DOCSLIB.ORG

2571 Country Code

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2571 Country Code 2571 Country Code. CountryCode.org is your complete guide to call anywhere in the world. The calling chart above will help you find the dialing codes you need to make long distance phone calls to friends, family, and business partners around the globe. Simply find and click the country you wish to call. You'll find instructions on how to call that country using its country code, as well as other helpful information like area codes, ISO country codes, and the kinds of electrical outlets and phone jacks found in that part of the world. Making a phone call has never been easier with CountryCode.org. The 2-letter codes shown below are supplied by the ISO ( International Organization for Standardization). It bases its list of country names and abbreviations on the list of names published by the United Nations. The UN also uses 3-letter codes, and numerical codes to identify nations, and those are shown below. International Dialing Codes for making overseas phone calls are also listed below. Note: If the columns don't align correctly, please increase the font size in your browser. COUNTRY A2 (ISO) A3 (UN) NUM (UN) DIALING CODE Afghanistan AF AFG 4 93 Albania AL ALB 8 355 Algeria DZ DZA 12 213 American Samoa AS ASM 16 1-684 Andorra AD AND 20 376 Angola AO AGO 24 244 Anguilla AI AIA 660 1-264 Antarctica AQ ATA 10 672 Antigua and Barbuda AG ATG 28 1-268 Argentina AR ARG 32 54 Armenia AM ARM 51 374 Aruba AW ABW 533 297 Australia AU AUS 36 61 Austria AT AUT 40 43 Azerbaijan AZ AZE 31 994 Bahamas BS BHS 44 1-242 Bahrain BH BHR 48 973 Bangladesh BD BGD 50 880 Barbados BB BRB 52 1-246 Belarus BY BLR 112 375 Belgium BE BEL 56 32 Belize BZ BLZ 84 501 Benin BJ BEN 204 229 Bermuda BM BMU 60 1-441 Bhutan BT BTN 64 975 Bolivia BO BOL 68 591 Bonaire BQ BES 535 599 Bosnia and Herzegovina BA BIH 70 387 Botswana BW BWA 72 267 Bouvet Island BV BVT 74 47 Brazil BR BRA 76 55 British Indian Ocean Territory IO IOT 86 246 Brunei Darussalam BN BRN 96 673 Bulgaria BG BGR 100 359 Burkina Faso BF BFA 854 226 Burundi BI BDI 108 257 Cambodia KH KHM 116 855 Cameroon CM CMR 120 237 Canada CA CAN 124 1 Cape Verde CV CPV 132 238 Cayman Islands KY CYM 136 1-345 Central African Republic CF CAF 140 236 Chad TD TCD 148 235 Chile CL CHL 152 56 China CN CHN 156 86 Christmas Island CX CXR 162 61 Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC CCK 166 61 Colombia CO COL 170 57 Comoros KM COM 174 269 Congo CG COG 178 242 Democratic Republic of the Congo CD COD 180 243 Cook Islands CK COK 184 682 Costa Rica CR CRI 188 506 Croatia HR HRV 191 385 Cuba CU CUB 192 53 Curacao CW CUW 531 599 Cyprus CY CYP 196 357 Czech Republic CZ CZE 203 420 Cote d'Ivoire CI CIV 384 225 Denmark DK DNK 208 45 Djibouti DJ DJI 262 253 Dominica DM DMA 212 1-767 Dominican Republic DO DOM 214 1-809,1-829,1-849 Ecuador EC ECU 218 593 Egypt EG EGY 818 20 El Salvador SV SLV 222 503 Equatorial Guinea GQ GNQ 226 240 Eritrea ER ERI 232 291 Estonia EE EST 233 372 Ethiopia ET ETH 231 251 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FK FLK 238 500 Faroe Islands FO FRO 234 298 Fiji FJ FJI 242 679 Finland FI FIN 246 358 France FR FRA 250 33 French Guiana GF GUF 254 594 French Polynesia PF PYF 258 689 French Southern Territories TF ATF 260 262 Gabon GA GAB 266 241 Gambia GM GMB 270 220 Georgia GE GEO 268 995 Germany DE DEU 276 49 Ghana GH GHA 288 233 Gibraltar GI GIB 292 350 Greece GR GRC 300 30 Greenland GL GRL 304 299 Grenada GD GRD 308 1-473 Guadeloupe GP GLP 312 590 Guam GU GUM 316 1-671 Guatemala GT GTM 320 502 Guernsey GG GGY 831 44 Guinea GN GIN 324 224 Guinea-Bissau GW GNB 624 245 Guyana GY GUY 328 592 Haiti HT HTI 332 509 Heard Island and McDonald Islands HM HMD 334 672 Holy See (Vatican City State) VA VAT 336 379 Honduras HN HND 340 504 Hong Kong HK HKG 344 852 Hungary HU HUN 348 36 Iceland IS ISL 352 354 India IN IND 356 91 Indonesia ID IDN 360 62 Iran, Islamic Republic of IR IRN 364 98 Iraq IQ IRQ 368 964 Ireland IE IRL 372 353 Isle of Man IM IMN 833 44 Israel IL ISR 376 972 Italy IT ITA 380 39 Jamaica JM JAM 388 1-876 Japan JP JPN 392 81 Jersey JE JEY 832 44 Jordan JO JOR 400 962 Kazakhstan KZ KAZ 398 7 Kenya KE KEN 404 254 Kiribati KI KIR 296 686 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of KP PRK 408 850 Korea, Republic of KR KOR 410 82 Kuwait KW KWT 414 965 Kyrgyzstan KG KGZ 417 996 Lao People's Democratic Republic LA LAO 418 856 Latvia LV LVA 428 371 Lebanon LB LBN 422 961 Lesotho LS LSO 426 266 Liberia LR LBR 430 231 Libya LY LBY 434 218 Liechtenstein LI LIE 438 423 Lithuania LT LTU 440 370 Luxembourg LU LUX 442 352 Macao MO MAC 446 853 Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of MK MKD 807 389 Madagascar MG MDG 450 261 Malawi MW MWI 454 265 Malaysia MY MYS 458 60 Maldives MV MDV 462 960 Mali ML MLI 466 223 Malta MT MLT 470 356 Marshall Islands MH MHL 584 692 Martinique MQ MTQ 474 596 Mauritania MR MRT 478 222 Mauritius MU MUS 480 230 Mayotte YT MYT 175 262 Mexico MX MEX 484 52 Micronesia, Federated States of FM FSM 583 691 Moldova, Republic of MD MDA 498 373 Monaco MC MCO 492 377 Mongolia MN MNG 496 976 Montenegro ME MNE 499 382 Montserrat MS MSR 500 1-664 Morocco MA MAR 504 212 Mozambique MZ MOZ 508 258 Myanmar MM MMR 104 95 Namibia NA NAM 516 264 Nauru NR NRU 520 674 Nepal NP NPL 524 977 Netherlands NL NLD 528 31 New Caledonia NC NCL 540 687 New Zealand NZ NZL 554 64 Nicaragua NI NIC 558 505 Niger NE NER 562 227 Nigeria NG NGA 566 234 Niue NU NIU 570 683 Norfolk Island NF NFK 574 672 Northern Mariana Islands MP MNP 580 1-670 Norway NO NOR 578 47 Oman OM OMN 512 968 Pakistan PK PAK 586 92 Palau PW PLW 585 680 Palestine, State of PS PSE 275 970 Panama PA PAN 591 507 Papua New Guinea PG PNG 598 675 Paraguay PY PRY 600 595 Peru PE PER 604 51 Philippines PH PHL 608 63 Pitcairn PN PCN 612 870 Poland PL POL 616 48 Portugal PT PRT 620 351 Puerto Rico PR PRI 630 1 Qatar QA QAT 634 974 Romania RO ROU 642 40 Russian Federation RU RUS 643 7 Rwanda RW RWA 646 250 Reunion RE REU 638 262 Saint Barthelemy BL BLM 652 590 Saint Helena SH SHN 654 290 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KNA 659 1-869 Saint Lucia LC LCA 662 1-758 Saint Martin (French part) MF MAF 663 590 Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM SPM 666 508 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC VCT 670 1-784 Samoa WS WSM 882 685 San Marino SM SMR 674 378 Sao Tome and Principe ST STP 678 239 Saudi Arabia SA SAU 682 966 Senegal SN SEN 686 221 Serbia RS SRB 688 381 Seychelles SC SYC 690 248 Sierra Leone SL SLE 694 232 Singapore SG SGP 702 65 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) SX SXM 534 1-721 Slovakia SK SVK 703 421 Slovenia SI SVN 705 386 Solomon Islands SB SLB 90 677 Somalia SO SOM 706 252 South Africa ZA ZAF 710 27 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GS SGS 239 500 South Sudan SS SSD 728 211 Spain ES ESP 724 34 Sri Lanka LK LKA 144 94 Sudan SD SDN 729 249 Suriname SR SUR 740 597 Svalbard and Jan Mayen SJ SJM 744 47 Swaziland SZ SWZ 748 268 Sweden SE SWE 752 46 Switzerland CH CHE 756 41 Syrian Arab Republic SY SYR 760 963 Taiwan TW TWN 158 886 Tajikistan TJ TJK 762 992 United Republic of Tanzania TZ TZA 834 255 Thailand TH THA 764 66 Timor-Leste TL TLS 626 670 Togo TG TGO 768 228 Tokelau TK TKL 772 690 Tonga TO TON 776 676 Trinidad and Tobago TT TTO 780 1-868 Tunisia TN TUN 788 216 Turkey TR TUR 792 90 Turkmenistan TM TKM 795 993 Turks and Caicos Islands TC TCA 796 1-649 Tuvalu TV TUV 798 688 Uganda UG UGA 800 256 Ukraine UA UKR 804 380 United Arab Emirates AE ARE 784 971 United Kingdom GB GBR 826 44 United States US USA 840 1 United States Minor Outlying Islands UM UMI 581 1 Uruguay UY URY 858 598 Uzbekistan UZ UZB 860 998 Vanuatu VU VUT 548 678 Venezuela VE VEN 862 58 Viet Nam VN VNM 704 84 British Virgin Islands VG VGB 92 1-284 US Virgin Islands VI VIR 850 1-340 Wallis and Futuna WF WLF 876 681 Western Sahara EH ESH 732 212 Yemen YE YEM 887 967 Zambia ZM ZMB 894 260 Zimbabwe ZW ZWE 716 263 Source: worldatlas.com This page was last updated on June 15, 2018.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Explorer's Gazette
    EEXXPPLLOORREERR’’SS GGAAZZEETTTTEE Published Quarterly in Pensacola, Florida USA for the Old Antarctic Explorers Association Uniting All OAEs in Perpetuating the Memory of United States Involvement in Antarctica Volume 18, Issue 4 Old Antarctic Explorers Association, Inc Oct-Dec 2018 Photo by Jack Green The first C-17 of the summer season delivers researchers and support staff to McMurdo Station after a two-week weather delay. Science Bouncing Back From A Delayed Start By Mike Lucibella The first flights from Christchurch to McMurdo were he first planes of the 2018-2019 Summer Season originally scheduled for 1 October, but throughout early Ttouched down at McMurdo Station’s Phoenix October, a series of low-pressure systems parked over the Airfield at 3 pm in the afternoon on 16 October after region and brought days of bad weather, blowing snow more than two weeks of weather delays, the longest and poor visibility. postponement of season-opening in recent memory. Jessie L. Crain, the Antarctic research support Delays of up to a few days are common for manager in the Office of Polar Programs at the National researchers and support staff flying to McMurdo Station, Science Foundation (NSF), said that it is too soon yet to Antarctica from Christchurch, New Zealand. However, a say definitively what the effects of the delay will be on fifteen-day flight hiatus is very unusual. the science program. Continued on page 4 E X P L O R E R ‘ S G A Z E T T E V O L U M E 18, I S S U E 4 O C T D E C 2 0 1 8 P R E S I D E N T ’ S C O R N E R Ed Hamblin—OAEA President TO ALL OAEs—I hope you all had a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year holiday.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Landscapes of Exploration' Education Pack
    Landscapes of Exploration February 11 – 31 March 2012 Peninsula Arts Gallery Education Pack Cover image courtesy of British Antarctic Survey Cover image: Launch of a radiosonde meteorological balloon by a scientist/meteorologist at Halley Research Station. Atmospheric scientists at Rothera and Halley Research Stations collect data about the atmosphere above Antarctica this is done by launching radiosonde meteorological balloons which have small sensors and a transmitter attached to them. The balloons are filled with helium and so rise high into the Antarctic atmosphere sampling the air and transmitting the data back to the station far below. A radiosonde meteorological balloon holds an impressive 2,000 litres of helium, giving it enough lift to climb for up to two hours. Helium is lighter than air and so causes the balloon to rise rapidly through the atmosphere, while the instruments beneath it sample all the required data and transmit the information back to the surface. - Permissions for information on radiosonde meteorological balloons kindly provided by British Antarctic Survey. For a full activity sheet on how scientists collect data from the air in Antarctica please visit the Discovering Antarctica website www.discoveringantarctica.org.uk and select resources www.discoveringantarctica.org.uk has been developed jointly by the Royal Geographical Society, with IBG0 and the British Antarctic Survey, with funding from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) supports geography in universities and schools, through expeditions and fieldwork and with the public and policy makers. Full details about the Society’s work, and how you can become a member, is available on www.rgs.org All activities in this handbook that are from www.discoveringantarctica.org.uk will be clearly identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Land-Based Tourism in Antarctica
    IP (number) Agenda Item: CEP 7b, ATCM 10 Presented by: ASOC Original: English Land-Based Tourism in Antarctica 1 IP (number) Summary This paper examines the interface between commercial land based tourism and the use of national program infrastructure, as well as recent developments in land-based tourism. Eight Parties responded to a questionnaire distributed by ASOC at ATCMs XXXI and XXXII. None of the respondents reported providing any support to tourism other than free basic hospitality, and most respondents explicitly opposed the notion of Parties being involved in tourism operations. Based on these responses it is apparent that some Parties have identified two locations where commercial land based tourism takes place using infrastructure from National Antarctic Programs. All land-based tourism operations rely directly or indirectly on some form of state support, including permits, use of runways, and use of facilities and terrain adjacent to research stations. The continued improvement of land-based facilities such as runways and camps, and the broad array of land activities now available to tourists, indicate that land-based tourism is growing. If no actions are taken soon, land-based tourism may well become consolidated as a major activity in a few years. 1. Overview In 2008 ASOC submitted to XXXI ATCM IP 41, A decade of Antarctic tourism: Status, change, and actions needed. Among other issues relevant to Antarctic tourism, ASOC’s IP 41 discussed the interface between commercial land-based tourism and the activities of national Antarctic programs. The paper remarked on a disturbing lack of clarity with regard to aspects of land-based tourism – what an IAATO representative described aptly as “fogginess”.1 ASOC’s IP 41 included a table listing several facilities used to support land- based tourism, some of which were private commercial facilities and other facilities of National Antarctic programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoria Antártica Nacional Campaña Antártica 2014-2015 Santiago Diciembre De 2015 Presentación Del Ministro De Relaciones Exteriores
    Memoria Antártica Nacional Campaña Antártica 2014-2015 Santiago Diciembre de 2015 Presentación del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores Sr. Heraldo Muñoz Valenzuela El 16 de diciembre de 2014, el Consejo de Política Antártica, que tengo el honor de presidir, reunido en Punta Arenas, entregó un mandato a las instituciones antárticas nacionales para la elaboración de una Memoria Antártica Nacional. El documento que presentamos, compilación inédita de las tareas que se desarrollan anualmente en ese continente, da cumplimiento a dicho mandato. El quehacer antártico nacional involucra a un amplio espectro de instituciones, las que destinan personas y recursos a la ejecución de las tareas que nuestra legislación les confiere. Cada una de estas entidades cumple un papel fundamental en el logro de los objetivos establecidos en la Política Antártica Nacional, documento rector de nuestros trabajos. El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, en su rol de coordinador de la Política Antártica Nacional, ha enfatizado la difusión hacia la ciudadanía de la labor que las instituciones nacionales realizan en ese continente. Junto con describir de manera general las perspectivas que se abren para los intereses nacionales en este ámbito, este documento resalta los profundos vínculos históricos, geográficos y políticos que desde los inicios de nuestra historia patria nos unen con la Antártica. Al presentar esta primera Memoria Anual, es oportuno recordar el destacado papel de Chile durante las negociaciones del Tratado Antártico, instrumento internacional que cumplirá 55 años de vigencia en 2016, a través de sus delegados Marcial Mora, Enrique Gallardo y Julio Escudero; así como durante la evolución de las cuestiones antárticas en el ámbito multilateral, gracias a figuras como Oscar Pinochet de la Barra y Jorge Berguño.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile En La Antártica
    MAGÍSTER EN POLÍTICA EXTERIOR CHILE EN LA ANTÁRTICA: NUEVOS DESAFÍOS Y PERSPECTIVAS CHILE José Javier Gorostegui Obanoz - Rodrigo Waghorn Gallegos El programa es impartido por el Instituto de Estudios Avanzados y el Departamento de EN LA Abordando aspectos específicos sobre la acción de nuestro país en el banoz Historia de la Facultad de Humanidades de continente antártico, las dos investigaciones aquí reunidas confieren una O la USACH y busca preparar especialistas excelente oportunidad para apreciar y analizar con detenimiento los elementos con enfoque interdisciplinario en el área que caracterizan la política antártica nacional, así como sus potencialidades y ANTÁRTICA de relaciones internacionales con la idea desafíos en el ámbito político, geográfico y jurídico. Mientras, por una parte, de formular propuestas concretas en José Javier Gorostegui nos plantea el terreno de la aplicación del Derecho del materia de política exterior. Con los años, Nuevos Desafíos Mar y sus implicancias para los intereses y derechos antárticos considerando este programa se ha constituido en un a distintos actores, por otra, Rodrigo Waghorn nos detalla y contextualiza y Perspectivas referente de excelencia en la investigación la amplia estructura organizacional y de gestión pública que implica una y posgrado en Ciencias Sociales y, en permanente renovación de ideas y objetivos para la presencia efectiva de particular, en los estudios internacionales. Los autores en La Haya, 2012 Chile en la Antártica. Gallegos Rodrigo Waghorn Este programa cuenta con el
    [Show full text]
  • Halley Research Station
    British Antarctic Survey Halley Research Station Halley V The Station alley V took six years from being conceived at the The Laws Building comprises three sections, a Hdrawing board to its commissioning in February services/technical support area, living area and sleeping 1992. It is novel in that the three main buildings sit 4 m quarters. Diesel engines provide electrical power and above the snow on independent jackable steel platforms. their waste heat warms the buildings and melts snow to The largest is the Laws Building (accommodation) which provide water.The living area includes a darkroom, is 59 m long, 14.6 m wide and 3 m high.The smaller lounge, library, dining room, kitchen, computer room, base Simpson Building (meteorology and ozone studies) and commander’s office, communications room, recreation Piggott Building (upper atmospheric sciences) house room, storage areas, washrooms, a hospital and a surgery. specialist laboratories.The height of the platforms above There are 20 two-person bedrooms.The winter station the ice shelf affects the local wind turbulence and the complement ranges from 14 to 18 and includes scientists, build-up of drifting snow. Each summer the platforms are support staff and a doctor. Summer visitors are raised an average of 1m to compensate for the accommodated in the Drewry Building,a self-contained accumulated snowfall. In addition, the supporting legs can building on skis that is towed to a fresh site each year to be realigned to correct for distortion caused by avoid burial, and also serves as an emergency refuge.The differential movement in the flow of the ice shelf beneath.
    [Show full text]
  • Antártica Chilena Province Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region
    ANTÁRTICA CHILENA PROVINCE Magallanes and AntÁrtica Chilena Region Antártica AN ANTARCTICA BIOLOGICAL WITH FORESTS? DIVERSITY The last continent on Earth to be destinations, with landmarks such For most of its history, Antarctica was Thanks to complex interactions, the discovered. as the Russian Orthodox Church of a green continent, full of life, similar vast majority of animal and plant the Holy Trinity and the Monument to what one sees today in southern species are only able to survive on The Antártica Chilena is located about to the Antarctic Treaty. Chile. Warm temperatures were the edges of the southern continent, 1,000 km south of Punta Arenas and BASES FOR AN ICY CONTINENT. the result of a natural greenhouse where they have access to ice-free covers an area of 1,250,000 km², with The differing purposes and needs of phenomenon. However, about 28 land, the nutrients provided by the a very fragmented coastline. Chilean researchers and visitors mean that million years ago, the continent sea, and access to migration routes OTHER DOLPHINS. Hourglass sovereignty in Antarctica is ensured each base established in Antarctica began to become isolated and cool to warmer areas. As a result, many of dolphin, southern right whale by the existence of numerous bases has unique sizes and characteristics, down. First, in the inner mountains, these organisms coexist in relatively dolphin, spectacled porpoise, and shelters, where families are both in terms of infrastructure and then in the valleys and coasts, until small spaces, which sometimes sperm whale, and beaked whales. dedicated to scientific research live. accommodation and in terms of the trees could no longer survive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Centenary of the Scott Expedition to Antarctica and of the United Kingdom’S Enduring Scientific Legacy and Ongoing Presence There”
    Debate on 18 October: Scott Expedition to Antarctica and Scientific Legacy This Library Note provides background reading for the debate to be held on Thursday, 18 October: “the centenary of the Scott Expedition to Antarctica and of the United Kingdom’s enduring scientific legacy and ongoing presence there” The Note provides information on Antarctica’s geography and environment; provides a history of its exploration; outlines the international agreements that govern the territory; and summarises international scientific cooperation and the UK’s continuing role and presence. Ian Cruse 15 October 2012 LLN 2012/034 House of Lords Library Notes are compiled for the benefit of Members of the House of Lords and their personal staff, to provide impartial, politically balanced briefing on subjects likely to be of interest to Members of the Lords. Authors are available to discuss the contents of the Notes with the Members and their staff but cannot advise members of the general public. Any comments on Library Notes should be sent to the Head of Research Services, House of Lords Library, London SW1A 0PW or emailed to [email protected]. Table of Contents 1.1 Geophysics of Antarctica ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Environmental Concerns about the Antarctic ......................................................... 2 2.1 Britain’s Early Interest in the Antarctic .................................................................... 4 2.2 Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Netherlands Polar Programme and the Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory
    Earth and Life Sciences (ALW) Netherlands Polar Programme: the Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory The Netherlands Polar Programme and the Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory The Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP) is a research programme that funds Dutch scientific research into and at the polar regions. The assessment of the research proposals together with the realisation and coordination of the NPP has been assigned by the financiers to NWO, and NWO’s Division for the Earth and Life Sciences has assumed responsibility for this. The NPP has set up the Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory at the British Antarctic Survey’s Rothera Research Station in Antarctica. Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research Definition of the problem The polar regions are very sensitive to climate change: they form the heart of the climate system. Climate change in the polar regions has major physical, ecological, social and economic consequences that extend far beyond their boundaries. Due to the worldwide atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems, changes in the polar regions are felt throughout the world. A good understanding of these changes is important for the Netherlands; for example, as a low-lying country the Netherlands is vulnerable to sea level rises. Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory at Rothera Research Station NWO has set up the Dutch mobile research facility at the British research station Rothera on the Antarctic Peninsula. With this laboratory the Netherlands has become a fully fledged research partner within international polar research. Antarctica is a unique research environment where the consequences of climate change can be clearly measured without the disruptive influences of people. NWO is collaborating on Antarctica with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS).
    [Show full text]
  • Inhomogeneity of the Surface Air Temperature Record from Halley, Antarctica
    15 JUNE 2021 K I N G E T A L . 4771 Inhomogeneity of the Surface Air Temperature Record from Halley, Antarctica a a a a a a JOHN C. KING, JOHN TURNER, STEVE COLWELL, HUA LU, ANDREW ORR, TONY PHILLIPS, a a J. SCOTT HOSKING, AND GARETH J. MARSHALL a British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Manuscript received 25 September 2020, in final form 10 March 2021) ABSTRACT: Commencing in 1956, observations made at Halley Research Station in Antarctica provide one of the longest continuous series of near-surface temperature observations from the Antarctic continent. Since few other records of comparable length are available, the Halley record has been used extensively in studies of long-term Antarctic climate variability and change. The record does not, however, come from a single location but is a composite of observations from a sequence of seven stations, all situated on the Brunt Ice Shelf, that range from around 10 to 50 km in distance from the coast. Until now, it has generally been assumed that temperature data from all of these stations could be combined into a single composite record with no adjustment. Here, we examine this assumption of homogeneity. Application of a statistical changepoint algorithm to the composite record detects a sudden cooling associated with the move from Halley IV to Halley V station in 1992. We show that this temperature step is consistent with local temperature gradients measured by a network of automatic weather stations and with those simulated by a high-resolution atmospheric model. These temperature gradients are strongest in the coastal region and result from the onshore advection of maritime air.
    [Show full text]
  • BAS Science Summaries 2018-2019 Antarctic Field Season
    BAS Science Summaries 2018-2019 Antarctic field season BAS Science Summaries 2018-2019 Antarctic field season Introduction This booklet contains the project summaries of field, station and ship-based science that the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is supporting during the forthcoming 2018/19 Antarctic field season. I think it demonstrates once again the breadth and scale of the science that BAS undertakes and supports. For more detailed information about individual projects please contact the Principal Investigators. There is no doubt that 2018/19 is another challenging field season, and it’s one in which the key focus is on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and how this has changed in the past, and may change in the future. Three projects, all logistically big in their scale, are BEAMISH, Thwaites and WACSWAIN. They will advance our understanding of the fragility and complexity of the WAIS and how the ice sheets are responding to environmental change, and contributing to global sea-level rise. Please note that only the PIs and field personnel have been listed in this document. PIs appear in capitals and in brackets if they are not present on site, and Field Guides are indicated with an asterisk. Non-BAS personnel are shown in blue. A full list of non-BAS personnel and their affiliated organisations is shown in the Appendix. My thanks to the authors for their contributions, to MAGIC for the field sites map, and to Elaine Fitzcharles and Ali Massey for collating all the material together. Thanks also to members of the Communications Team for the editing and production of this handy summary.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerated Climate Changes in Weddell Sea Region of Antarctica Detected by Extreme Values Theory
    atmosphere Article Accelerated Climate Changes in Weddell Sea Region of Antarctica Detected by Extreme Values Theory Giuseppe Prete 1,*, Vincenzo Capparelli 1, Fabio Lepreti 1,2 and Vincenzo Carbone 1,2 1 Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci 31C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; [email protected] (V.C.); [email protected] (F.L.); vincenzo.carbone@fis.unical.it (V.C.) 2 National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Direzione Scientifica, 00100 Rome (RM), Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: On 13 February 2020, The Guardian, followed by many other newspapers and websites, published the news that on 9 February 2020, Antarctic air temperatures rose to about 20.75 ◦C in a base logged at Seymour Island. This value has not yet been validated by the WMO (World Meteorological Organization), but it is not the first time that an extreme temperature was registered in these locations. The recorded temperatures have often been described as “abnormal and anomalous”, according to a statement made by scientists working at the Antarctic bases. Since polar regions have shown the most rapid rates of climate change in recent years, this abnormality is of primary interest in the context of vulnerability of the Antarctic to climate changes. Using data detected at different Antarctic bases, we investigate yearly maxima and minima of recorded temperatures, in order to establish whether they can be considered as usual extreme events or abnormal. We found evidence for disagreement with the extreme values theory, indicating accelerated climate changes in the Antarctic, that is, a local warming rate that is much faster than global averages.
    [Show full text]