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ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MARITIME TRANSPORT (AASTMT) College of Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design

TOWARDS THE THEMATIC CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES: Identifying the Historic Urban Landscape Themes of EI- By MOHAMED MOHAMED FIKRY EL-AZZAZY

A thesis submitted to AASTMT in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER of SCIENCE

In

ARCHITECTURE

Supervisors

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alaa EI-Habashi Dr. Vasser Moustafa Dr. Marwa Khalil Architecture Architecture Architecture El-Monofia University AASTMT- AASTMT -Cairo

Year of graduation 2011 DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me. The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University. (Signature) Mohamed EI-Azzazy

(Date) December, 2011 We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and quality as thesis towards the partial fulfillment of the Master Degree requirements in

Architecture

From College of Engineering (AASTMT) Date ...... Supervisor (s):

Name: Dr. AIaa EI-Habashi

Position: Associate r ssor of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, University of Monofia Signature:

Name:

Position: Assistant Professor of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, Arab Academy Signamri51;)~:MOIO~ -C~O

Name: Dr. Marwa Khalil

Position: Assistant Professor of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, Arab Academy for Science and Technology - Cairo Signature: ,j / /,.Il/{7I. ___kl.t~~ ---- f7~/-.----- Examin

Name: Dr. AIy Gabr

Position: Pr~recture, Dept. of A

Signature:

Name: Dr. Hatem Ezzat

Position: Associate Professor of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, Arab Academy for Science and Technology - Cairo Signature: ~ This contribution is kindly dedicated to the one who pushed me forward to acquire my aspirations and showed me the way to be who I am Acknowledgments:

I am very grateful to my very good friend Tamer Gamal who has inspired me with this thesis topic while we were strolling one day in El-Zamalek streets. He kept on describing the beauty that he sees in the buildings of El-Zamalek and the joy that he feels when walking in its streets. I was very fascinated by the opinion of this resident of the district with no architectural or artistic background. He has also mentioned several problems from which he feels El-Zamalek is suffering from. And, as we were passing by the site of a villa that was demolished by the Libyan Embassy, he complained about the deterioration that the architecturally distinctive buildings of the district were facing.

I am also very grateful to several residents who have helped me in distributing the questionnaire on the participants especially: Mahmoud El-Halaby, Karim Abadir, Tamer Gamal, Sarah Abdallah, Heba Allah, Nouran Fikry and Elia Dilemia. The last is an Italian who was born in and teaches for foreigners, he has introduced me to several foreigners living in El-Zamalek. I am also very grateful to several colleagues for their useful assistance in the questionnaire data entry on the excel sheets especially Salma Sherif, Salma Belal, Eman Sherif, Sarah Ezz El-Arab and Shadi Mohamed.

I also appreciate the effort of several colleagues of mine whom their comments have helped to improve this thesis especially Ahmed Emam and Ahmed Zaazaa. I am also very grateful to my supervisors: Dr. Alaa El-Habashi, Dr. Yasser Moustafa and Dr. Marwa Hassan who have gave me a lot of their time and did a lot of efforts in order to achieve this outcome. I am also very grateful to many professors who have supported me with comments and references when I was in desperate need especially Dr. Sherif El-Fiki and Dr. Dina Shehayeb.

I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to all my professors in the undergraduate and post graduate studies at the Arab Academy for their genuine effort in transferring knowledge to the forthcoming generation of architects.

No words can express how much I am grateful to my family, friends and my fiancee whom have supported me enormously all the way long during my journey to accomplish this thesis. They suffered a lot from my absence and sometimes the bad temper as well as encouraging me when needed. This thesis could not have been accomplished without the sincere prayers to God of my beloved grandpa and my mother. I Abstract:

The rapid urban transformation of EI-Zamalek is dissolving its character and the sense of place of its historical urban landscape. Effective conservation measures are lacking or seem to be insufficient to address the current rapid and diffuse changes in functions and meanings affecting EI-Zamalek. There is thus a need for conservation efforts to preserve the specific character of the historic urban landscape of the district. Like many other areas of Cairo, El-Zamalek is not the product of a single historical era but is an accumulative heritage.

These efforts will consequently need to take into consideration the different historic layers of transformation that have produced the distinctive character of the island. To inform these future conservation efforts, the objective of this thesis is to identify the sense of place defining themes of the historic urban landscape of EI-Zamalek, taking into consideration the different phases of its historical development. By identifying EI-Zamalek urban landscape themes, this thesis hopes to be a valuable first step for future conservation efforts and to provide a basis for a sustainable strategic urban development plan of EI­ Zamalek.

The research relies on a two phase methodology. First a historical study aims to identify the historical urban landscape themes of EI-Zamalek. Then a field study aims to explore the perceptions of community members (residents and frequent users) about the identified themes.

In its conclusion, the thesis synthesizes the findings of the historical and field studies to introduce a set of recommendations for the thematic conservation of the historic urban landscape of EI-Zamalek. The conclusion also discusses the significance of the thesis for the conservation of historic urban landscapes in other contexts.

Key Words:

Historic Urban Landscapes, Thematic Conservation, Local Community, EI-Zamalek, Cairo.

II Table of Contents:

Acknowledgments: ...... I Abstract: ...... 11 Key Words: ...... 11 Table of Contents: ...... III List of Figures: ...... VIII List of Tables: ...... Xll 1- Chapter One: Introduction 1-1- Scope of the Study: ...... 1 1-2- Research Problem: ...... 1 1-3- Research Aim and Obj ectives: ...... 4 1-4- Research Questions: ...... 4 1-5- Significance of the Study: ...... 4 1-6- Literature Review: Background & Rational ...... 4 1-6-1- Terms and Definitions ...... 5 1-6-2- NOUH Value Map Project in EI-Zamalek: ...... 6 1-6-3- International Urban Conservation Definitions: ...... 7 1-6-4- International Urban Conservation Principles: ...... 8 1-6-5- Rational for the Thematic Conservation of Historical Urban Landscapes: ...... 10 1-6-6- Negative Impact of Conservation: ...... 12 1-7- Methodology: ...... 12 1-7 -1- Historical Study: ...... 13 1-7-2- Field Study: ...... 13 1-8- Thesis Structure: ...... 14

Part One: Historical Study Introduction of Part One: ...... 16 2- Chapter Two: An Agricultural and Recreational Island 2-1- Introduction: ...... 18 2-2- Island Formation: ...... 18 2-2-1- Arwa Island: ...... 18 2-2-2- Halima Island: ...... 19 2-2-3- EI-Wusta (Middle) Island: ...... 20 2-2-4- Island: ...... 21 2-2-5- EI-Zamalek Island: ...... 22 2-2-6- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 25

III 2-3- An Agricultural Island: Farms and Orchards circa 1300 ...... 27 2-3-1- The Island Development during the Mamluk Period: ...... 27 2-3-2- The Island Development during the Ottoman Period: ...... 28 2-3-3- The Island Development during the French Expedition: ...... 29 2-3-4- The Island Development during Mohamed Ali Pasha Period and His Descendants: ...... 29 2-3-5- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 30 2-4- The Island Landscaping Design as a Horticulture Garden: Royal Palaces & Gardens Establishment since 1863 ...... 33 2-4-1- Gardens and Recreational Activities: ...... 35 2-4-2- Urban Development ...... 38 2-4-3- The Island Accessibility: ...... 42 2-4-4- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 43 2-5- The Apportionment of the Khedivial Horticulture Gardens: The Establishment of the Khedivial Sporting Club by 1882 ...... 48 2-5-1- Social and Sports Clubs: ...... 49 2-5-2- Austria-African Missionary: ...... 49 2-5-3- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 50 2-6- Conclusion: ...... 55 3- Chapter Three: An Upscale Residential District 3-1- Introduction: ...... 58 3-2- Development of EI-Zamalek as a Residential District over the Agricultural Land: The Palace Purchase and Establishment of the Gezira Garden Residence circa 1894 ...... 58 3-2-1- Urban Development: ...... 59 3-2-2- Island Accessibility: ...... 73 3-2-3- Gardens & Recreational Activities: ...... 74 3-2-4- Social & Sports Club: ...... 75 3-2-5- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 76 3-3- EI-Zamalek the Fashionable Residential District: A Westernized Like District .... 82 3-3-1- Urban Development: ...... '" ...... 82 3-3-2- Island Accessibility: ...... 95 3-3-3- Gardens and Recreational Activities: ...... 97 3-3-4- Social and Sports Clubs: ...... 101 3-3-5- Commercial Activity: ...... 103 3-3-6- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 104

IV 3-4- Urban Densification Taking over the Green Areas: A Magnet for Mixed-use Activities after the 1952 Revolution ...... 110 3-4-1- Urban Development: ...... 110 3-4-2- Island Accessibility: ...... 116 3-4-3- Gardens and Recreational Area: ...... 118 3-4-4- Social and Sports Clubs: ...... 122 3-4-5- Commercial Activity: ...... 123 3-4-6- Summary & Highlighted Issues: ...... 123 3-5-Conclusion: ...... 130 Conclusion of Part One: ...... 132

Introduction of Part Two: ...... 134 4- Chapter Four: Themes As Perceived by Residents & Frequent Visitors 4-1-Introduction: ...... 135 4-2-Questionnaire Design & Sampling: ...... 135 4-2-1- Sampling Method: ...... 136 4-2-2- Sample Characteristics: ...... 139 4-3- Unique Characteristics of El-Zamalek: ...... 140 4-3-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 140 4-3-2- Highlighted Issues: ...... 143 4-4- Transformation Problems and Causes of Deterioration: ...... 144 4-4-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 144 4-4-2- Findings Based on Observation: ...... 145 4-4-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 149 4-5- Transformations that Added to EI-Zamalek: ...... 150 4-5-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 150 4-5-2- Highlighted Issues: ...... 151 4-6- Social Gathering Places: ...... 152 4-6-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 152 4-6-2- Findings Based on Observation: ...... 154 4-6-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 155 4-7- Aspects Worth Preserving: ...... 156 4-7-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 156 4-7-2- Findings Based on Observation: ...... 159 4-7-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 161 4-8-Conclusion: ...... 161

v 5- Chapter Five: Detailed Analysis of Selected Themes 5-1- Introduction: ...... 164 5-2- Relationship: ...... 165 5-2-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 165 5-2-2- Findings Based on Observation: ...... 167 5-2-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 175 5-3- Public Gardens: ...... 176 5-3-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 176 5-3-2- Findings based on Observation: ...... 177 5-3-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 177 5-4- Tree Shaded Sidewalks: ...... 179 5-4-1- Findings Based on the Survey: ...... 180 5-4-2- Findings Based on Observation: ...... 181 5-4-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 187 5-5- 26th of July Street: ...... 188 5-5-1- Findings Based on Observation: ...... 188 5-5-2- Findings Based on the Physical Survey: ...... 191 5-5-3- Highlighted Issues: ...... 197 5-6- Conclusion: ...... 197 Conclusion of Part Two: ...... 198 6- Chapter Six: General Conclnsions & Recommendations 6-1- Introduction: ...... 202 6-2- Conclusion of the Historical Study: ...... 202 6-3- Conclusion of the Field Study: ...... 205 6-4- General Conclusion: ...... 206 6-5- Implications for Future Efforts for the Conservation of the Conservation of the Historic Urban Landscape Themes of EI-Zamalek: ...... 207 6-5-1- Challenges Facing some of EI-Zamalek Historic Urban Landscape Themes:207 6-5-2- Suggestion for Needed Research: ...... 210 6-5-3- Recommendations for Future Conservation Efforts of Historic Urban Landscape Themes of EI-Zamalek: ...... 215 6-6- General Recommendations for the Conservation of Historic Urban Landscapes:225 7- References English References: ...... 226 Arabic References: ...... 231

VI 8- Appendices Appendix I ...... 232 Appendix II ...... 233 Appendix ill ...... 238 Appendix IV ...... 241

VII List of Figures:

Figure 1-1: EI-Zamalek connection with the adjacent districts (adapted from the General Organization for Physical Planning with I.A.U.R.I.F, 1991 ) ...... 2 Figure 1-2: Research Problem...... 3 Figure 1-3: A map that identifies the buildings with distinctive architectural features within the borders of EI-Zamalek District according to Law 144 of 2006 (National Organization for Urban Harmony, 2011) ...... 6 Figure 1-4: Thesis Structure ...... 15 Figure 2-1: Map showing the two separate islands, Arwa and Halima ...... 19 Figure 2-2: The map shows that the Halima Island that was transformed into EI-Zamalek while El-Wusta was connected to the mainland forming the Garden City area...... 20 Figure 2-3: The map shows the three islands before they merged: EI-Wusta in the middle, the Laxard to the North and Mostafa Agha to the South (adapted from Salah, 2009) ...... 21 Figure 2-4: The Cairo map during the French expedition in 1800 ...... 23 Figure 2-5: The 1868 Cairo Survey Maps...... 24 Figure 2-6: El-Zamalek Island Development and Formation through the years, 1931's Cairo Map (The Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 25 Figure 2-7: The 1868 Cairo Survey Map shows the Mohamed Ali Pasha Palace ...... 31 Figure 2-8: Cairo Map showing The Khedive Ismail Development projects ...... 33 Figure 2-9: Cairo 1868 Map showing the establishment of the Khedive Ismail Gezira Palace (adapted from Ibrahim, 2009) ...... 34 Figure 2-10: In 1876, Detailed Plan by Delchevalerie shows the site where the Khedivial Sporting Club that will be created in1883, currently occupied by the horticulture gardens designed by the team of barrel Deschamps (adapted from Karkegi, 2005) ...... 36 Figure 2-11: Farmers standing on side of the New Promenade Street...... 37 Figure 2-14: The Gezira Palace Layout (adapted from Raafat, 1999-b) ...... 38 Figure 2-15: The Big Salamlik of Gezira Palace (Noire, 2011) ...... 39 Figure 2-16: Drawing of the small Salamlik Gezira Palace. (Hassan, 1998) ...... 39 Figure 2-17: Photo taken in Front of the haremlik building of Mohamed Aly in Gezira ... 39 Figure 2-19: The Empress Eugenie and one of her ladies walking in the park of the Gezira Palace in November 1869. Courtesy of Thierry Beugnet (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 40 Figure 2-24: The entrance to Pont des Anglais (British Bridge currently known as El­ Galaa' Bridge) towards EI- crossing Bahr EI-Aama' completely silted. Photography by Emile Bechard 1874 (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 43 Figure 2-25: Detailed Plan of Delchevalerie showing the status of the island of Gezira in 1876, with the beautiful horticulture garden created by order of Khedive Ismail (adapted from Karkegi, 2005) ...... 44 Figure 2-25: View ofZamalek by Swiss ballooning pioneer in aerial photography Eduard Spelterini circa 1904-5 (photo courtesy of Denis Knobel) ...... 48 Figure 2-26: The plantation of the Comboni Fathers by 1903 ...... 50 Figure 2-27: Pensionnat de fa Mere Dieux. The Comboni's Fathers boarding school for girls. This building still exist till today but transformed into a public secondary school for girls (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 50 Figure 2-28: EI-Zamalek Map Pre 1912 (adapted from Raafat, 2000-b) ...... 52 Figure 3-1: Map of EI-Zamalek pre-1912 showing the transformation of the Gezira Palace into an hotel and the establishment of the Gezira Garden Residential District (adapted from Raafat, 1999-b) ...... 59 Figure 3-2: The Salon of the Gezira Palace in 1901 (Ihsanagol, 2001) ...... 60 Figure 3-3: The Salamlik Palace in 1901(Karkegi, 2005) ...... 61

VIII Figure 3-4: The Salamlik Palace in 1904 (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 61 Figure 3-5: Map ofE1-Zamalek showing the 19 villas built by the government...... 64 Figure 3-6: Irish Embassy residence No.8 Shagaret EI-Dorr Street (Rafaat, 2000-a) ...... 65 Figure 3-7: No.20 Ibn Zanki Street (Rafaat, 2000-a) ...... 65 Figure 3-8: Boulaq Bridge (Raafat, 1995) ...... 66 Figure 3-9: Tramway map crossing EI-Zamalek through the Boulaq Avenue ...... 66 Figure 3-10: The Urban Development of EI-Zamalek shown on maps in 1912 ...... 72 Figure 3-11: The Urban Development of EI-Zamalek shown on maps in 1920 ...... 72 Figure 3-12: 1991 map showing the four zones identified. Each of the zones corresponds to a different episode of the historical development of the island and is characterized by a distinctive street grid pattern (adapted from EI-Qollaly & EI-Qollaly, 1999) ...... 72 Figure 3-13: 1946: state carriage accompanying Syrian Prime Minister Gamil Mardam to his Embassy passing opposite Baehler Mansions on Zamalek's 26th of July Street...... 73 Figure 3-14: Grotto aquarium according to Cairo map in 1936 ...... 74 Figure 3-15: Gezira Famous skating arena and the ambassador theatre in 1909 ...... 75 Figure 3-16: Cafe Gezira, the Skating Arena & Ambassador Theatre according to Cairo map in 1920 (adapted from Raafat, 2000-b) ...... 75 Figure 3-17: Ambassador theatre next to Kasr EI-Nile Bridge in 1909 replaced by EI- Andalus Garden (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 75 Figure 3-18: Tram in 26th July / Fouad Street Cairo. 1943 (Benicektoo, 2001) ...... 76 Figure 3-19: The island social and physical subdivision by the researcher based on the Cairo map in 1920 (adapted from Raafat, 2000-b) ...... 77 Figure 3-20: Early Gezira Villas: Rowlatt (Raafat, 2001) ...... '" ...... 82 Figure 3-21: Early Gezira Villas: Gustave Pivat, on Ahmed Heshmat pasha street) ...... 82 Figure 3-22: Part of an historic 1: 500 map in 1948 and revised in 1974 showing the Southern Zamalek villas and gardens with the surrounding sidewalk ways and trees (Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 83 Figure 3-23: Part of a historic 1:500 map in 1948 and revised in 1974 showing the Northen Zamalek villas and mid-sized attached buildings (Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 84 Figure 3-24: 26th of July street trees organization. These trees were removed with the inauguration of the 15 th of May fly-over replacing EI-Zamalek and Boulaq Bridges (adapted from the 1936 map of EI-Zamalek from the Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 85 Figure 3-25: Ibn Zinky street trees organization (adapted from the 1936 map of EI- Zamalek from the Egyptian Survey Department)...... 85 Figure 3-26: Eucalyptus trees illustrated over a historical touristic map of Cairo showing the distinctive features of Cairo (Ministry of Culture, 1969) ...... 87 Figure 3-27: Up to the left, Lebon Building by Antoine Selim Nehas in 1950 ...... 89 Figure 3-28: Up to the right, Aly Labib Gabr apartment building by hirnself...... 89 Figure 3-29: On the left, the Union Building by Max Edrei and Garo Balyan ...... 89 Figure 3-30: Baehler Mansions on E1-Zamalek Avenue currently known as 26th of July Street...... 90 Figure 3-31: Gezira House owned by Charles Baehler located next to the Gezira Palace currently known as EI-Y amani Building ...... 90 Figure 3-32: Soliman House overlooking the Nile currently on Mohamed Abdel Wahab Street...... 90 Figure 3-33: Dar EI-Sa1am (Peace House) near the Gezira Palace ...... 90 Figure 3-34: Floating residences on the western Nile bank (Ministry of Culture, 1969) ... 90 Figure 3-35: Street plate showing its name changing from Prince Gamal EI-Din to Sherif EI-Edrisy after the 1952 revolution...... 93 Figure 3-36: Some street plates don't hold previous named - Om Kolsom Street previously EI-Gabalaya Street and much earlier EI-Bahr EI-Amaa Street (Blind Sea) ...... 93 IX Figure 3-37: Part of EI-Zamalek map in 1928 showing the central area of Zamalik while no names were assigned to the northern area ...... 93 Figure 3-38: The northern tip of the island showing the Street Names according to Cairo map in 1936 (adapted from Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 94 Figure 3-39: 1991 map of EI-Zamalek indicating current street names (adapted from El- Qollaly and EI-Qollaly, 1999) ...... 95 Figure 3-40: The first Khedive Ismail Bridge (Raafat, 2000-d) ...... 96 Figure 3-41: 1933 royal motorcade at bridge opening ceremony (Raafat, 2000-d) ...... 96 Figure 3-42: The Bridge garden according to Cairo map in 1920 (Raafat, 2000-b) ...... 97 Figure 3-43: Nile Banks next to the Bridge Garden (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 97 Figure 3-44: Pocket Theatre in EI-Andalus Garden in 1942 (Ameechi, 2008) ...... 98 Figure 3-45: One of the four fountains on the comers of the great basin in the Pharaonic section in 1934 (Karkegi, 2005) ...... 98 Figure 3-46: Plaque on EI-Andalus garden gate stating that El-Ferdous garden which is part of the Garden dates to 1935 ...... 98 Figure 3-47: EI-Andalus Garden ans Pocket Theatre according to Cairo map in 1936 (Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 98 Figure 3-48: EI-Zohereya (flowery) Garden according to Cairo map in 1936 (from Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 99 Figure 3-49: The River Garden according to Cairo map in 1936 ...... 99 Figure 3-50: Exhibition pavilion built in early years of the 20th century ...... l00 Figure 3-51: Agricultural Expo exhibition halls aerial view ...... 100 Figure 3-52: The exhibition hall according to Cairo map in 1920 (Raafat, 2000-b) ...... 100 Figure 3-53: The agricultural Expo according to Cairo map in 1936 ...... 100 Figure 3-54: Partial plan of the island in 1920 showing different sports clubs ...... 101 Figure 3-55: A foreigner family playing golf (Ministry of Culture, 1969) ...... 102 Figure 3-56: The Gezira water ballet team (Ministry of Culture, 1969) ...... 102 Figure 3-57: Tennis team 1940's (Raafat, 2002) ...... 102 Figure 3-58: YMCA Sports Club according to Cairo map in 1936 ...... 102 Figure 3-59: Ministry of General Knowledge Sports Fields according to Cairo map in 1936 (Egyptian Survey Department) ...... 103 Figure 3-60: EI-Zamalek map circa 1920 (adapted from Raafat, 2000-b) ...... 106 Figure 3-61: The analysis of the 1937 map shows the disappearance of the villa residential type (The General Organization for Physical Planning with I.A.U.R.I.F , 1991) ...... 112 Figure 3-62: The analysis of the 1991 maps shows the reduction of green areas with the disappearance of villas surrounded by gardens (The General Organization for Physical Planning with I.A.U.R.I.F., 1991) ...... 112 Figure 3-63: House of the Canadian Ambassador where Queen Farida lived in this house for a while (Raafat, 2000-e) ...... 113 Figure 3-64: American university in Egypt Hostel (Panoramia, 2009) ...... 113 Figure 3-65: A Governmental High-School for girls in EI-Zamalek (Previous Pensionat de la Mere de Dieux) ...... 113 Figure 3-66: EI-Zamalek Urban Growth from 1915 till 1986 - Figure ground diagram showing the relation between solid and void (adapted from EI-Kerdany, 1987) ...... 114 Figure 3-67: The Omar EI-Khayam Hotel's swimming pool...... 115 Figure 3-68: Plan of the Gezira Palace after its transformation to the Marriott Hotel...... 116 Figure 3-69: The Bridge. Photo taken from the showing the bridge effect on the urban landscape of El-Zamalek ...... 117 Figure 3-70: The Obelisk Garden (adapted from Ministry of Culture, 1969) ...... 118 Figure 3-71: The Obelisk Garden (Ministry of Culture, 1969) ...... 118 x Figure 4-1: School buses stopping in the middle of the street to pick up students blocking traffic circulation...... 146 Figure 4-2: School buses blocking the traffic in the streets around Port Said Private School...... 146 Figure 4-3: Aerial view of El-Gezira Language School from Google Earth ...... 146 Figure 4-4: The original palace is left abandoned while an extension building has been added to host the classes ...... 146 Figure 4-5: Parents waiting for their children in front of a secondary girl's school...... 147 Figure 4-6: Private drivers waiting for students in front of the Franciscan School...... 147 Figure 4-7: Students gathered around a kiosk waiting for someone to pick them up ...... 147 Figure 4-8: Commercial activities, cafes as well as office spaces, taking over apartment buildings...... 148 Figure 4-9: Ismail Mohamed mixed use tower...... 148 Figure 4-10: EI-Yamama Center...... 148 Figure 5-1: Nile Borders Activities Mapping in 2011 (adapted from the General Organization for Physical Planning with I.A.U.R.I.F , 1991) ...... 169 Figure 5-2: Section A-A (figure 5-1) - The Andalus and Gezira Gardens Nile relationship - the highlighted walkway used to be a public promenade before the inauguration of the Gezira Garden in 2001 (see figure 5-4) ...... 170 Figure 5-3: Section B-B (figure 5-1) - the Obelisk Garden Nile relationship after the inauguration of the Gezira Garden ...... 170 Figure 5-4: The Andalus Garden and sidewalk in 1991 (the General Organization for Physical Planning with I.A.U.R.I.F , 1991) ...... 171 Figure 5-5: The Obelisk Garden Nile relationship in 1991 (the General Organization for Physical Planning with I.A.U.R.I.F , 1991) ...... 171 Figure 5-6: Section C-C (figure 5-1) - the Gezira Garden and its relationship with the floating restaurants bridge. This section reflects the segregation within Egyptian community ...... 171 Figure 5-7: Section D-D (figure 5-1) - Semi private sports and social clubs blocking the Nile view to passersby ...... 172 Figure 5-8: Section E-E (figure 5-1) - Trottoir Cafe overlooking the Nile attracting many residents and frequent visitors as well ...... 172 Figure 5-9: The trees covering the asphalt road and the pedestrian walkway with their shadows creating a nice visual experience with the play oflight and shadow ...... 183 Figure 5-10: Multi-storey apartment buildings covering the whole street with their shadow, preventing direct sunlight during most of the daytime ...... 183 Figure 5-11: Eucalyptus trees cut on border of El-Gezira Youth Center ...... 184 Figure 5-12: Trees removed and left without replacement in Mohamed Ismail Street. ... 184 Figure 5-13: Eucalyptus trees on the Gabalaya Street showing the original spacing as well as their blocking of the sidewalks (from Tolba & El-Habashi, 2006) ...... 184 Figure 5-14: Original trees distanced from the original designed villas fa9ades and their canopy is above the building height...... 185 Figure 5-15: Original trees tending to failure due to the narrow relation with the multi storey apartmant building ...... '" ...... 185 Figure 5-16: Illustration showing the tree-building relationship ...... 185 Figure 5-17: 26th of July Street Survey on February 20 11 ...... 194

XI List of Tables:

Table 1-1: Terms and Defmitions (Orbasli, 2008) ...... 5 Table 1-2: Thesis Methodology Summary ...... 14 Table 2-1: EI-Zamalek Island Formation Through Time ...... 26 Table 2-2: An Agricultural and Recreational Island - Urban landscape Themes ...... 32 Table 2-3: The Gezira Gardens during the Khedive Ismail (adapted from NOUH, n.d.- c) ...... 35 Table 2-4: The Island Landscape Development - Urban Landscape Themes ...... 46 Table 2-5: Apportionment of the Horticulture Garden - Urban Landscape Themes ...... 53 Table 3-1: The Gezira Palace and Gardens Historical Urban Development ...... 62 Table 3-2: Historical Development of: Saint Joseph Church & School - Army officers Hotel & Club ...... 68 Table 3-3: Planning El-Zamalek as a residential District - Urban Landscape Themes ..... 80 Table 3-4: List of trees planted in some important streets of EI-Zamalek (adapted from Abdel Ghany Ghannam, 1930 as cited in Tolba & EI-Habashi, 2006) ...... 86 Table 3-5: El-Zamalek the Fashionable District - Urban Landscape Themes ...... 107 Table 3-6: Urban Densification Taking over the Green Areas - Urban Landscape Themes ...... 127 Table 4-1: Survey Sampling Method ...... 139 Table 4-2: Sample Characteristics ...... 139 Table 4-3: Unique Characteristics of EI-Zamalek as Perceived by Its Community ...... 140 Table 4-4: Comparison Between Perceptions of Residents and Frequent Visitors About the Unique Characteristics of EI-Zamalek by ...... 141 Table 4-5: On-going Transformation Problems as Perceived by EI-Zamalek Community ...... 144 Table 4-6: Transformations that Added to EI-Zamalek as perceived by its Community 150 Table 4-7: Social Gathering Spaces as Perceived by E1-Zamalek Community ...... 152 Table 4-8: The Perceived Worth preserving aspects of EI-Zamalek by its Community .. 156 Table 4-9: Comparison between the unique characteristic of EI-Zamalek and their preservation importance as perceived by its community ...... 158 Table 4-10: Deterioration of the Urban landscape and its impact on EI-Zamalek community ...... 159 Table 4-11: Preservation & Deterioration of the Architectural Old! Valuable Buildings 160 Table 5-1: The Nile Activities as Perceived by El-Zamalek Community ...... 165 Table 5-2: Nile Activities Observations ...... 173 Table 5-3: Gardens as Perceived by EI-Zamalek Community ...... 176 Table 5-4: Gardens observations ...... 178 Table 5-5: Walkability Percentages ...... 180 Table 5-6: Car parking taking over the sidewalks ...... 186 Table 5-7: Sidewalks Maintenance ...... 187 Table 5-8: 26th of July Street vitality due to its location ...... 189 Table 5-9: Diverse Categories ofFacilites ...... 192 Table 5-10: Deterioration Manifestation Caused by Commercial Activities ...... 193 Table 5-11: EI-Zamalek Urban Landscape Themes as Perceived by the Local Community ...... 198 Table 6-1: Values Approach for Conservation - Values Categories and Criteria ( from NOUH, n.d - b & Orbasli, 2008) ...... 211 Table 6-2: Permitted level of Intervention according to the value rating (from NOUH, n.d.- b; EI-Habashi & Nada, 2011) ...... 214

XII 7- References English References:

Abu-Lughod, J. L. (1971). Cairo, 1001 years ofthe city Victoruis. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

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