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Evolution of Surveying Practices in Archaeology

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Evolution of Surveying Practices in Archaeology Evolution of surveying practices in archaeology: a technical overview to introduce new management possibilities for Cultural Heritage data Elise Meyer, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Jean-Pierre Perrin To cite this version: Elise Meyer, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Jean-Pierre Perrin. Evolution of surveying practices in archaeology: a technical overview to introduce new management possibilities for Cultural Heritage data. XXth CIPA International Symposium, 2005, Torino, Italy. pp.923-928. halshs-00264544 HAL Id: halshs-00264544 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00264544 Submitted on 23 May 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ EVOLUTION OF SURVEYING PRACTICES IN ARCHAEOLOGY: A TECHNICAL OVERVIEW TO INTRODUCE NEW MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE DATA a * b a É. Meyer , P. Grussenmeyer , J.-P. Perrin a Research Centre in Architecture and Engineering MAP-CRAI UMR 694,Nancy School of Architecture, 2 rue Bastien Lepage, 54001 NANCY, FRANCE. bPhotogrammetry and Geomatics Group MAP-PAGE UMR 694, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Strasbourg (INSA), 24 Boulevard de la Victoire, 67084 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. E-Mail : [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] KEY WORDS: Archaeology, Survey, Management, Databases, Information Systems. ABSTRACT Especially in archaeology, a mission of the surveyor is to acquire and to work on data generated by an experimentation field, i.e. to locate natural elements or human constructions, and to represent them (analogically or digitally). Surveying work has always been part of field archaeology, because the knowledge and expertise of the surveyor can be as useful for the prospecting stage as for the excavation. However surveying practices carried out in archaeology could change, and the surveyor could be proved helpful for the use of excavated data too. The purpose of this paper is to summarize how topographical techniques are used by the archaeologists, and to present the evolution and potential of computer developments, especially regarding data management. Historically, a number of cartographic tasks in archaeology was taking care of by the surveyor, e.g. cartography of excavation fields, absolute positioning of distinct sites, aerial prospecting, study of old maps and archive images, levelling, etc. Today, the archaeologist makes more and more the field surveys himself, however the role of the surveyor could change in the future. He will be able to help the archaeologist in his data exploitation work as well. The new expertises of the surveyor, e.g. Databases and Geographic Information System (GIS), allow him to handle different kinds of data efficiently. These knowledge should be interesting for the archaeologist, both in simplifying data management and in developing novel techniques for presenting the resources. Moreover, to have an overview of all data available could lead to innovative analyses, based for instance on interactive 3D models linked with databases or on modelling of historical evolutions. Then, the surveyor competences are extending and will permit him to offer the archaeologist new possibilities for the utilisation of all types of documents allowing to approach the Human Past. 1. INTRODUCTION their current evolutions. The second part concerns the new expertises of the surveyor and the potentialities that follow for This paper gives a technical overview of surveying practices in data management. Three aspects can be considered: the reasons archaeology, to show their evolution and the perspectives that for computerizing archaeology, the knowledge of surveyors for appear thanks to computer developments, particularly regarding the data management, and finally the benefits of data cultural heritage data management. This study comes within the computerization for the archaeologists. context of research conducted as part of a Ph.D. thesis entitled "3D acquisition, restitution and imagery in Archaeology: towards a platform linking computer graphics and cultural 2. THE COMMON PRACTICE OF SURVEYING IN heritage data". This project is managed in the Photogrammetry ARCHAEOLOGY AND ITS EVOLUTION and Geomatics Group MAP-PAGE, National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) of Strasbourg, in collaboration with The main speciality of the surveyor is the terrestrial or aerial the Research Centre in Architecture and Engineering MAP- localization of natural elements or of human constructions, and CRAI, Nancy School of Architecture. Since several years, their analogical or numerical representation. He can therefore, digital tools and applications dedicated to architecture and by his technology, help the archaeologist for its field work. cultural heritage have been developed in these laboratories. Then, this study proposes an outline of the use of surveying 2.1 Generalities on the link between archaeology and techniques in the archaeological problematic, to introduce new surveying. possibilities for the management of data accumulated in archaeological sites. Actually, the working of a site generates a Archaeology is a discipline of history, which is distinguishable large quantity of cultural heritage resources, and computerized by the specificity of its objectives and research methodologies. tools are required for the treatment of the various data as a It concentrates particularly on the study of our ancestors way of whole. The surveyor with his new expertises, e.g. notably life and of their manner of thinking. Then, the archaeologist Databases and Geographic Information System (GIS), is collects and analyses a lot of documents, of whatever character therefore able to find solutions to help the archaeologist in his (cf. third part), allowing him to approach the human past. tasks. His job is changing, moreover knowing that today the From a practical viewpoint, a distinction between field archaeologist makes more and more the field surveys himself. archaeology and office archaeology can be made. Field The article can be broken down into two parts: the common archaeology is the part where the expert carries out excavations, practice of surveying in archaeology and its evolution, and then gathers traces and collects evidences. Whereas office the potential of the computer for the management of cultural archaeology get together researchers who study in laboratory heritage data. The first part of this paper deals with surveying these evidences of the past, to draw conclusions permitting to work on an archaeological site. Two steps are coming out: reconstitute the men's life at a given epoch. It is then worth generalities on the link between archaeology and surveying, and nothing that to be able to draw valid deductions of this studies, examples of common surveying practices in archaeology with it is important not to isolate the found objects from their ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ context. Consequently, the problem of planimetric or altimetric very significant, and it is very useful for the archaeologist to location of evidences within an excavation field is primordial refer to maps and ancient plans, to charters and deeds for the archaeologists. This has always been one of the major executed by a notary, so as to archives of the local job of the surveyor on archaeological sites. historians. Moreover, it makes sense to perform Moreover, the archaeologist has considered for a long time each comparative studies of ancient maps, on the one hand, and excavation field as an isolated and independent site. He has recent cadastre, on the other hand. These studies often made no necessary arrangements to be able to link up diverse reveal changes, disappearances, modifications, emergences, geographically nearby sites, especially if the excavations were both in the layout of places and in the existence of buildings carried out at different epochs. He is now aware of the or sites. Old maps have not systematically a great backgrounds of such methods and, very often, a surveyor is part topographical value, but they are precious because they can of the field team to solve this problem. The surveyor can thus show the location of lost monuments. In these scopes, the connect each place with a wide area coordinate system or with surveyor can therefore give useful information to the some fixed points, natural or artificial, so as to be able to link up archaeologist, thanks to his knowledge in both ancient and the different sites. recent surveying and cartographical techniques. This So archaeology clearly serves history, but it is also served by preparation phase evolves with the development of numerous disciplines like historical sciences (palaeography, computerized techniques in surveying, which make easier epigraphy, toponymy, chronology, etc.), technical sciences especially the comparison between several documents (cf. (photography, seismology, geology, physics and chemistry, part
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