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Sociologia Religiei PROLEGOMENE METODOLOGICE 1 COLLEGIUM Sociologie, {tiin]e politice 2 SOCIOLOGIA RELIGIEI Seria Sociologie, {tiin]e politice este coordonat\ de Adrian Neculau, Liviu Antonesei (sociologie) [i Dan Pavel ([tiin]e politice) Joachim Wach, Sociology of Religion, 1944 Copyright © 1997 by POLIROM Co S.A. Ia[i, pentru prezenta edi]ie Editura POLIROM, B-dul Copou nr. 3 P.O. BOX 266, 6600, Ia[i, ROMÂNIA Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale : Wach, Joachim Sociologia religiei / Joachim Wach 256 p. ; 165 × 235 mm. (Collegium. Sociologie) ISBN: 973-9248-76-4 CIP : 316 : 2 Printed in ROMANIA Lucrare editat\ cu sprijinul Funda]iei Soros pentru o Societate Deschis\ PROLEGOMENE METODOLOGICE 3 Joachim Wach SOCIOLOGIA RELIGIEI Traducere de Florin Iorga Studiu introductiv de Nicu Gavrilu]\ POLIROM, Ia[i, 1997 4 SOCIOLOGIA RELIGIEI PROLEGOMENE METODOLOGICE 5 Cuprins Tabel bibliografic ............................................................................... 9 Studiu introductiv ............................................................................. 13 I. Joachim Wach [i studiul [tiin]ific al religiilor ................................. 13 II. Sociologia charismei [i autorit\]ii religioase. Aspecte contemporane..... 17 III. Histrionismul contemporan [i Religiile paralele ........................... 33 Cuv^nt `nainte .................................................................................. 35 PARTEA ~NTÂI Prolegomene metodologice CAPITOLUL I. Metoda ........................................................................... 39 1. Metoda ............................................................................... 39 2. Domeniul cercet\rilor ............................................................. 43 3. Religie [i societate ................................................................. 44 CAPITOLUL II. Experien]a religioas\ [i manifestarea sa ................................ 47 1. Experien]a religioas\ [i formele sale de manifestare ........................ 47 2. a) Expresia teoretic\: doctrina .................................................. 48 3. b) Expresia practic\: cultul ...................................................... 50 4. c) Expresia sociologic\: comuniunea; Religia colectiv\ [i religia individual\ ............................................................... 51 CAPITOLUL III. Consecin]e sociologice ...................................................... 55 1. Rolul sociologic al religiei ........................................................ 55 2. a) Puterea integratoare a doctrinei .............................................. 57 3. b) Puterea integratoare a piet\]ii ................................................ 58 4. Experien]a religioas\ [i atitudinea fa]\ de lume ........................... 61 5. Ordinea universal\ [i societatea. Morala. Ideal [i realitate .................................................................... 64 PARTEA A DOUA Religie [i societate CAPITOLUL IV. Religie [i societate. I. Religia [i grupurile naturale .................. 69 1. Identitatea grup\rii naturale [i a grup\rii religioase ......................... 70 2. Cult [i familie ....................................................................... 72 3. Cultele de rudenie ................................................................. 77 4. Cultele locale ....................................................................... 81 5. Cultele rasiale ...................................................................... 85 6 SOCIOLOGIA RELIGIEI 6. Cultele na]ionale ................................................................... 87 7. Asocia]iile pe baza sexului [i a v^rstei ......................................... 91 8. Concluzie ............................................................................ 95 CAPITOLUL V. Organizarea specific religioas\ a societ\]ii.............................. 97 1. Un nou principiu de grupare: grupurile specific religoase................. 97 2. Societatea secret\ .................................................................. 99 3. Societatea de mistere: Grecia [i Roma ....................................... 103 4. Sampradaya din hinduism .................................................... 106 5. Religia fondat\ ..................................................................... 108 6. a) Cercul de discipoli............................................................. 110 7. b) Fraternitatea .................................................................... 112 8. c) Corpul ecleziastic: Biserica [i bisericile .................................. 113 9. Evolu]ie: Organizare; ideal egalitarist [i ideal ierarhic ................... 115 10. Reac]ia: protestul ................................................................ 120 A. Tipurile individual [i colectiv de protest ................................. 120 B. Formele de protest: individualism; noua grupare ..................... 123 11. Consecin]ele sociologice ale protestului interior: ecclesiola in ecclesia ......................................................... 128 A. Collegium pietatis ........................................................ 129 B. Fraternitas ................................................................... 131 C. Monahismul. Ordinul ....................................................... 132 12. Consecin]ele sociale ale protestului radical: secesiunea ................. 133 A. Grupul independent.......................................................... 137 B. Secta ............................................................................ 138 CAPITOLUL VI. Religie [i societate. II. Religie [i diferen]iere `n interiorul societ\]ii .................................................................. 144 1. Societate simpl\ [i societate complex\ ....................................... 144 2. Generalit\]i cu privire la stratificarea [i diferen]ierea sociale ............ 145 3. Cazuri particulare de diferen]iere social\ .................................... 148 4. Diferen]ierea dup\ meserii `n societatea primitiv\ ......................... 150 5. Diferen]iere social\ [i religie................................................... 159 6. Consecin]e sociale. Asocia]ii fondate pe ocupa]ie ........................... 161 7. Diferen]ierea social\ în civiliza]iile superioare ............................. 168 A. Religiile r\zboinicului ....................................................... 169 B. Religiile negustorului ........................................................ 171 C. Religiile ]\ranului: Asia occidental\ ..................................... 173 8. Diferen]ierea social\ în religiile universale .................................. 176 A. Asia ............................................................................ 176 B. Europa ......................................................................... 178 C. America ....................................................................... 180 CAPITOLUL VII. Religie [i societate. III. Religia [i statul ............................. 184 1. Preliminarii metodologice: rolul social al statului......................... 184 2. Na[terea statului .................................................................. 185 3. Identitatea guvern\rii spirituale cu guvernarea secular\. Legea sacr\ .. 185 4. Religia tradi]ional\ [i religia fondat\ ......................................... 189 PROLEGOMENE METODOLOGICE 7 5. Concuren]a cultelor .............................................................. 189 6. Tipologia `nt^i: Identitatea statului [i a cultului ........................... 190 7. Exemple ale stadiului de tranzi]ie ............................................. 192 8. Tipologia a doua: Noua credin]\ ............................................. 194 9. Tipologia a treia: Religiile universale ....................................... 195 10. Comuniunea sfin]ilor ............................................................ 197 11. Cucerirea statului ................................................................ 198 12. Trei exemple: confucianism, budism, cre[tinism .......................... 199 A. Confucianismul ............................................................... 199 B. Budismul ........................................................................ 201 C. Cre[tinismul ................................................................... 205 CAPITOLUL VIII. Tipuri de autoritate religioas\ ........................................ 209 1. Organizarea grupurilor religioase ............................................. 209 2. Charism\ [i autoritate ............................................................ 212 3. Fondatorul de religie ............................................................. 215 4. Reformatorul ....................................................................... 217 5. Profetul ............................................................................. 219 6. Clarv\z\torul ..................................................................... 223 7. Magicianul ........................................................................ 224 8. Ghicitorul.......................................................................... 226 9. Sf^ntul ............................................................................. 227 10. Preotul ............................................................................. 230 11. Religiosus ...................................................................... 236 12. Auditoriul ......................................................................... 237 CAPITOLUL IX. Concluzie
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