for the vault, all in imita of Charles Borromeo's 1577 lnstructiones tion of stone, was far removed from the fabricae et supel/ectilis ecc/esiasticae for truth to material promoted in Augustus churches with single towers.75 Borromeo's Welby Pugin's True Principles." Be that Jnstructiones are also followed with the as it may, such attitudes had relaxed a use of three doors in the fa~ades at little by the 1860s and even Pugin's son, Vernon River and Palmer Road, and the Edward Welby Pugin, was not averse to round window in the Palmer Road fa~ade . lath-and-plaster vaults. The clea r exter At Vernon River, the polychromatic treat nal expression of the chancel, vestry, ment of the masonry belongs to a High porches, and southeast chapel is at once Victorian aesthetic established by William quite different from the Gibbsian tradi- Butterfield at All Saints, Margaret Street, FIG . 52 . CHAR LOTTETOWN , ST. PAUL, 1894 -1896. WILLI AM tion, and entirely in keeping with Pugin's London, 1849-1859 (figs. 35 and 36) .76 C. HAR RIS. INTER IOR TO E.JMal colmlhurlby. principles. And, it is taken further inside the southeast chapel where the timbers THE LATE ARRIVAL OF of the steeply pitched roof are clearly ECCLESIOLOGY exposed (fig. 29) . Ecclesiology arrived late in Prince Edward The single-storey nave flanked by aisles Island. The full force of the movement with lath-and-plaster vaults, in the man that started in 1839 with the formation ner of St. Simon and St . Jude at Tignish, of the Cambridge Camden Society was is followed in All Saints, Cardigan, 1874 unleashed in New Brunswick with the ap (fig. 30),72 St. Joachim, Vernon River, 1877- pointment of John Medley (1804-1892) 1879 (fig. 31), and with a wooden vault as Bishop of Fredericton in 1845. Medley in St . Patrick's Fort Augustus, as rebuilt was the founder of the Exeter Diocesan by William Critchlow Harris after a fire Architectural Society in 1841, which pro- FIG . 53 . CH ARLOTTETOWN , ST. PAUL,1 894-1896. WILLI AM C. HARRIS. IN TERI OR TOW. Malcolm lhudby. in 1897.73 An exception to that tradition moted the very same principles as the 78 JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 M ALCO LM T HURL BY > AN ALYSIS I ANALYSE Cambridge Camdenians. On arrival in version of the intended design. The body Fredericton, he built St . Anne's Chapel of the church with the clearly separated and the cathedral to the designs of Frank chancel and nave were constructed as Wills, a young architect who had trained planned, but a tower was originally in in the Exeter office of John Hayward. tended to project at the northwest angle Wills subsequently moved to New York of the fac;ade (fig. 37).83 The presenta where he founded the New York Eccle tion drawing-of which only a small siological Society in 1848. In 1850, he sepia print has survived-also indicates published Ancient English Ecclesiastical permanent polychrome in the form of a Architecture and its Principles Applied pattern of dark lozenges in a frieze on to the Wants of the Church at the Pres the fac; ade. The name of the architect of ent Day and, before his premature death St . Peter's is not recorded, but there can in 1857, he built numerous churches in be little doubt that it was David Stirling. the United States and had commissions A number of motifs fit well with Stirling's in New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec, other churches. The design of the fac;ade most notably Christ Church Cathedral in and tower is most closely paralleled in Montreal." New Westminster Presbyterian Church, New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, 1874-1876 FIG . 54. WARMING ON (NORTH AM PTON SHIRE ). NAV E Medley's counterpart in Newfoundland (fig. 38). The proportions of the fa c; ade, VA ULT (AFTE R RI CKMAN). I Malco lmThurlby. was Edward Feild, Bishop of Newfound tower, and spire, the rose window, the land, 1844-1876. Feild began construc two-step buttresses with pinnacles, and tion of h is new cathedral in St. Johns the lucarnes at the bottom of the spire to the design of George Gilbert Scott are all similar. The steep gable above the The differences between St . Peter's and and under the direction of William Hay pointed arch of the porch at St . Peter's the earlier Gothic Anglican churches in as clerk of works.'" Hay designed An is a single version of the paired portals Prince Edward Island discussed above are glican churches in Newfoundland, Lab at New Westminster, and an exact paral all to be explained through the impact rador, and Be rmuda before moving to lel is on the faced of St . James Old Kirk, of the Ecclesiologists and the Oxford So Toronto." There he was associated w ith Charlottetown, 1877 (fig. 41). The single ciety for Promoting the Study of Gothic David Stirling, 1822-1887, 80 with whom lancet windows that flank the portals at Architecture. Both advocated a return he moved to form a partnership in Hali New Westminster and Old Kirk are dou to the ritualistic liturgy of the Middle fax in 1862. Hay returned to Scotland in bled in the St . Peter's f ront. A wooden Ages and the accurate revival of medi 1864 to become restoration architect of fa c; ade was built with lancet w indows eval Gothic architecture in terms of the St . Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh. Hay was and a porch designed by Stirling and planning and detailing of the churches. a great champion of Pugin and, in 1853, Harris.•• That was replaced by a brick It is especially instructive to contrast the he wrote an article entitled "The late fac;ade in 1924 which in turn was rebuilt interior of St. Peter's with Port Hill and Mr. Pugin and the revival of Christian in 1950.85 Georgetown (figs. 15, 18, and 39). The architecture," in which he summarized flat ceil ing of Port Hill and the pointed Pugin's True Principles."' Stirling's asso The hammerbeam r oof that covers barrel vault of Georgetown are replaced ciation with Hay explains his profound the nave of St. Peter's is paralleled in by a magnificent hammerbeam roof in understanding of the principles of me Stirling's two Halifax churches, Fort St . Peter's. The matter of roofing was a dieval Gothic design. Massey, and St. David's, and also in Holy serious one. Pugin addressed the sub Trinity, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (figs. 39 ject and illustrated three hammerbeam St . Peter's Cathedral, Charlottetown, and 40). The mouldings of St . Peter's roofs. 86 ln 1849, Raphael Brandon devoted was designed in 1867 and opened for chancel arch have the complexity char an entire book to the subject."' The chan services in 1869.82 It began as a chapel acteristic of Ea rly English Gothic, and cel at St . Peter's is much longer than at of ease for St . Paul 's church in tow n but are also used by Stirling in the arches Port Hill and Georgetown to accommo was elevated to the rank of cathedral in framing the organ at St. David 's and date the choir as well as the high altar, 1879. As built, the church is a reduced Fort Massey, Halifax (figs. 39 and 40}. and the screen, built in 1872, emphasizes JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 200R 79 M ALCOLM THURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE the division between nave and chancel sandstone dressings and the rougher appropriate to the Anglo-Catholicism of surfaces of the Wallace of stone. When the High Church. Here it should be noted completed in 1878, the Old Kirk was that on Christmas Eve 1869 the ancient the finest church in town. The Roman practice of midnight communion was re Catholics of St. Dunstan still worshiped vived for the first time in Canada, and the in their 1843 wooden church. The Wes service books of St . Peter's show a steady leyan Methodist church, although built record of Catholic progress.•• Be that as it of brick, lacked a tower. The Anglicans may, there is no way that the interior of at St. Peter's planned a tower but it St. Peter's with its English hammerbeam was never achieved. It may seem some room and English Gothic details would be what ironic that for a church that had confused with the Roman Catholic vaulted its origins in the si xteenth century, the interiors of Tignish, Cardigan, and Vernon stone construction of Old Kirk is more River (figs. 27, 30, 31, and 39). authentically medieval than the brick of St . Peter's. Be that as it may, Old Kirk Just as St. Peter's appears quite distinct is a testament to Gothic as Christian from a Roman Catholic church, so the architecture. wooden vault, gallery, and pulpit plat form of Wesleyan Methodist, Charlotte The interior of Old Kirk, as completed in town, are far removed from St . Peter's 1878 (figs. 42 and 43), fused the meet FIG . 55. MILTON , ST. JOHN, 1898. WILLI AM C. HARRI S. EXTE RIOR FRO M W (S). I Malcolmlhurlby. (figs. 24 and 39) . In the 1870s, however, inghouse t radition and seating across some nonconformist congregations the church, as in the Free Church of in larger cities in Canada constructed Scotland at Desable (fig. 22), with the churches on a larger scale, often with basilican tradition and pointed main towers and spires, to vie architecturally arcades of the Gothic g reat churches. with the Gothic cathedrals and town The present seating arrangement and churches of the Anglicans and Roman the wooden vaults date from after the Catholics. In Toronto, Henry Langley's 1898 fire. The large arch of the middle McGill Square Methodist Church, 1870- bay of the south arcade opened into 1872, was known as the "Cathedral of the "transept" in which the pulpit plat Methodism."89 Similarly, in Halifax, David form and organ were located (fig. 43). Stirling's Fort Massey Presbyterian was The equivalent arch in the north arcade described in a contemporary report as simply provided architectural symmetry. FIG . 56. KINKORA, ST. MALACHY, 1898-1 89 9. WILLI AM C. having a "cathedral appearance." 90 It is in The same arrangement was earlier used HARRIS . INTERIOR TOE (S). I Malcolmlhurlby. that context that we should see St . James by William Tutin Thomas in St . Andrew's Old Kirk, Charlottetown, designed by Presbyterian Church in Ottawa (1872- David Stirling and William Critchlow 1874), although whether this was known Harris in 1877 (fig. 41) . The monumental to Stirling and Harris is not recorded . massing of the angle tower and spire, transepts, and separately articulated Just as the 1890 remodelling of St . Pat school rooms and offices at the liturgical rick's, Grand River, was a measure of the east end of the church, boldly proclaim change in Roman Catholic church design the Presbyterian presence in t own. The f rom the ea rly 1840s, so at Port Hill, the walls are of Wallace " freestone" from 1885 St. James's Anglican Church provides Nova Scotia, with red Island sandstone an analogous contrast to the old St. James for the dressing of the openings and but- located across the road (figs. 14, 15, 44, tresses 91 The polychrome is enhanced and 45). The division and articulation of FIG. 57. KINKOR A, ST. MALACHY, 1898 -1 899. WILLI AM C. HARRI S. INTERIOR TO W (N). I Malcolmlhurlby. through the smooth finish of the red individual spaces in the new church are in 80 JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N" 2 > 2006 MALCOLM THUR LBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE FIG. 58. TRYON , METHODI ST (UNITED). 1880. WILLI AM CRI TC HLOW HARRI S. EXTERIOR FROM SW (SE ) I Malcolm lhU accordance with ecclesiological principles. A less lavish version of that plan, but with Elleslie, as in the contemporary United The square-ended chancel is significantly the vestry to the north of the chancel, is Empire Loyalist Church, Adolphustown, larger in the new church than in the old. at St. Luke's, O'Leary, 1888. In the same Ontario, 1884-1888, by Power and Son It is raised three steps above the floor of year, Holy Trinity, Alma, was designed of Kingston ."' He also favoured de the nave with a further step up to the with a similar nave and chancel while the pressed pointed, or "Tudor," arches for altar in contrast to the single step to the simple central west tower reflects the ear larger windows, a motif he later applied chancel in the old church with no fur lier Gothic on the Island complete with to the tower doorway and chancel arch ther elevation for the altar. In the new the doorway in the south wall. in St. Elizabeth, Springfield, circa 1890 church, the vestry is on the south side of (figs. 48-50). Here Harris rebuilt the nave the chancel and abuts the east wall of the WILLIAM CRITHLOW HARRIS: but retained the chancel of the earlier nave. The southwest tower serves as the ANGLICAN, ROMAN CATHOLIC, nineteenth-century church. main entrance to the church and carries AND METHODIST CHURCHES the spire to mark the Anglican presence St. Paul's Anglican, Charlottetown, 1894- in the community. The same location of The ecclesiological principles of planning 1896, is a monumental stone church in the tow er is found in contemporary New evident at Port Hill and Ellerslie are also which Harris introduces certain pro Brunswick at St. Paul's, Browns Yard, 1884. witnessed in William Critchlow Harris's gressive aspects of church design from Inside the new church, the elaborate tim St. Mark's, Kensington, 1885 (fig. 48) .9 3 England and America, as well as an in ber roofing contrasts sharply with the flat The board-and-batten construction finds novative form of vaulting .9 6 The walls ceiling of the old church. The same plan ecclesiological pedigree with Frank Wills's are built of red Island sandstone with and ecclesiological principles are evident Grace Church, Albany, New York, which dressings of grey Nova Scotia sandstone at St. John's, Ellerslie, 1894-1899 (figs. 46 he published in 1850.94 But other aspects (fig. 51) .97 That polychrome is generally and 47) .92 Here the elaborate variations of St. Mark's, Kensington, suggest that related to St. James Old Kirk, Charlotte in surface patterns on the exterior of the Harris was in keeping with more progres town, but the execution is modified. church suggest the influence of Queen sive aspects of Anglican church design. St . Paul's uses large blocks of stone with Anne Revival style domestic architecture. His nave is broader than at Port Hill or a hammer-dressed finish rather than the JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 81 M ALCOLM THURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANA LYSE petit appareil of the Wallace stone and setting, the form is used in St . Thomas's, Pamphile Lemay of Quebec produced the smooth Island sandstone dressings Toronto, by Eden Smith, 1892.104 plans for Kinkora.11 0 The Berlinguet-Lemay at Old Kirk (figs. 41 and 51). The Old Kirk plans have not survived so we cannot de treatment follows the medieval manner Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of termine whether or not they influenced advocated by Pugin, 98 modified with St. Paul's is that the church is covered Harris's design. As it is, many aspects of High Victorian polychrome. The large, throughout with wooden vaults. We St . Malachy derive from St. Paul's, Char hammer-dressed blocks are inspired by have already met the wooden vault in lottetown-the use of wooden groin Henry Hobson Richardson, as at Grace Wesleyan Methodist, Charlottetown, but vaults throughout, the nave flanked by Episcopal, Medford, Massachusetts, there it took the form of a pointed bar narrow aisles, the wooden compound 1867-1869, where we also find a broad, rel whereas Harris used what he called main arcade piers and single-shaft re one-bay chancel with a three-sided apse groined vaults, even though they have sponds in the aisles, and the wooden as at St . Paul's. 99 The relatively squat narrow ribs. The fully vaulted interior dado arcade in the apse. However, there proportions of St . Paul's have more in has been associated with French Gothic are two major differences in terms of the keeping with Richardson's Grace Episco churches, but there the vaults are in interior. First. there is a nave clerestory pal than with the tall town churches of variably constructed in stone. However, at Kinkora and, secondly, the crossing the English High Victorian Gothic tradi wooden vaults were used in English Goth at Kinkora has expanded to a large oc tion. On the other hand, reference to ic churches, and the thirteenth-century tagonal space, perhaps inspired by the the churches of Edward Buckton Lamb, example in the choir of St . Mary's, Warm fourteenth-century octagon of Ely cathe like St . Martin, Gospel Oak, London, ington, Northamptonshire, was discussed dral in which the vaulted superstructure 1862-1865, and St. Mary Magdalen Ad- and illustrated by Rickman (fig. 54) .105 would have relevance for Harris. discombe, Surrey, 1868-1870, may be Whatever the sources, St. Paul 's vaults relevant.10 0 Lamb favoured polygonal were renowned for the acoustical quali At Tryon Methodist (now United), 1880, apses to short chancels, vast crossings ties that were explained by Harris.106 In Harris successfully adapted the planning with shallow transepts, and elaborate their truthful exposure of wood, they up principles of Anglican church design he wooden roofs. It is also worth mention hold the principles of ecclesiology as do would later apply at Clifton Royal, New ing that at St . Martin's Gospel Oak he the wooden arcade piers and responds Brunsw ick, and St. Mark's, Kensington, to used depressed or "Tudor" arches for the and dado arcades in the chance l. the requirements of a Methodist congre windows. They are much larger than at gation (figs . 58 and 59). The proportions St . Paul 's, Charlottetown, but seeing that Harris also covered St. John's, Milton, of the nave are broadened so as to better the form was not overly popular in ec 1898, with a wooden vault.10 7 Here, for focus on t he pulpit platform and there clesiastical architecture, there may be a "low chu rch" Anglican services, the nave is a sing le aisle between the seats rather connection. The broad nave and narrow and chancel are integrated into a single than the usual two in a nonconformist aisles is far removed from the propor space which terminated in a polygonal setting. The main entrance is through tions of English medieval church planning apse at the east end.108 The tower and the tower at the southwest (southeast) and points instead to the "modern" Eng spire are located towards the west (south) angle of the nave. What would serve as lish tradition or to Richardson (figs. 52 end of the south (east) wall of the nave a chancel in a traditional Anglican church and 53) . At St . Augustine's, Pendlebury, and preserve their original colour. The is adapted by Harris for a lecture/meeting Lancashire, 1869-1874, George Frederick steep gables on each side of t he tower room for the Methodists. Bodley, inspired by the plan of Albi Ca with the pinnacles on the angles derive thedral, placed all the seating in the from St . James Old Kirk, Charlottetown, In sum, Gothic adaptations of the broad nave and reserved the narrow and the octagonal spire also reflects this eighteenth-century, James Gibbs tradi aisles for walkways.101 Something simi source, minus the lucarnes. tion of church design had a long life in lar was popular in the designs of James the chu rches of Prince Edward Island. In Cubitt, published in 1870.102 Richardson The Roman Catholic church of St. Mala spite of specific references to Salisbury then followed the arrangement in his chy, Kinkora, was built to Harris's design Cathedral in South Rustico in 1838, sub plan for Trinity Church, Buffalo, New in 1899-1901 (figs. 56 and 57) .109 Howev sequent referral to precise medieval York, circa 1871 , and subsequently in er, it is recorded that on May 13, 1898, models w as rare. In 1860, St . Simon and Trinity Church, Boston.103 In an Anglican Fran<;ois-Xavier Berlinguet and Rene- St. Jude at Tignish brought Catholic 82 JSSAC I JSE AC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 MALCO LM T HURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE church architecture in the province up of a Canadian Architect, William Critchlow 14. Crook, 1995: 4. Harris 1854-1913, Toronto, Dundurn Press; to-date. Yet, in 1863, Little Pond still 15. Port, Michael, H., 1961, Six Hundred New Tu ck, Robert C., 1995, Gothic Dreams: The adhered to the tradition of Gibbs. The Churches: A Study of the Church Building Architecture of William Critchlow Harris! Reves Commission, 1818-1856, and its Church Build impact of Ecclesiology which was felt so gothiques, /'architecture de William Critchlow ing Activities, London, S.P.C.K ., p. 61-62; Clark, strongly at mid-century with the pres Harris, Charlottetown, Confederation Centre Kenneth, 1928, The Gothic Revival: An Essay in Art Gallery and Museum/Galerie et Musee ence of Frank Wills in New Brunswick, the History of Taste, London, John Murray, p. d'art Centre de Ia Confederation; O'Shea, Art, Quebec, and Ontario, and William Hay 92-107; Clarke, Basil F.L. , 1938, Church Builders [2005]. A Faith Walk/Un Sentier de Foi, Dio of the Nineteenth Century, London, S.P.C.K ., in Newfoundland and Ontario, only cese of Charlottetown, Strasbourg, Editions p. 20 -30; Beresford Hope, A.J.B. 1861, The arrived in Prince Edward Island with du Signe. English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century, St. Peter's, Charlottetown, in the late Throughout this paper references to church London, John Murray, p. 35; Liscombe, Rhodri, 1860s. In the 1880s, in the Anglican plans use the liturgical compass with the al 1970, « Economy, Character and Durability: churches at Port Hill and Ellerslie, ec tar at the east; magnetic compass points are Specimen Designs for the Church Commis noted parenthetically where appropriate. sioners, 1818 >>,Architectural History, vol. 13, clesiological principles were adapted to p. 43-67. wooden construction, and that is also 3. McAleer, J. Philip, 1993, A Pictorial History of St. Paul's Anglican Church, Halifax, Nova 16. Clark: 95. evident in the work of William Critchlow Scotia, Halifax, Technical University of Nova 17. Pierson, William H, Jr., 1980, American Build Harris. Harris also incorporated many Scotia. ings and Their Architects: Technology and contemporary late nineteenth-century 4. Smith, 1986: 63-66; Smith, 2004: 63-66. the Picturesque, The Corporate and the Early developments in England, the United Gothic Styles, Garden City, New York, Anchor 5. Fernie, Eric, 2000, The Architecture of Nor Press / Doubleday, p. 113-148. States and Canada in his designs. Most man England, Oxford, Oxford University Press, importantly, he made a brilliant origi p. 106, fig. 19. 18. Pierson : 115-116, fig. 75 . Loth, Calder, and Julius Tronsdale Sadler, Jr., 1975, The Only nal contribution with his wooden vaults 6. Smith, 1986 : 65; Smith, 2004: 65 . Proper Style: Gothic Architecture in America, both in terms of the monumentality of 7. Downes, Kerry, 1988, The Architecture of Boston, New York Graphic Society, p. 28-31. the church interiors and their acousti Wren, Redhedge, ill. 27. 19. Pierson: 116-119, figs. 72 and 73. cal qualities. 8. Langley, Batty, and Thomas Langley, 1747, 20. Loth and Sadler: 31. Gothic Architecture Improved by Rules and NOTES Proportions in Many Grand Designs of Col 21. Kirker, Harold, 1969, The Architecture of umns, Doors, Windows, Chimney Pieces, Charles Bullfinch, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arcades, Colonnades, Porticoes, Umbrellas, Harvard University Press, p. 249-253, ills. 116 1. I am grateful to Peter Coffman, Luc Noppen, Temples and Pavillions, London, J. Millan, and 117. and Pierre du Prey for discussing various as reprinted New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972, pects of this paper with me. Father Art O'Shea 22 : McAleer, J. Philip, 1986, «St. Mary's (1820- pl. XL. has helped with information on Catholic 1830). Halifax: An Early Example of the Use churches in Prince Edward Island. Deacon 9. Chambers, William, 1763, Plans, Sections, Ele of Gothic Revival Fo rms in Canada », Journal Madonna Fradsham introduced me to the vations, and Perspective Views of the Gardens of the Society of Architectural Historians, archival photographs in the collection of and Buildings at Kew, London, J. Habercorn; vol. XLV, p. 134-147 at 139, fig. 5. St. Paul 's, Charlottetown, and Peter W estin reproduced by Germann, Georg, 1972, Gothic 23. Pierson: 129-134, figs. 88, 89, and 91. was my guide to the archives of St. Peter's Revival in Europe and Britain: Sources, Influ Cathedral, Charlottetown. Most of all, I am ences and Ideas, London, Lund Humphries, 24. Duffas: 88-90, 122-125, 134-137; Kalman, Har deeply indebted to Canon Robert Tuck for pl. 6. old, 1994, A History of Canadian Architecture, freely sharing his wealth of knowledge on 2 vols., Don Mills, Ontario, Oxford University 10. Smith, 1986: 98-99; Smith, 2004: 98-99. the churches of Prince Edward Island. He Press, vol. I, p. 261; McAleer, J. Philip, 1984, A generously answered innumerable questions 11. Duffas, Allan eta/., 1982, The Dwellings Fair: Pictorial History of the Basilica of St. Mary, on William Critchlow Harris, David Stirling, Churches of Nova Scotia 1750-7830, Hant Halifax, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Te ch- Press, and Anglican churches on the Island, kindly sport, Nova Scotia, Lancelot Press, p.109-114, pis. lilA and B, IV and IX; McAleer, 1986. commented on an earlier draft of this text, ill. on 111. 25 . Coffman, Peter, 2006a, Sectarian Rivalry, De and introduced me to several churches I might 12 . Smith, 1986: 71-73, 104; Smith, 2004: 71-73, nominational identity and Gothic Revival in otherwise have missed. 104. Newfoundland, unpublished Ph.D. disserta 2. Smith, H.M. Scott, 1986, The Historic Churches tion, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 13. Walpole, Horace, 1762-1763, Anecdotes of of Prince Edward Island, Erin, Ontario, The p. 11-16. Painting, 3 vols., London, T. Farmer, vol. I, Boston Mills Pre ss; Smith, H.M. Scott, 2004, p. 107-108, quoted in Crook, J. Mordaunt, 26. Finley, Gregg, and Lynn Wigginton, 1995, On 2"' ed., The Historic Churches of Prince Edward 1995, John Carter and the Mind of the Gothic Earth as it is in Heaven: Gothic Revival Church Island, Halifax, SSP Publications; Tu ck, Robert Revival, London, Society of Antiquaries, Oc es of Victorian New Brunswick, Fredericton, C. 1978, Gothic Dreams: The Life and Times casional Papers, vol. 17, p. 6. Goose Lane Editions, p. 60, 63. JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N" 2 > 2006 83 M ALCO LM THUR LBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE 27. Finley and Wigginton : 65. 39. Newman, John, 1972, The Buildings of Eng Today, vol. 34, p. 53-73 at 63-64, figs. 5 and 6, land, Dorset, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, [http://www.ecclsoc .org/E T. 34. pdf]. 28. [http://www .I i e uxdec u lte. qc .ca /fiche. p. 318; Royal Commission on Historical Monu php?LIEU_CU LTE_ID=146887 &LieuSuivant=1 & 59. Thurlby, 2005 : fig. 4. ments, 1970, An Inventory of the Historical LieuPrecedent=-1 &debut=O&nlieux=4&type_r Monuments in Dorset, II, South-East, part II, 60. Thurlby, 2005 : figs. 10 and 11 . equete=critere&lignes=25&ConstructionDebu London, H.M .S .O., p. 192-195, pl. 118, interior t=1671 &ConstructionFin=1991 &Concepteurld 61. Jobson, Frederick J., 1850, Chapel and School toW. =O&Municipaliteld= 76005] . Architecture as Appropriate to the Buildings 40. McAleer, 1984 : pis. V and VI. of Nonconformists Particularly to Those of the 29. Toker, Franklin B, 1991, 2"" ed., The Church of Wesleyan Methodists: With Practical Direc Notre-Dame in Montreal: An Architectural 41. Hennessy, Michael F, ed., 1979, The Catholic tions for the Erection of Chapels and School History, Montreal, MeGill-Queen's Univer Church in Prince Edward Island 1720-1979, Houses, London, Hamilton, Adams & Co . sity Press; Gow ans, Alan, 1988, «Sainte-Croix Charlottetown, Th e Roman Catholic Epi sco d'Orleans: A Major Monument To o Long pal Corporation, p. 62; Rogers, Irene L. , 1983, 62. Jobson : 15. Charlottetown: The Life in Its Buildings, Char Neglected », Gazette des Beaux-Arts, ser. 6, 63. Jobson : 43-44. no. 112, p. 69-76; Epstein, Clarence, 1999, lottetown, The Prince Ed ward Island Museum Church Architecture in Montreal during the and Heritage Foundation, figs. on p. 113 and 64. Jobson : 45 and 49. British-Colonial Period, unpublished Ph.D. 117. 65. Bowler, George, 1856, Chapel and Church thesis, University of Edinburgh, p. 112-134 (my 42. Upjohn, Everard M., 1968, Richard Upjohn, Ar Architecture, with Designs for Parsonages, thanks to Luc Noppen for this reference). chitect and Churchman, New York, De Capo, Boston, Jewett. 30. Thurlby, Malcolm, 1986, « Nineteenth-Century p. 47-67. 66. Smith, 1986: 57; Smith, 2004: 57. Churches in Ontario: A Study in the Meaning 43. Tuck, 1977 : 84; Smith, 1986: 55; Smith, 2004: of Style», Historic Kingston, vol . 35, p. 96- 67. On Keely, see American Architect and Build 55. 118. ing News, vol. 53, no. 1078 (August 22, 1896), 44. O'Shea : 56. The tracery only survives in the p. 58; Kervick, Francis W., 1953, Patrick Charles 31. Macrae, Marion, and Anthony Adamson, 1975, left nave w indow in fig. 10. Keely, Architect, a Record of His Life and Hallowed Walls: Church Architecture of Up Work, South Bend, Indiana, priva tely printed; 45. Millman, Thomas R., and A.R. Kelley, 1983, per Canada, Toronto, Clarke, Irwin & Co . Ltd., Withey, Henry F., and Elsie Rathburn Withey, Atlantic Canada to 1900: A History of the An p. 263, 264, ill. X-42. 1979, Biographical Dictionary of American glican Church, Toronto, Anglican Book Centre, 32. Macrae and Adamson : 114-118, fig. V-2. Architects (deceased), Los Angeles, Hennessy fig. 10. & Ingalls, Inc., p. 333; McAleer, J. Philip, 1987, 33. On St. Paul's, Halifax, see McAleer, J. Philip, 46. Tuck, Robert C. , 1983, The Island Family Harris: « [P.C.] Keely 'The Irish Pugin of America'>>, 1993, A Pictorial History of St. Paul's Anglican Letters of an Immigrant Family in British North Irish Arts Review, vol. IV, no. 3, p. 16-24. Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Techni America 1856-1866, Charlottetown, Ragweed cal University of Nova Scotia. 68. McGee, Donna, 1987, «St. Patrick's Church, Press, fig. between p. 64 and 65. Montreal: Sorting Out the Beginnings>>, So 34. Britton, John, 1801 -1816, The Beauties of 47. Jelks, Frank W, 1990, The Parish of Charlotte ciety for the Study of Architecture in Canada England and Wales; or, Delineations, Topo and the Church of St. Paul's, Charlottetown, Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 7-9; Kalman, Harold, graphical, Historical, and Descriptive, of Each p. 40-41 . 1994, A History of Canadian Architecture, County, London, Vernor and Hood; Britton, 2 vols., Toronto, Oxford University Press, I, 48. Smith, 1986: 102; Smith, 2004: 102. John, 1814, The History and Antiquities of the p. 292-293. Cathedral Church of Salisbury, 18 vols. In 15, 49. Gibbs: pl. 24; McAleer, 1993 : pis. 1 and 3. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. 69. McAleer, 1984. 50. Anon, 1962, Holy Trinity Anglican Parish, Yar 35. Brooks, Chris, 1999, Th e Gothic Revival, Lon 70. Finley and Wigginton : 38-39. mouth, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth, Trinity Angli don, Phaidon Press Limited, p. 229, fig. 132. can Church, unpaginated. 71. Pugin, Augustus Welby, 1841, The True Prin 36. Rickman, Th omas, 1817, An Attempt to Dis ciples of Pointed or Christian Architecture: Set 51 . Finley and Wigginton: 30-31. criminate the Styles of Architecture in Eng Forth in Two Lectures Delivered at St. Marie's land, from the Conquest to the Reformation, 52. Smith, 1986: 96-97; Smith, 2004: 96-97. Oscott, London, John Weale. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and 53. Smith, 1986 : 58; Smith, 2004 : 58 . 72. Smith, 1986: 94-95; Smith, 2004: 94-95. Brown. 54. Smith, 1986: 33; Smith, 2004: 33. 73 . Illustrated in Smith, 1986 : 92 ; Smith, 2004: 37. Britton John, 1807-1821, The Architectural 92. Antiquities of Great Britain, 5 vols., London, 55 . Smith, 1986: 78-79; Smith, 2004: 78-79. 74. Smith, 2004 :110-111 . Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme; Britton, 56. Rogers, Flora Smith, 1964, "Glimpses of Glory John, 1836, Cathedral Antiquities, 5 vols ., and Grace": Trinity United Church, Charlotte 75. Voelker, Evelyn Carole, 1977, Charles Borro London, Longman, Rees. town, 1809-1864, Charlottetow n, Trinity Unit meo's " lnstructiones Fabricae et Supellectilis 38. Gibbs, James, 1728, A Book of Architecture, ed Church, p. 5; Rogers, 1983: 202-203. Ecclesiasticae, " 1577: A Translation with Com mentary and Analysis, Ph.D. dissertation, Syra London [s.n .]. reprinted New York, Benjamin 57. Rogers, 1964: 5. Blom 1968, pl. 25. cuse University. 58. Thurlby, Malcolm, 2005, « Nonconformist Churches in Canada 1850-1875 >>, Ecclesiology 84 JSSAC I JSEAC 31 > N" 2 > 2006 MALCOLM THUR LB Y > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE 76. All Saints, Margaret Street, London, is illus 87. Brandon, Raphael, 1849, The Open Timber A Household of God: a Parish History of trated in colour in Brooks: figs. 185 and 186. Roofs of the Middle Ages: Illustrated by Per St. Thomas's Church, Toronto, Toronto, spective and Working Drawings of some of the St. Thomas's Church, Huron Street, p. 122- 77. Wills, Frank, 1850, Ancient English Ecclesiasti Best Varieties of Church Roofs: With Descrip 130. cal Architecture and its Principles Applied to tive Letter-press, London, D. Bogue. the Wants of the Church at the Present Day, 105. Rickman, Thomas, 1881, 7'" ed., An Attempt New York, Stanford and Swords. For Wills in 88. Headon, Christopher Fergus, 1974, The In to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in Ontario, see The Church, vol. XVII, no. 21 (De fluence of the Oxford Movement upon the England, from the Conquest to the Reforma cember 22, 1853), p. 2, cols. 4 and 5; Thurlby, Church of England in Eastern and Central tion, Oxford and London, Parker and Co., Malcolm, 2006, More 19"-Century Churches Canada, unpublished Ph .D. thesis, McGill Uni p. 146. See also, Hearn, M.F., and Malcolm in Hamilton, [http://www.raisethehammer. versity, p. 242. Thurlby, 1997, «Previously Undetected org/index.asp?id=314]. with an illustration Wooden Ribbed Vaults in Medieval Britain >>, 89. Mulvany, C. Pelham, 1884, Toronto: Past and of St. Peter's, Barton (1851-1852). Journal of the British Archaeological Associa Present until1882, Toronto, p. 161 . tion, vol. 150, p. 48-58. 78. Armstrong, Frederick H., « Ha y, William>>, 90. Halifax Reporter, December 11, 1871, p. 2, 1982, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, XI, 106. Tuck, 1977: 108. col. 3, quoted in Shutlak, Garry, 1977, Hali Toronto and Quebec, p. 391-393, available on fax Mail-Star: Tuesday, May 31, p. 16; and 107. Tuck, 1977: 124, 134, 138, 140, and 149, fig. line at [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio. Pacey, Elizabeth, with George Rogers and on 121 . asp?Biold=39697 &query=]. Allan Duffus, 1983, More Stately Mansions: 108. Tuck, 1977: 124, 134, 138, 140, and 149; 79. Coffman, Peter, 2006a, « St. John's Anglican Churches of Nova Scotia 7830 -1910, Hantsport, Smith, 1986 : 101; Smith, 2004: 101. Cathedral and the Beginnings of Ecclesiologi Nova Scotia, p. 98. cal Gothic in Newfoundland >>,Jo urnal of the 109. Tuck, 1977: 120, 124, 149, and 180. Tu ck, 91. Tuck, 1977: 39. Society for the Study of Architecture in Cana 1995: 66 and 67 for illustrations of Harris's da, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 3-22. On Hay in Newfound 92. Smith, 1986: 80-81; Smith, 2004: 80-81. longitudinal section and plan. land and Labrador, see Coffman, Peter, 2006b, 93. Tuck, 1977: 71, 72-74; Smith, 1986: 108-109; 110. Noppen, Luc, 2005. « Un meconnu de notre Sectarian Rivalry, Denominational Identity and Smith, 2004: 108-109. histoire : L'architecte Rene-Pam phile Lemay Gothic Revival in Newfoundland, unpublished (1870-1915) >>, Saguenayensia, vol. 47 no. 4, 94. Wills: pl. XVII. Ph .D. dissertation, Queen's University, Kings p. 58-62. ton, Ontario; on Hay in Bermuda, see Mag rill, 95. Canadian Architect and Builder, vol. 10 (1892). Barry, 2004, « Development and Eccles iology pl. 5. in the Outposts of the British Empire: William Hay's Gothic Solutions for Church Building in 96. Tuck, 1977: 106-118, 128; Tuck, 1995: 52-53 Tropical Climates (1840-1890) >> ,Journal of for Harris drawings of the north exterior el the Society for the Study of Architecture in evation and longitudinal section; Smith, 1986: Canada, vol. 29 nos. 1-2, p. 15-26. 74-75; Smith, 2004: 74-75. 80. Buggey, Susan, and Shutlak, Garry, « Stir 97. Tuck, 1977: 112; Tuck, 1995: 25. ling, David >>, 1982, Dictionary of Cana 98. Pugin, 1841. dian Biography, XI, Toronto and Quebec, 99. Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, 1984, H.H. Richardson: [http://www. b i og ra phi .ca/E N/Sh owB io. Complete Architectural Works, Cambridge, asp?Biold =39975&q uery= ]. Massachusetts, MIT Press, p. 34-37, figs. 6a, 81. Hay, William, 1853, «The late Mr. Pugin and 6b, and 6c. the revival of Christian architecture», Anglo 100. Smart, C. Murray, Jr., 1989, Muscular Church American Magazine (Toronto), vol. 2, p. 70- es: Ecclesiastical Architecture of the High 73, reprinted in Simmins, Geoffrey, ed., 1992, Victorian Period, Fayetteville, Arkansas, Documents in Canadian Architecture, Peter University of Arkansas Press, p. 244-265. borough, Ontario, Broadview Press, p. 44-51. 101. Symondson, Anthony, 1995, « Theology, 82. Rogers, 1983: 262. For a detailed history of Worship and the Late Victorian Church >>, St. Peter's Cathedral, see Westin, H.M. Peter, in Chris Brooks and Andrew Saint (ed.). The 1994, An Act of Faith: The First Fifty Years of Victorian Church: Architecture and Society, St. Peter's Cathedral, Charlottetown, St. Peter Manchester, Manchester University Press, Publications Inc. p. 192-222 at 203, fig. 73, int. to E; fig. 75, 83. Tuck, 1978 : fig . on 29. plan. 84. Rogers, 1983 : 262-263, fig. on 264. 102 . Cub itt, James, 1870, Church Designs for Con 85 . Rogers, 1983 : 263. gregations, London. 86. Pugin: 39-43, pl. 17. 103 . Ochsner: 100-101 , 114-123. 104. Bennett, Charles, 1993, «The Architec ture, 1893-1993 >>, in David A. Kent (ed.). JSSAC I JStAC 31 > N' 2 > 2006 85