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Une Évaluation De La Vulnérabilité Sismique Des Églises Du Québec

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Une Évaluation De La Vulnérabilité Sismique Des Églises Du Québec ÉCOLE DE TECHNOLOGIE SUPÉRIEURE UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ À L’ÉCOLE DE TECHNOLOGIE SUPÉRIEURE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE À L’OBTENTION DE LA MAÎTRISE EN GÉNIE DE LA CONSTRUCTION M.Ing. PAR Suze YOUANCE UNE ÉVALUATION DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ SISMIQUE DES ÉGLISES DU QUÉBEC MONTRÉAL, LE 17 MARS 2010 © Suze Youance, 2010 PRÉSENTATION DU JURY CE MÉMOIRE A ÉTÉ ÉVALUÉ PAR UN JURY COMPOSÉ DE : Mme Marie-José Nollet, directeur de mémoire Département de génie de la construction à l’École de technologie supérieure M. Frédéric Monette, président du jury Département de génie de la construction à l’École de technologie supérieure M. Omar Chaallal, membre du jury Département de génie de la construction à l’École de technologie supérieure Mme Ghyslaine McClure, examinateur externe Département de génie civil à l’Université Mc Gill IL A FAIT L’OBJET D’UNE SOUTENANCE DEVANT JURY ET PUBLIC LE 16 FÉVRIER 2010 À L’ÉCOLE DE TECHNOLOGIE SUPÉRIEURE REMERCIEMENTS C’est un plaisir de remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont soutenue et encouragée durant mes études de maîtrise contribuant ainsi à la réussite de ce retour aux études. Tout d’abord, mes sincères remerciements à ma directrice de recherche, Mme Marie-José Nollet, Ph.D., pour sa disponibilité, son appui financier mais aussi sa grande patience. Mes remerciements s’adressent également à l’équipe de la chaire de recherche en patrimoine urbain de l’Université du Québec à Montréal, à son directeur, M. Luc Noppen, au Conseil du patrimoine religieux du Québec et à l’architecte Pierre Beaupré qui m’ont fourni la documentation essentielle à ma recherche. J'exprime ma gratitude à tous les responsables d’églises visitées qui ont si aimablement accepté de répondre à mes nombreuses questions tout en me faisant partager leur amour et leur respect de leur paroisse. Merci à tous mes collègues du laboratoire de recherche avec qui j’ai partagé au quotidien des moments heureux mais aussi le stress de faire avancer nos recherches. Un remerciement particulier à Karine, Guillaume, Hassan, Fernando, Mabrouk et Maxime. Enfin, je remercie mes parents, Jean et Denise, mon mari Roland et ma fille Chloé pour leur soutien moral, leur encouragement et leur écoute. UNE ÉVALUATION DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ SISMIQUE DES ÉGLISES DU QUÉBEC Suze YOUANCE RÉSUMÉ La réponse des bâtiments aux sollicitations sismiques auxquelles ils sont soumis est fonction de leurs caractéristiques structurales, donc des qualités et des déficiences qui leur sont associées. Si les nouvelles structures répondent à des normes parasismiques, en vigueur dès 1960 au Canada, le patrimoine bâti des principales villes de la province du Québec est constitué d’un nombre important de bâtiments plus anciens. Il est généralement admis que ces structures présentent une vulnérabilité élevée et parmi celles-ci, les églises en maçonnerie non armée sont considérées parmi les plus vulnérables. Cette recherche se concentre sur l’analyse de la vulnérabilité sismique des églises en pierre du Québec construites avant 1945. Ce sont 714 églises dont une importante proportion a une valeur patrimoniale ou présente un intérêt patrimonial confirmé. L’expérience acquise en Europe, particulièrement en Italie et en Suisse, dans la conservation/préservation de bâtiments patrimoniaux et l’observation du comportement de ces structures lors de séismes ont mené au développement de différentes méthodes d’analyse. Parmi ces méthodes, on trouve l’approche par macroéléments, que nous avons retenue pour notre étude. Elle s’appuie sur l’hypothèse principale que les églises sont constituées d’éléments structuraux «libres» qui agissent d’une manière quasi-autonome les uns par rapport aux autres. Sur la base d’un inventaire de 108 édifices de l’île de Montréal, les principaux paramètres structuraux et non structuraux influençant leur performance sismique ont été analysés. L’analyse de la réponse de deux macroéléments connus comme étant les plus vulnérables, soit les façades principale et latérale et la tour-clocher a été effectuée. Les résultats montrent que la vulnérabilité des murs est associée à la qualité de leur connexion avec le reste de la structure et à leur épaisseur alors que celle de la tour est fonction de sa période naturelle et de l’aléa sismique local. L’élaboration d’un formulaire permettant une évaluation rapide de la vulnérabilité des églises est également un extrant de notre recherche. Celui-ci pourra être utilisé comme outil de gestion par les autorités gouvernementales. Compte tenu de l’intérêt de l’évaluation sismique des bâtiments existants, des recommandations sont faites pour améliorer les connaissances sur la vulnérabilité sismique des bâtiments de la province du Québec. Mots-clés: vulnérabilité sismique, églises, maçonnerie non armée, caractérisation structurale, dommages observés, macroéléments. A VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF QUEBEC HERITAGE CHURCHES Suze YOUANCE ABSTRACT The response of buildings under seismic loads is a function of their structural characteristics, therefore the qualities and deficiencies associated with them. If the new structures meet the seismic standards established, since 1960 in Canada, the built heritage of the major cities of the province of Quebec consists of a large number of old buildings. It is generally accepted that these structures have a high vulnerability and among them, the unreinforced masonry churches are considered most vulnerable. This research focuses on the vulnerability assessment of those cut stone church buildings built in Quebec before 1945. They are 714 structures with a significant proportion have a heritage value or a confirmed interest. The experience gained in Europe, especially in Italy and Switzerland, in the conservation / preservation of heritage buildings and the observation of their behavior during earthquakes have led to the development of different methods of analysis. Among these methods, the macroelements approach was chosen. It relies on the assumption that the main church structures are composed of free structural elements acting in quasi-independence to each other. On the basis of an inventory of 108 church buildings on the island of Montreal, the main structural and nonstructural parameters modeling their seismic behavior were analyzed. The analysis of the response to two macroelements known as the most vulnerable, the main and side facades and bell tower was completed. The results show that the vulnerability of the walls is associated with the quality of its connection with the rest of the structure and their thickness while the fundamental period and the seismic hazard govern the vulnerability of the tower. Developing a form for rapid assessment of the vulnerability of churches is also an output of our research. The form can be used as a management tool by the government authorities. Given the interest of the seismic assessment of existing buildings, recommendations are made to improve the knowledge on the seismic vulnerability of the built environment of the province of Quebec. Keywords: seismic vulnerability, heritage churches, masonry, structural characterization, observed damages, macroelements. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 CHAPITRE 1 SÉISMES ET SISMOLOGIE – NOTIONS DE BASE ...................................7 1.1 Notion de séisme ............................................................................................................7 1.2 Mesure des séismes ........................................................................................................8 1.2.1 Magnitude ....................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Intensité ........................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Aléa sismique .................................................................................................................9 1.3.1 Au niveau régional ........................................................................................ 10 1.3.2 Au niveau local ............................................................................................. 12 1.4 Risque sismique ...........................................................................................................13 1.5 Historique des séismes au Québec ...............................................................................14 1.6 Effets des séismes sur les structures d’églises en maçonnerie non armée au Québec .....................................................................................................................15 1.6.1 L’église de Rivière-Ouelle ............................................................................ 17 1.6.2 L’église de Shawinigan ................................................................................. 18 1.6.3 Causes des dommages enregistrés ................................................................ 19 1.7 Effets des séismes sur les structures d’église en maçonnerie non armée ailleurs dans le monde ..................................................................................................21 1.8 Synthèse de la revue de littérature et prochaines étapes ..............................................25 CHAPITRE 2 PRINCIPES DE L’ÉVALUATION DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ SISMIQUE DES ÉGLISES EN MAÇONNERIE NON-ARMÉE ................26 2.1 Méthode d’évaluation basée sur l’échelle macrosismique européenne (EMS-98) .....................................................................................................................27
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