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Inversiones En Territorio Antártico En La Experiencia Comparada | Asesoría Técnica Parlamentaria Agosto 2018 Inversiones en territorio Antártico en la experiencia comparada Autor Resumen Jana Abujatum S. Email: [email protected] Desde fines del siglo pasado, el continente antártico ha visto Tel.: (56) 32 226 3173 acrecentada su importancia como un espacio fundamental para la 2 270 1839 investigación científica mundial, condición que se acentúa tras la firma del Tratado Antártico que congeló las pretensiones territoriales y destinó Área Gobierno, Defensa y a la Antártica a ser una zona de paz y exploración sólo con fines Relaciones Exteriores científicos. Comisión Su condición de aislamiento y escasa presencia humana, permite Relaciones Exteriores, explorar ecosistemas casi en estado de pureza lo que junto a las bajas Asuntos Interparlamentarios e Integración Latinoamericana temperaturas entregan un ventajoso estudio del sistema ambiental. A su vez, las investigaciones sobre los efectos del cambio climático en los ecosistemas antárticos contribuyen a otras latitudes identificando de manera relativamente directa sus efectos iniciales sobre los que se asienta el funcionamiento del ecosistema completo, como por ejemplo, su impacto en el nivel de la aguas. En el plano económico, la Antártica cuenta con recursos marinos, reservas de metales tales como el hierro, cobre y otros metales preciosos, en tanto el recurso hídrico constituye una de sus mayores riquezas concentrando alrededor del 90% de la reserva de agua dulce congelada en el continente. De manera más reciente, también hay un incremento en el interés turístico hacia territorio antártico. Los puertos que sirven como puerta de entrada son los de Punta Arenas-Chile, Ushuaia-Argentina, Hobart- Australia y Christchurch-Nueva Zelanda. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile | Asesoría Técnica Parlamentaria I. Introducción El documento entrega información respecto a la presencia, inversión en investigación y conectividad en los casos de Argentina, Australia, Francia, Nueva Zelanda y Reino Unido en territorio antártico. Además se informa acerca de los presupuestos que asignan las naciones antes mencionadas, junto a la dependencia y relación entre los organismos relacionados a la actividad antártica. Se adicionan las bases de cada país y sus áreas de investigación, junto con otros organismos relacionadas al tema antártico de cada nación. II. Inversiones en continente antártico 1. Argentina El organismo encargado de llevar adelante la Política Nacional Antártica (1990) de Argentina es la Dirección Nacional del Antártico (DNA-1969), dependiente del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y de Culto. De esta forma, la DNA es el organismo que ejerce la representación ante el Consejo de Administradores de Programas Antárticos Nacionales (COMNAP) y ante la Reunión de Administradores de Programas Antárticos Latinoamericanos (RAPAL). Además, participan en él representantes del Ejército, Armada y Fuerza Aérea de Argentina. A su vez, del DNA depende el Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA-1953), organismo orientado a labores científicas y tecnológicas en materia antártica. El año 2015 y en el marco de la inauguración de su nuevo edificio en la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, el ministro de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Lino Barañao, señaló que el IAA debe llevar adelante investigaciones científicas relacionadas con el cambio climático y enfocadas a proteger a la Antártica. En febrero de 2018, Argentina celebró 114 años de presencia en territorio antártico, instancia en la cual se anunció la creación de la Academia Nacional Antártica, enfocada al estudio de la ciencia y del desarrollo del continente blanco. 1.1. Bases antárticas de la República Federal Argentina Argentina cuenta con 6 bases permanentes: Carlini Orcadas Esperanza Marambio San Martín Belgrano II A ellas se suman 7 bases temporales: Brown Primavera Decepción Melchior 2 Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile | Asesoría Técnica Parlamentaria Matienzo Cámara Petrel La Dirección Nacional Antártica administra las bases Carlini y Brown, las restantes son administradas por las Fuerzas Armadas. La Base Aérea Marambio es la base argentina más grande en territorio antártico y en ella se sitúa el Centro Meteorológico Antártico Marambio, cobijando asimismo un aeropuerto operado por la Fuerza Aérea de Argentina, el cual permite el intercambio aéreo entre naves argentinas y de otras naciones en territorio antártico. 1.2. Campaña Antártica Argentina 2017-2018 La reciente Campaña Antártica de Verano de Argentina, la cual se inició en diciembre de 2017 y finalizó en marzo del año en curso, además de renovar el personal y reaprovisionar las bases, contó con el regreso del rompehielos ARA Almirante Irízar, el cual habría sido refaccionado y modernizado tras sufrir un incendio el año 2007. 1.3. Puerto La puerta de acceso argentino hacia el continente blanco, lo constituyen la ciudad y el puerto de Ushuaia. Ahí también tiene su sede la Oficina Antártica del Instituto Fueguino de Turismo (1992), cuya misión es entregar información sobre temas antárticos, así como también monitorear el tránsito antártico, entre otras labores. 2. Australia En los años recientes, Australia ha desarrollado importantes inversiones en cuanto a servicios dirigidos al continente antártico. El país cuenta con organismos de investigación financiados por el gobierno australiano mediante la División Antártica de Australia (Australian Antartic Division), organismo dependiente del Gobierno Federal y subordinado al Ministerio de Energía y Medio Ambiente y que lleva adelante el Programa Antártico Australiano. Las dependencias de esta división se encuentran en la ciudad de Kingston, contando sus dependencias con laboratorios de ciencias, acuarios de investigación del Krill, microscopios electrónicos y de electrones, herbarios y otros. Por su parte, el Antarctic Tasmania and Maritime Industries, ubicado en Hobart-Tasmania, es un organismo dependiente del Departamento de Crecimiento del Estado (Department of State Growth) que trabaja con científicos internacionales y organizaciones sectoriales, empresas y el gobierno australiano, para aumentar la contribución del sector antártico internacional a la economía, la comunidad y la marca de Tasmania (Antarctic Tasmania, 2018). 3 Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile | Asesoría Técnica Parlamentaria Junto al ámbito de la investigación científica, Antartic Tasmania ha potenciado las inversiones en materia de turismo antártico, infraestructura de apoyo científico y logística además de organizar permanentemente convenciones en temas antárticos. 2.1. Puerto Hobart, posee la infraestructura más completa de todas las ciudades categorizadas como “puerta de entrada” al continente blanco (las otras son Punta Arenas y Christchurch-Nueva Zelandia), albergando a la masa crítica de científicos antárticos más grande del mundo. Posee una articulación entre el Estado, los privados y la academia para impulsar un polo de desarrollo económico y cultural. Su puerto es puente hacia la Antártica, el Océano Austral y Macquarie Island. Además, sirve de puerto para los rompehielos. 2.2. Bases antárticas Las bases australianas permanentes en territorio antártico son Base Casey, Base Davis y Base Mawson. En verano también opera la Base Law-Racovita, la cual comparte con Rumania. 2.3. Líneas de inversión y de negocios a) Combustibles: el puerto de Hobart funciona como lugar de abastecimiento para todos los programas antárticos b) Energía: algunas bases del Programa Antártico Australiano operan principalmente por generadores diesel. El años 2003, la División Antártica Australiana comenzó a impulsar un proyecto de generación de energía eólica con el fin de sustituir la generación energética vía combustibles fósiles. En los veranos también se aprovecha la luz solar para proveer de energía a las bases. c) Biotecnología: El año 2007 el Estado de Tasmania definió su Estrategia Biotecnológica 2007- 2015 (Tasmania’s Biotechnology Strategy, 2007) con el fin de triplicar dicha industria en la región. Respecto al territorio antártico, la estrategia se enfoca en la investigación y en el potencial de los recursos marinos, el valor agregado de los productos acuícolas y sus bioactivos. Otro aspecto de la línea investigativa es el referido al estudio del medio ambiente antártico y comprender su rol en el sistema climático global. d) Construcción de bases: el Programa Antártico Australiano ocupa el sistema de construcción denominado Australian Antartic Building System, consistente en construcciones modulares individuales. A ello se suman las construcciones tipo Iglú, de la empresa australiana Icewall. Actualmente, Australia trabaja en un nuevo rompehielos, el RSV Nuyina, el cual arribaría a Hobart el año 2020. La adquisición del nuevo rompehielos se enmarca en la Estrategia Antártica Australiana (Australian Antarctic Strategy and 20 Year Action Plan, 2016). La Estrategia Antártica Australiana propone inversiones en el ámbito de la investigación científica antártica. Durante los años 2018-2019, el financiamiento estará centrado en estudiar el clima y los ecosistemas antárticos, contando para ello con un presupuesto $25millones de dólares.También se 4 Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile | Asesoría Técnica Parlamentaria extenderá y ampliará la pista del aeropuerto internacional de Hobart, de manera de apoyar el Programa Antártico. Por otro lado, se conformó un grupo de trabajo entre el Estado y el sector industrial, con el fin de avanzar en propuestas que aumenten el peso de la región de Tasmania como puerta
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