DOCSLIB.ORG

Population Biology of the Tan Spot Pathogen of Pyrethrum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Population Biology of the Tan Spot Pathogen of Pyrethrum POPULATION BIOLOGY OF THE TAN SPOT PATHOGEN OF PYRETHRUM by Tamieka Lee Pearce B Agr Sc (Hons) School of Land and Food Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania January 2016 Declarations This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. This thesis may be made available for loan. Copying and communication of any part of this thesis is prohibited for two years from the date this statement was signed; after that time limited copying and communication is permitted in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. The publishers of the papers comprising chapters three and four hold the copyright for that content, and access to the material should be sought from the respective journals. The remaining non published content of the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. The research associated with this thesis abides by the international and Australian codes on human and animal experimentation, the guidelines by the Australian Government's Office of the Gene Technology Regulator and the rulings of the Safety, Ethics and Institutional Biosafety Committees of the University. Tamieka Lee Pearce University of Tasmania January 2016 Signed: Date: 20-01-2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS I Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... I LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. IX LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... XVI ABBREVIATONS................................................................................................................ XX ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... XXV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 THE AUSTRALIAN PYRETHRUM INDUSTRY .................................................... 2 1.2 TAN SPOT OF PYRETHRUM .................................................................................. 2 1.3 THESIS AIMS ............................................................................................................ 3 1.3.1 Taxonomic classification of the tan spot pathogen ........................................ 4 1.3.2 Population structure of the tan spot pathogen ............................................... 5 1.3.3 Reproductive strategy of the tan spot pathogen ............................................ 6 1.3.4 Genetic characterisation of the tan spot pathogen ........................................ 8 1.3.5 Fungicide resistance in the tan spot pathogen ............................................... 9 1.4 THESIS STRUCTURE ............................................................................................. 10 1.5 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 11 1.6 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 15 2.1 PYRETHRUM .......................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Botany .............................................................................................................. 16 II Table of contents 2.1.2 Pyrethrins ........................................................................................................ 17 2.1.3 History and current production regions ....................................................... 20 2.1.4 Production in Australia .................................................................................. 22 2.1.5 Cultivation in Tasmania ................................................................................. 23 2.2 AGRONOMICAL ISSUES AFFECTING PYRETHRUM ...................................... 25 2.2.1 Weed management .......................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Diseases ............................................................................................................ 27 2.2.3 Disease management ....................................................................................... 29 2.3 TAN SPOT OF PYRETHRUM ................................................................................ 32 2.3.1 Symptoms and characterisation .................................................................... 32 2.3.2 Isolation history .............................................................................................. 33 2.4 GENUS MICROSPHAEROPSIS ............................................................................... 35 2.4.1 Microsphaeropsis spp. ..................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Current taxonomic state ................................................................................. 38 2.5 FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE .................................................................................... 41 2.5.1 Overview and mechanisms ............................................................................. 41 2.5.2 Development .................................................................................................... 42 2.5.3 Managing the development of resistance ...................................................... 45 2.5.3.1 Fungicide associated risks ......................................................................... 45 2.5.3.2 Pathogen associated risks .......................................................................... 46 2.5.3.3 Management associated risks .................................................................... 48 2.5.4 Detection and monitoring............................................................................... 48 2.5.5 Fungicide resistance in pyrethrum pathogens ............................................. 50 2.5.6 Boscalid ............................................................................................................ 51 2.5.7 Molecular characterisation of boscalid resistance ....................................... 52 2.6 FUNGAL REPRODUCTION ................................................................................... 55 2.6.1 Modes of reproduction ................................................................................... 55 III Table of contents 2.6.1.1 Asexual reproduction ................................................................................. 55 2.6.1.2 Sexual reproduction ................................................................................... 56 2.6.2 Genetics of sexual reproduction .................................................................... 57 2.6.2.1 Mating-type genes ...................................................................................... 57 2.6.2.2 Distribution of mating-types ...................................................................... 62 2.6.2.3 Environmental effects ................................................................................. 64 2.7 POPULATION GENETICS ...................................................................................... 65 2.7.1 Genetic structure of populations ................................................................... 66 2.7.1.1 Gene diversity ............................................................................................ 67 2.7.1.2 Genotypic diversity .................................................................................... 67 2.7.1.3 Assessing recombination ............................................................................ 68 2.7.2 Genetic markers for population analysis ...................................................... 69 2.8 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 72 2.9 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3 TAN SPOT OF PYRETHRUM IS CAUSED BY A DIDYMELLA SPECIES COMPLEX ......................................................................................................... 103 3.1 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 104 3.2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 104 3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 107 3.3.1 Isolate collection ............................................................................................ 107 3.3.2 Molecular characterisation .........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Impact of Mycosphaerella Species on Eucalypts in South-Western Australia
    The Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Impact of Mycosphaerella species on Eucalypts in South-Western Australia By Aaron Maxwell BSc (Hons) Murdoch University Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Murdoch University Perth, Western Australia April 2004 Declaration I declare that the work in this thesis is of my own research, except where reference is made, and has not previously been submitted for a degree at any institution Aaron Maxwell April 2004 II Acknowledgements This work forms part of a PhD project, which is funded by an Australian Postgraduate Award (Industry) grant. Integrated Tree Cropping Pty is the industry partner involved and their financial and in kind support is gratefully received. I am indebted to my supervisors Associate Professor Bernie Dell and Dr Giles Hardy for their advice and inspiration. Also, Professor Mike Wingfield for his generosity in funding and supporting my research visit to South Africa. Dr Hardy played a great role in getting me started on this road and I cannot thank him enough for opening my eyes to the wonders of mycology and plant pathology. Professor Dell’s great wit has been a welcome addition to his wealth of knowledge. A long list of people, have helped me along the way. I thank Sarah Jackson for reviewing chapters and papers, and for extensive help with lab work and the thinking through of vexing issues. Tania Jackson for lab, field, accommodation and writing expertise. Kar-Chun Tan helped greatly with the RAPD’s research. Chris Dunne and Sarah Collins for writing advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterization of the Mating Type Locus Of
    MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY (2007) 8(1), 111–120 DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2006.00376.X IsolationBlackwell Publishing Ltd and characterization of the mating type locus of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of black leaf streak disease of banana LAURA CONDE-FERRÁEZ1,*, CEES WAALWIJK2, BLONDY B. CANTO-CANCHÉ1, GERT H. J. KEMA2, PEDRO W. CROUS3, ANDREW C. JAMES1 AND EDWIN C. A. ABELN3,† 1Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 no. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México 2Plant Research International B.V., PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Diversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands The crop is affected by several diseases and pests such as the SUMMARY foliar fungal pathogens Mycosphaerella fijiensis, M. musicola and Idiomorphs mat1-1 and mat1-2 from Mycosphaerella fijiensis, M. eumusae, which all share similar morphologies and symptom the causal agent of black leaf streak disease of banana, were development. M. fijiensis (anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis; isolated. Degenerate oligos were used to amplify the HMG box Mycosphaerellaceae) is the causal agent of Black Sigatoka or of the mat1-2 idiomorph from M. fijiensis, showing homology black leaf streak disease (BLSD), which rapidly became the most with the HMG box of Mycosphaerella graminicola. Using a DNA devastating disease of banana production world-wide. It decreases walking strategy, anchored on the DNA lyase gene towards the photosynthesis, reduces fruit size and induces premature HMG box, a 9-kb-long region of mat1-2 was obtained. A 5-kb maturation. The cost of controlling the disease in large fragment from the mat1-1 region was obtained by long-range plantations is about US$1000 per hectare (Arias et al., 2003), but PCR using primers on the flanking regions, which have close to it is higher in smaller plantations where fungicides cannot be 100% identity between both idiomorphs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Cereal Fungal Diseases and the Incidence of Leaf Spot Diseases in Finland
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Vol. 20 (2011): 62–73. Vol. 20(2011): 62–73. The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland Marja Jalli, Pauliina Laitinen and Satu Latvala MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, email: [email protected] Fungal plant pathogens causing cereal diseases in Finland have been studied by a literature survey, and a field survey of cereal leaf spot diseases conducted in 2009. Fifty-seven cereal fungal diseases have been identified in Finland. The first available references on different cereal fungal pathogens were published in 1868 and the most recent reports are on the emergence of Ramularia collo-cygni and Fusarium langsethiae in 2001. The incidence of cereal leaf spot diseases has increased during the last 40 years. Based on the field survey done in 2009 in Finland, Pyrenophora teres was present in 86%, Cochliobolus sativus in 90% and Rhynchosporium secalis in 52% of the investigated barley fields.Mycosphaerella graminicola was identi- fied for the first time in Finnish spring wheat fields, being present in 6% of the studied fields.Stagonospora nodorum was present in 98% and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 94% of spring wheat fields. Oat fields had the fewest fungal diseases. Pyrenophora chaetomioides was present in 63% and Cochliobolus sativus in 25% of the oat fields studied. Key-words: Plant disease, leaf spot disease, emergence, cereal, barley, wheat, oat Introduction nbrock and McDonald 2009). Changes in cropping systems and in climate are likely to maintain the plant-pathogen interactions (Gregory et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloning and Analysis of the Mating-Type Idiomorphs from the Barley Pathogen Septoria Passerinii
    Mol Gen Genomics (2003) 269: 1–12 DOI 10.1007/s00438-002-0795-x ORIGINAL PAPER S. B. Goodwin Æ C. Waalwijk Æ G. H. J. Kema J. R. Cavaletto Æ G. Zhang Cloning and analysis of the mating-type idiomorphs from the barley pathogen Septoria passerinii Received: 15 April 2002 / Accepted: 5 December 2002 / Published online: 11 March 2003 Ó Springer-Verlag 2003 Abstract The genus Septoria contains more than 1000 amplified polymorphic DNA markers revealed that each species of plant pathogenic fungi, most of which have no isolate had a unique genotype. The common occurrence known sexual stage. Species of Septoria without a known of both mating types on the same leaf and the high levels sexual stage could be recent derivatives of sexual species of genotypic diversity indicate that S. passerinii is almost that have lost the ability to mate. To test this hypothesis, certainly not an asexual derivative of a sexual fungus. the mating-type region of S. passerinii, a species with no Instead, sexual reproduction probably plays an integral known sexual stage, was cloned, sequenced, and com- role in the life cycle of S. passerinii and may be much pared to that of its close relative S. tritici (sexual stage: more important than previously believed in this (and Mycosphaerella graminicola). Both of the S. passerinii possibly other) ‘‘asexual’’ species of Septoria. mating-type idiomorphs were approximately 3 kb in size and contained a single reading frame interrupted by one Keywords Cochliobolus Æ Evolution Æ (MAT-2)ortwo(MAT-1) putative introns. The putative Loculoascomycetes Æ Multiplex PCR Æ Mycosphaerella products of MAT-1 and MAT-2 are characterized by graminicola alpha-box and high-mobility-group sequences, respec- tively, similar to those in the mating-type genes of M.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural and Food Science, Vol. 20 (2011): 117 S
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD A gricultural A N D F O O D S ci ence Vol. 20, No. 1, 2011 Contents Hyvönen, T. 1 Preface Agricultural anD food science Hakala, K., Hannukkala, A., Huusela-Veistola, E., Jalli, M. and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 3 Pests and diseases in a changing climate: a major challenge for Finnish crop production Heikkilä, J. 15 A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices Lemmetty, A., Laamanen J., Soukainen, M. and Tegel, J. 29 SC Emerging virus and viroid pathogen species identified for the first time in horticultural plants in Finland in IENCE 1997–2010 V o l . 2 0 , N o . 1 , 2 0 1 1 Hannukkala, A.O. 42 Examples of alien pathogens in Finnish potato production – their introduction, establishment and conse- quences Special Issue Jalli, M., Laitinen, P. and Latvala, S. 62 The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland Alien pest species in agriculture and Lilja, A., Rytkönen, A., Hantula, J., Müller, M., Parikka, P. and Kurkela, T. 74 horticulture in Finland Introduced pathogens found on ornamentals, strawberry and trees in Finland over the past 20 years Hyvönen, T. and Jalli, H. 86 Alien species in the Finnish weed flora Vänninen, I., Worner, S., Huusela-Veistola, E., Tuovinen, T., Nissinen, A. and Saikkonen, K. 96 Recorded and potential alien invertebrate pests in Finnish agriculture and horticulture Saxe, A. 115 Letter to Editor. Third sector organizations in rural development: – A Comment. Valentinov, V. 117 Letter to Editor. Third sector organizations in rural development: – Reply.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table S1 18Jan 2021
    Supplementary Table S1. Accurate scientific names of plant pathogenic fungi and secondary barcodes. Below is a list of the most important plant pathogenic fungi including Oomycetes with their accurate scientific names and synonyms. These scientific names include the results of the change to one scientific name for fungi. For additional information including plant hosts and localities worldwide as well as references consult the USDA-ARS U.S. National Fungus Collections (http://nt.ars- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). Secondary barcodes, where available, are listed in superscript between round parentheses after generic names. The secondary barcodes listed here do not represent all known available loci for a given genus. Always consult recent literature for which primers and loci are required to resolve your species of interest. Also keep in mind that not all barcodes are available for all species of a genus and that not all species/genera listed below are known from sequence data. GENERA AND SPECIES NAME AND SYNONYMYS DISEASE SECONDARY BARCODES1 Kingdom Fungi Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Asterinales Asterinaceae Thyrinula(CHS-1, TEF1, TUB2) Thyrinula eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) H.J. Swart 1988 Target spot or corky spot of Eucalyptus Leptostromella eucalypti Cooke & Massee 1891 Thyrinula eucalyptina Petr. & Syd. 1924 Target spot or corky spot of Eucalyptus Lembosiopsis eucalyptina Petr. & Syd. 1924 Aulographum eucalypti Cooke & Massee 1889 Aulographina eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Arx & E. Müll. 1960 Lembosiopsis australiensis Hansf. 1954 Botryosphaeriales Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeria(TEF1, TUB2) Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. 1863 Canker, stem blight, dieback, fruit rot on Fusicoccum Sphaeria dothidea Moug. 1823 diverse hosts Fusicoccum aesculi Corda 1829 Phyllosticta divergens Sacc. 1891 Sphaeria coronillae Desm.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Phoma and Allied Anamorph Genera: Towards a Reclassification of the Phoma Complex
    mycological research 113 (2009) 508–519 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex Johannes DE GRUYTERa,b,*, Maikel M. AVESKAMPa, Joyce H. C. WOUDENBERGa, Gerard J. M. VERKLEYa, Johannes Z. GROENEWALDa, Pedro W. CROUSa aCBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands bPlant Protection Service, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recog- Received 2 July 2008 nised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described Received in revised form in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma 19 December 2008 anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, Accepted 8 January 2009 representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were Published online 18 January 2009 included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions Corresponding Editor: of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 al- David L. Hawksworth lied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sec- Keywords: tions Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a sub- Ascochyta clade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new Coelomycetes family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related ana- Coniothyrium morph genera.
    [Show full text]
  • A Polyphasic Approach to Characterise Phoma and Related Pleosporalean Genera
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 65: 1–60. 2010. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01 Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera M.M. Aveskamp1, 3*#, J. de Gruyter1, 2, J.H.C. Woudenberg1, G.J.M. Verkley1 and P.W. Crous1, 3 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Dutch Plant Protection Service (PD), Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands *Correspondence: Maikel M. Aveskamp, [email protected] #Current address: Mycolim BV, Veld Oostenrijk 13, 5961 NV Horst, The Netherlands Abstract: Fungal taxonomists routinely encounter problems when dealing with asexual fungal species due to poly- and paraphyletic generic phylogenies, and unclear species boundaries. These problems are aptly illustrated in the genus Phoma. This phytopathologically significant fungal genus is currently subdivided into nine sections which are mainly based on a single or just a few morphological characters. However, this subdivision is ambiguous as several of the section-specific characters can occur within a single species. In addition, many teleomorph genera have been linked to Phoma, three of which are recognised here. In this study it is attempted to delineate generic boundaries, and to come to a generic circumscription which is more correct from an evolutionary point of view by means of multilocus sequence typing. Therefore, multiple analyses were conducted utilising sequences obtained from 28S nrDNA (Large Subunit - LSU), 18S nrDNA (Small Subunit - SSU), the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 & 2 and 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), and part of the β-tubulin (TUB) gene region.
    [Show full text]
  • Duke University Dissertation Template
    Systematics, Phylogeography and Ecology of Elaphomycetaceae by Hannah Theresa Reynolds Department of Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Rytas Vilgalys, Supervisor ___________________________ Marc Cubeta ___________________________ Katia Koelle ___________________________ François Lutzoni ___________________________ Paul Manos Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 iv ABSTRACTU Systematics, Phylogeography and Ecology of Elaphomycetaceae by Hannah Theresa Reynolds Department of Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Rytas Vilgalys, Supervisor ___________________________ Marc Cubeta ___________________________ Katia Koelle ___________________________ François Lutzoni ___________________________ Paul Manos An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Hannah Theresa Reynolds 2011 Abstract This dissertation is an investigation of the systematics, phylogeography, and ecology of a globally distributed fungal family, the Elaphomycetaceae. In Chapter 1, we assess the literature on fungal phylogeography, reviewing large-scale phylogenetics studies and performing a meta-data analysis of fungal population genetics. In particular, we examined
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Cladosporium Fulvum
    Fungal Genetics and Biology 44 (2007) 415–429 www.elsevier.com/locate/yfgbi Mating-type genes and the genetic structure of a world-wide collection of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum Ioannis Stergiopoulos a, Marizeth Groenewald a,b, Martijn Staats a, Pim Lindhout c,1, Pedro W. Crous a,b, Pierre J.G.M. De Wit a,¤ a Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands b Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands c Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Received 30 June 2006; accepted 7 November 2006 Available online 18 December 2006 Abstract Two mating-type genes, designated MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1, were cloned and sequenced from the presumed asexual ascomycete Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva). The encoded products are highly homologous to mating-type proteins from members of the Mycosphaerellaceae, such as Mycosphaerella graminicola and Cercospora beticola. In addition, the two MAT idiomorphs of C. fulvum showed regions of homology and each contained one additional putative ORF without signiWcant similarity to known sequences. The dis- tribution of the two mating-type genes in a world-wide collection of 86 C. fulvum strains showed a departure from a 1:1 ratio (2 D 4.81, df D 1). AFLP analysis revealed a high level of genotypic diversity, while strains of the fungus were identiWed with similar virulence spec- tra but distinct AFLP patterns and opposite mating-types. These features could suggest the occurrence of recombination in C.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY and PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS of VARIOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI of TOMATO (Lycopersicon Esculentum L.)
    ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI OF TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) BY SOBIA CHOHAN M.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. (Plant Pathology) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Plant Pathology DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY, MULTAN 2015 1 In the name of Allah, Most gracious, most merciful. Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous, Who has taught the writing by the pen, Has taught man that which he knew not. (Al-Quran) DECLARATION OF WORK I hereby declare that contents of the thesis entitled “Antifungal activity and phytochemical analysis of various medicinal plants against pathogenic fungi of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)” are produce of my own research and no part has been previously submitted for any other degree. Furthermore, work reported in this manuscript does not carry any duplication of research accomplished by other researchers’ except where due reference or acknowledgement is made overtly in the text. Sobia Chohan 2 The Controller of Examinations Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. It is certify that the contents and form of the thesis submitted by Mrs. Sobia Chohan (2009-ag-191) have been found satisfactory and recommend that it may be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner (s) for the award of the degree. SUPERVISOR DR. RASHIDA ATIQ Associate Professor (Department of Plant Pathology) 3 Dedicated To my PARENTS, BROTHERS And HUSBAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All the acclamations are for The Almighty Allah alone, the most merciful and the most compassionate, Who is the entire source of wisdom and all the knowledge endowed to mankind, Who enabled me to achieve this goal.
    [Show full text]