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A Preliminary Lichen Checklist of the Redstone Arsenal, Madison County, Alabama

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A Preliminary Lichen Checklist of the Redstone Arsenal, Madison County, Alabama Opuscula Philolichenum, 17: 351-361. 2018. *pdf effectively published online 12October2018 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/) A Preliminary Lichen Checklist of the Redstone Arsenal, Madison County, Alabama CURTIS J. HANSEN1 ABSTRACT. – Lichens were surveyed across nine ecologically sensitive areas of the U.S. Army’s Redstone Arsenal in Madison County, Alabama. From a total of 464 collections, 151 species in 64 genera were identified, including 12 state records and three new species currently being described. Prior to this study, only eight lichen species had been documented from the Redstone Arsenal and less than 40 were known from Madison County. Newly reported lichens for Alabama include Caloplaca pollinii, Clauzadea chondrodes, Enchylium coccophorum, Hypotrachyna dentella, Lepraria xanthonica, Phaeophyscia hirsuta, Phaeophyscia leana, Physciella chloantha, Physconia leucoleiptes, Physconia subpallida, Punctelia graminicola, and Usnea halei. Results from this study represent the first lichen survey of the Redstone Arsenal and will serve as a baseline for future studies. KEYWORDS. – Lichen biodiversity, North America, northern Alabama, southern Highland Rim, Tennessee Valley, United States. INTRODUCTION Lichens of northern Alabama are poorly studied and virtually no records have been published from Madison County. Though many papers documenting lichens from nearby regions exist, including the Great Smoky Mountains (Lendemer et al. 2013) and Southern Appalachian Mountains (Dey 1978), there are no published lichen reports from this area of northern Alabama. One state-wide checklist documented two lichen species from Madison County (Hansen 2003). A search of the Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria (CNALH 2017) resulted in only 38 lichen specimens from Madison County, including eight from Redstone Arsenal (hereafter abbreviated RA). Currently there is ongoing research to document the broad lichen biodiversity in the southern Appalachian Mountains, including in Madison County and several other northern Alabama counties (J.C. Lendemer and E.A. Tripp, pers. comm.). In 1995, survey work was completed on federal and state-listed species of plants and animals found on RA from across nine ecologically sensitive areas (Godwin & Hilton 1995). In 2016, staff at the Auburn University Museum of Natural History were contracted to resurvey the ecologically sensitive areas for state and federally listed plants and animals, updating the original 1995 survey. Lichens were not included in the original 1995 survey but staff at RA were interested in having lichens surveyed for inclusion in the updated report. This study is the result of that survey work and represents the first systematic sampling of lichens across RA, documents many taxa for the first time from Madison County, Alabama. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study Area. Redstone Arsenal is a 15,050 ha landholding southwest of Huntsville in Madison County, Alabama, and is owned by the U.S. Department of Defense. Originally created in 1941 to manufacture conventional ammunition and toxic chemicals during World War II (Fig. 1), RA has served as the Army’s center for missile and rocket programs since 1948 (Baker 1993). The study area is located on 1CURTIS J. HANSEN – Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg., Auburn, AL 36849 U.S.A. – e-mail: [email protected] 351 Figure 1. The Redstone Arsenal boundary outlined in green with nine ecologically sensitive areas (ESA) outlined in red, one proposed ESA outlined in blue and lichen collection sites shown by orange dots. 352 the southern Highland Rim in north Alabama, in the Tennessee Valley physiographic region, and ranges in elevation from approximately 168 m along the Tennessee River, to 375 m on Madkin Mountain (Godwin & Hilton 1995). Most of RA has a substrate of Tuscumbia Limestone except for the mountainous regions which are of Monteagle Limestone with shelves and caps of Hartselle Sandstone on the lower slopes (Godwin & Hilton 1995). There are several cave systems on the property. Mean temperatures range from -0.5°C to 9.4°C in January and from 20°C to 31.6°C in July and mean annual rainfall is 140 cm with March receiving the most precipitation and October the least (Sterling 2013). Forested land is fragmented due to widespread urbanized and non-forested patches dispersed throughout the landscape (Bhuta et al. 2011). Diverse habitat and plant community types found on RA include wetlands, streams, springs, glades, mountains and limestone bluffs. Bradford Sinks area and Huntsville Spring Branch are primarily standing water wetlands dominated by Nyssa and surrounded by floodplain forests of mixed Carya- Quercus woods. Jaya Springs, William Springs and Indian Creek are characterized by flowing water and are dominated by mesic, mixed hardwood forests. The dominant community types found on Madkin, Ward and Weeden Mountains are mixed hardwoods of Carya-Juniperus-Quercus. Bell Bluff and Lehman’s Bluff, located at the south end of the RA, are characterized by steep, exposed bluffs and shelves of limestone above the Tennessee River. These areas are dominated by shrubby and herbaceous species immediately bordered by a Carya-Juniperus-Quercus community type (Godwin & Hilton 1995). Characterizations of inventoried sites. – Brief descriptions of the sites inventoried as part of this study are listed below. Site abbreviations are referenced in the annotated checklist. Bell Bluff (BB) – Is located at the south end of RA (Fig. 1) and is accessible by foot-trail leading off of Patten Road, SW. The trail leads for 0.5 mi south ending at the Tennessee River and passing through mixed hardwood forests dominated by Celtis, and through a glade-like habitat on shallow, somewhat rocky calcareous pavement. Approximately 0.3 mi south on the trail is an east facing slope with large sandstone boulders in mixed Carya-Quercus woods. At the Tennessee River, the habitat is dominated by mixed hardwoods, large limestone rocks and ledges and floodplain in a weedy community of Ligustrum, Lonicera and Smilax. Bobcat Cave (BC) – Is located on the west side of RA and is dominated by open mixed hardwood forests among rocky limestone substrate. The canopy consists primarily of Carya, Celtis, Liriodendron and Quercus, in association with forbs such as Agrimonia, Podophyllum, Trillium and Veronica.. Bradford Sinks (BS; Fig. 2) – Is located in the southwest region of RA and consists of several large sinkhole ponds of standing water, surrounded by mixed hardwoods dominated by Carpinus, Ilex and Quercus and in association with Vaccinium. Bradford Sinks is associated with and a continuation of the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge, leading from the west, and is periodically flooded by the Tennessee River. Huntsville Spring Branch (HSB) – Is located on the eastern edge of the RA, south of Martin Road, and is a large wetland area with flowing streams, floodplains and large ponds. Forests are dominated by Carya, Cornus, Nyssa and Quercus. Jaya Springs (JS; Fig. 2) – Is located in the central part of RA, west of Rideout Road and east of Hale Road. Indian Creek flows through this area creating an open marshy habitat. Surrounding forests are a mix of hardwoods, including Acer, Betula, Carya, Cornus, Frangula, Liriodendron, Nyssa and Quercus. A viney understory of Berchemia, Parthenocissus, Toxicodendron and Vitis was also found, growing in damp soil. Lehman’s Bluff (LB; Fig. 3) – Is found in the southeastern portion of RA, northeast from Bell Bluff and along the Tennessee River. This location was primarily found to have many moss-covered limestone boulders throughout the woods and that lead toward shear limestone bluffs above the Tennessee River. The Carya-Juniperus-Quercus forest has a diverse understory including, Cardamine, Ilex, Ligustrum, Myriopteris Pellea, Smallanthus, Trillium and Vaccinium. This area is also heavily covered with invasive plants including Lonicera japonica, L. maackii and Mahonia bealei. 353 Figure 2. Selected habitats in the study area. Upper panel, open pond habitat at Bradford Sinks (photo C.J. Hansen). Lower panel, open marshy habitat at Jaya Springs (photo C.J. Hansen). 354 Madkin Mountain (MM) – Is located in the northern portion of the RA and is adjacent to, and just south of, Weeden Mountain. The mountain is composed of mixed hardwoods, Juniperus and rocky limestone boulders except for ledges and caps of sandstone partway up the mountain. Invasive plant species were abundant and included, Lonicera fragrantissima, L. japonica, L. maackii, Smilax and Toxicodendron. Associated native herbaceous understory included Agrimonia, Cardamine, Podophyllum, Trillium and Viola. Madkin and Weeden Mountains comprise one ecologically sensitive area at RA. Ward Mountain (WM) – Is located at the extreme northern border of RA, adjacent to the city of Huntsville. Large limestone ledges and boulders transition from the summit to smaller and fewer rocks as the slope descends. The mixed hardwood forest is dominated by Acer, Carya and Quercus but also included some Juniperus. Weeden Mountain (WEED) – Is located adjacent to, and just north of Madkin Mountain in the northeastern portion of RA. Weeden Mountain also has large boulders of limestone at the summit with mixed Quercus- Carya-Fraxinus forests. Down the southern slope are openings of limestone pavement and ledges, areas of open grass and narrow cedar glades surrounded by Vaccinium. Approximately 400 m southeast from the summit, at the power line
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