PROGRAMME FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN WEST AFRICA
lOAF PROGRAMME
Technical Report N° 99 mai 1997
Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Projects in Sierra Leone
Mauritania Senegal Cape Verde The Gambia Guinea Bissau Guinea Q Sierra Leone Liberia Côte dlvoire Equatorial Guinea Ghana Gabon Togo Sao Tome and Principe Benin Congo Nigeria Zaire Cameroon Angola
DANIDA DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION OF DENMARK
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF ThE UNITED NATIONS
Technical Report N° 99 mai 1 997
Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Projects in Sierra Leone
by
Alhaji M. Jallow Socio-economist
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Cotonou, mai 1997 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publicatíon do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization or the financing agency concerning the legal status of any country or territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
For hibliocraphic purposes this document should he cited as follows.
Jallo\\ A M, Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in \VNW-A.FCOD and Tombo 1997 Projects in Sierra Leone. Proeramme for the Interated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in \Vest Africa. Cotonon. 23 p.. IDAF/WP.'99.
IDAF Project FAO P 0 Box 1309 Cotonou. Republic of Benin
relex529! FOODAGRI Fax. (229) 33.05 C) Tel (229) 33.09 25 THE VISION FOR IDAF PHASE Hl
INTRODUCTION
Development strategy during the 1960 and 1970s was based on the philosophy that developing countries lacked improved technology and capital for speeding up their development. Industrialization was promoted in order to capitalize on the abundant fish resources. However, the anticipated expansion of the economy did not happen and the development approach shifted towards an integrated rural strategy where emphasis is put on the community as a whole to up-. grade incomes and the quality of life through technical assistance and the active participation of fisherfolk and the community.
In this context, emphasis was initially placed on the Community Fishery Centre (CFC) concept as a means of promoting artisanal fishery development. But it became apparent that the presence of a complex of facilities and seivices tailored to meet local needs was no guarantee that the structures/facilities would be used or that development would occur. The active participation of fisherfolk and the mobilisation of local and community resources was imperative in order to assure sustainability of initiatives undertaken by development projects and/or the community.
So far and in general terms, the IDAF Programme has worked under the context of abundant or seemingly adequate fishery resources with moderate population pressure. The scenario is however changing (and very fast for that matter) and wewould soon face the triple constraints of reduced or depleting fish stocks, degrading environment and increasing population pressure. Like in other sectors, it must be anticipated that just to survive, parts of the population surplus in the fishing communities will enter the artisanal fisheries, which will increase the competition for the resources among the small scale fisherfolk in addition to the prevailing competition between the artisanal and industrial fisheries, with their attendant effect on the environment.
This scenario calls for a côntinuation of the integrated participatory strategy which remains relevant to the development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa. However, the emphasis needs to be placed on the elements and mechanisms that favour the sustainability of initiatives: responsible fishing, the empowerment processes that ensure the devolution of major resource management and development decisions to the local community, the strengthening of national human and institutional capacities at all levels for a sustainable and equitable fisheries resources management and development, as well as in the follow-up and consolidation of past achievements.
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
Thus the development objective of the Programme in the present phase Ill which started on 1 July 1994 is to ensure twenty coastal West African countries a sustainable development and management of their artisanal fisheries for maximum social and economic benefit of their fishing communities in terms of employment, proteins and earnings. This will be done through an integrated and participatory approach in which emphasis will be laid on equity. gender issues, the transfer of technology for development, environment protection, as well as the strengthening of human and institutional capacities. The immediate objectives are:
To identify, assess and disseminate strategies and mechanisms for sustainable management and development of the artisanal fisheries in fishing communities;
To improve the competence of national Fisheries Departments staff in development and management planning of artisanal fisheries;
3 To enhance regional technical competence in the fisheries disciplines, particularly in fishing and fish technology;
To improve information and experience exchange related to artisanal fisheries within the region;
To promote regional and sub-regional collaboration for the development and management of artisanal fisheries
In this context, IDAF will among other things tackle the following major aspects in it's work
assisting in the elaboration and implementation of a clear and coherent national development policy for the artisanal fishery sector;
providing advice on management and allocation of resources between artisanal and industrial fishing fleets, both national and foreign;
involving users in the design and management of on shore infrastructures;
monitoring the sector's evolution by the setting up of an economic indicator system for the sector adapted to the financial and human availabilities;
improving fishing technologies in accordance with the available resources;
increasing the final product's value by improvement in processing and marketing;
promoting community development in accordance with the lessons learned from Phase I and II and oriented towards the sustainability of actions undertaken;
reinforce the Programme's informationlconimunication system.
It is anticipated that by the end of the third phase of the Project, the region will have a nucleus of field oriented experts capable to respond to the challenges of the artisanal fisheries sector and to spur development in their individual countries in keeping with theaspirations and needs of fisherfolk. EXECU11VE StiMAl
ihe elements and mechanisms ot participation in the \Vesi North \\esi li-tisanal Fisheries and Community Development (WNW-AFCOD) Project villages orcioderich and Konakridee, and the Fisheries Pilot Project village of Tombo were studied in JuneI QC)4 Some tools of the Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and its principles 'acre appliedin the collection of infurmation on sorne parameters involved in the development acti\ e es carried out at the respective villages The purpose of the studies is to determine whether the protects contributed in fisherfolk empowerment, to determine the nature of the empowerntent and to identihv the favourable and militating factors against achievement
Sierra Leone has one of the richest marine fishing zones in West AfricaBut the development of the resource, especially the artisanal fishery resource, 'a as hindered by very high inflation and a virtually continuous drop in real GDP \ hieb tremendously reduced the financial capacity of the covemment to execute development proerammes ThisI QSOs economic condition encouragedthe fisheriesadministrators toseeL assistance from donor agencies which consequently initiated several development projects io improve coastal artisanal fisheries The GTZ funded Fisheries Pilot Project at Tombo and the EEC financed WNW-XFCOD project are part of these interventions
Participation of the Tombo fìsherfòlk through the Village Development Board, the Tombo Village Development Associationand the few cooperative societies was very remote and ineffective That of the Goderich and Konakrídee fishing communities through their village development committee, community development team. and cooperative societies is weak Both projects failed to involve the fisherfolk in the planning phase, and only im olved them as receivers and coordinators of programmes presented to them in the implementation phase The weak involvement resulted in the projects putting more resources into general community development than into direct technological and infrastructural needs of the fishert'olk
Therefore, thereisa need to encourage participatory development through the niobilizatioii of tisherfolk beneficiaries into effective production, processing, marketing, and distribution groups that can fully participate in the diagnosis of their problems, the formulation of actions, and in the implementation of the agreed action plan These groups can then be a source oían active representation in committees that can continue sustainable proerammes initiated by the project(s) Once these groups are repreSentative active, and seriously involved by project planners and implementing staff, the fisherfolk will be empowered to dictate their needs and seine solutions to their problems in artisanal fisheries development
IDAF Technical Report N° 9 AI3LF OF CONTENI'S
1 O introduction li Participation I i2 Stateuiciit of tile Probleni
1 3 Purpose and Obiective
2 0 Bacicuround information
2 1 Sierra Leone in Brief
2i Geouraphical Information 2 2 DeniorapLiic and Socio-economic Infòrrnation
Fisheries w Sierra Leone 4 22 L Main Features of the Artisanal Fishery 4 2 2.2 NationaL FisheiStatistics 6 Government Initiatives to Improve CoastalAisanaL Fisheries 8 ViLiaes involved in the Study o 24 LTombo f) U L LUO(iCi IC i 24.3Konakridee User Groups or Associations in theWW-COD and Tombo P rol ect Area 251Tombo Il 252GodericLi 12 253Konafridee 12
13 3 0 \letbodoLogy of the Study 13 3 L Approacb 13 3 Limitations of the study
4 0 Fishing and Major related activfs in Tombo and V\\V-AFCOD Prolect Study Ses 14 14 4 1 Fishing 14 4 I i Tombo 41.2Goderich 14 4 13Konakridee 14 4.4 Labour and Remuneration in theStudy Sites L S 15 4 2 Other Major Fishing Related Activities 421 Processing iS 422N1arketing IS
Concept of Paicipation in \VNW-AFCODand Tumbo Project Sites Lo 16 S I Characteristics of Pamcipation 16 5 1 1 Tombo 512Goderich 16 513Konakridee 16
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 ExE(;IJTIVEf' SUNIMAR
f lie elements and mechanisms of' participation in the West North West Arisanal Fisheries and Community Development (WN\V-AFCOD) Project villages of Goderich and Konakridee, and the Fisheries Pilot Project village of Tombo were studied in June l994 Some tools of the Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and its principles were applied inthe collection of' information on sonic paran eters involved in the development activities carried out at the respective villages The purpose of' the studies is to determine whether the projects contributed in fislierfolk empowerment. to determine the nature of' the empowerment. and to idenntthe favourable and militating factors against achievement
Sierra Leone lias one of' the richest marine fishing zones in West :\f'ricaBut the development of the resource, especially the artisanal fisheR' resource, was hindered by \e: inflation and a virtually continuous drop in real GDP, which tremendously reduced the financial capacity of the government to execute development programmes This 1980s economic condition encouraged thefisheriesadministratorstoseek assistance from donor agencies which consequently initiated several development projects to improve coastal artisanal fisheries The GTZ ftinded Fisheries Pilot Project at Tombo and the EEC financed WNW-AFCOD project are part of these nterventions
Participation of the Tombo flsherf'olk through the Village Development Board, the Tombo Village Development Association. and the few cooperative societies was very remote and ineffective That of the Goderich and Konakridee fishing communities through their village development committee, community development team, and cooperative societies is weak Both projects failed to involve the fmsherfòlk ni the planning phase, and only involved them as receivers and coordinators of programmes presented to them in the implementation phasel'he veaL involvement resulted in the projects putting more resources into general community developiiient than into direct technological and infrastructural needs of the fisherfolk
Therefore, thereisa need to encourage participatory development through the mobilization of fisherfolk beneficiaries into eftective production, processing, marketing. and distribution groups that can fully participate in the diagnosis of their problems. the formulation of actions, and in the implementation of the agreed action plan These groups can then he a source of an active representation in committees that can continue sustainable programmes initiated by the project(s). Once these groups are representative, active, and seriously involved by project planners and implementing staff, the fisherfolk will be empowered to dictate their needs amid some solutions to their problems in artisanal fisheries development
IDAF Tecimical Report N° 99 TABLE OF CONTENTS
o Introduction
I I Participation 2 Statement ol the Problem
I 3 Purpose and Objective
2 0 Backeround information 3
2 I Sierra Leone in Brief 3 3 2. 1 1 Geographical Information 2 1 2Demographic and Socio-economic Information 3
2 2 Fisheries in Sierra Leone 4 2 2.1 Main Features of the Artisanal Fishery 4 2.2 2National Fishery Statistics 6 2 3 Government Initiatives to Improve Coastal Artisanal Fisheries S 2 4 Villages Involved in the Study 9 24.1 Tornho..... 9 24.2 Goderich lO 2 4.3Konakridee 10 2 5 LTser Groups or Associations in the WNW-AFCOI) and Tombo Project Area li 2 5. 1 Tombo 11 2 5 2Goderich 12 2 5.3Konakridee 12
3 0 \ lethodologv of the Study 13 13 I Approach 3 2 Limitations of the study 13
4 0 Fishinand Major related activities in Tombo and \V\W-AFCOD Project Study Sites 14 Fishing 14 4 LITombo 14 41.2Goderich...... 14 4.13Konakridee 14 4. 1 4 Lahoui and Remuneration in the Study Sites 15 .1 2 Other Major Fishing Related Activities 15 4.2.1 Processing 15 4.22Narketing ... 15
5.0 Concept of Participation in \VNW-AFCO[) and Tombo Project Sites IO 16 S I Characteristics of Participation
I S I. iTombo . IO 51.2Goderich . .
. I O 513Konakridee .
ii IDAF Technical Report N° 06 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Participation
Participation can have different meaning to different people because of its multi- dimensional empowerment process, which can vary from location to location. In small-scale fisheries development, participation can be defined as
People's involvement in decision-making processes, in implementing programmes, sharing in the benefits of development programmes, and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programmes (IIDAF, 1994).
The process of participation is, therefore, dynamic and pragmatic as a partnership system between the fisherfolk and the development facilitators. It creates an atmosphere of negotiation, collaboration and partnership in which silent and weaker groups in the community can become more involved in the development process.
The levels of participation in small-scale fisheries development have been identified as
carrying out orders in activity implementation; choosing between pre-determined alternatives; providing minimal or extensive input in the form of information and suggestions; assisting in information collection; interaction in the identification of problems, formulation, implementation, monitoring and/or evaluation of activities; mobilization of local resources; voluntarily seeking external assistance for the implementation of activities.
Participation, at whatever level, builds up a significant community involvement in the diagnosis of local problems, in the formulation of actions, and in the implementation of the agreed -action plan. It also mobilizes local human and material resources for community contribution to small-scale fisheries development.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The participation of beneficiaries in small-scale fisheries development and the mobilization of local resources influenced changes in the mentality and attitude of local communities. The changes are small but their influence on present and potential accomplishments are quite important.
Local people, meanwhile, are increasingly accepting the fact that their respective governments can only create an enabling environment and an appropriate technological information which cangive associations and their individual members the iñcentive and opportunity to improve their standard of living.
Artisanal fisheries sustain many households in West Africa. These households are affected by changes in operational costs that result from national economic trends. That is why operators in this subsector are being squeezed by the recent economic restructuring in the sub-region. This condition is coupled with uncertainty that is created by population growth and resource
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 exploitation rate pressures. These pressures and the need to improve the living condition of the Artisanal fisherfolk are addressed through the numerous artisanal fisheries projects in the Sub- region.
The projects had hitherto been exclusively designed by donor agencies and\or government agencies with very little beneficiary participation. But this trend is changing gradually in the IDAF region. These positive changes vary in degree from project to project and country to country. The variance is now being studied for documentation.
1.3 Purpose and Objective
People's participation is essential for any development strategy. Therefore, it has become central to the IDAF programme's philosophy and activities. The Programme is now conducting studies on selected projects in order to understand the processes and elements of participation.
The objectives of the studies on participation are
- to determine whether projects have contributed in the empowerment of fisherfolk; - to determine the nature of the empowerment; - to identify factors that have favoured or militated against achievements.
These objectives were drawn into a qualitative analysis of elements and mechanisms of participation in the Tombo and West-North-West Artisanal Fisheries and Communities Development (WNW-AFCOD) projects in Sierra Leone. The studies covered a German government financed project at Tombo, and an EEC financed project that benefits fisherfolk at Goderich and Konakridee.
2 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2.1 Sierra Leone in Brief
2.1.1Geographical Information
Sierra Leone lies on the West Coast of Africa between 7° and 10° North Latitude. lt has a total land mass of about 73,300 Km2, and half of this mass rises above 150m. Most of the west and south of the country lie below 60m. Coastal swamps lie along the western shores adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean to a maximum width of 50 Km. The discharge from the many rivers and the wide estuaries deposit silt which has created a shallow water belt behind the beach ridges. Mangrove swamps also prevail in brackishwater zones along the area of mixing between fresh and sea water.
Offshore of the country's 576 Km coastline is the continental shelf area of 27,000 Km2 which extends between 32 Km and 144 Km. The depth within the shelf varies from 0 metre to 91 metres before the steep run into an abyss which levels out at about 3,750m below the surface. Most of the pelagic and inshore reef fish are captured in the shallow waters of the shelf margin. This confinement concentrates most.of the artisanal fishery in the country along the St. Ann shelf and the Guinean shelf
The climate of Siérra Leone is hot and tropical, with an average temperature of 27° - 34° C. Night-time temperature can, however, drop as low as 14° C in the interior between December and February. The rainy season is from May to November and the dry season from December to April. The relative humidity is high throughout most of the year and can peak at 95 - 100 % in July and August.
2d.2Demographic and Socio-economic Information
Despite its strong natural resource base, Sierra Leone experienced stagnation and recession for most of the past ten years. This feat resulted from a combination of regional instability and the structure of its economy.
Subsistence agriculture is the major activity for a large part of the population. But the economy is also dependent on the production for export of diamonds, bauxite, gold, and rutilein the mineral sector, and cocoa, coffee and palm kernels in the agricultural sector. In recent years the decline in the volume of official diamond and gold exports and the decline of world market prices have seriously affected activity in other parts of the economy, by reducing foreign exchange earnings and thus the capacity to import raw materials, spare parts and machinery. This situation, coupled with high debt servicing obligations, led to a very high inflation and a virtually continuous drop in real GDP since the early 1980s. Gold and diamond mining and agricultural activities have been seriously disrupted by war since 1991 and that has dealt a final blow to the country's ailing economy.
National census of December 1985 gave a total population of 3.5 million, 30 % above the 2.7 million recorded in the 1974 census and giving an annual growth rate of 2.3 % over 1974 - 1985. Different figures have, however, been produced by the United Nations, which gave a population of 3.7 million in 1985 and estimated that it had reached 4.26 million by 1991. Life
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 j expectancy at birth stood at 40 years for men and 44 years for women in 1990, up from 31 and 34 years respectively in 1965. The adult literacy rate at 20.7 per cent in 1990 remainsvery low.
2.2 Fisheries in Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone has one of the richest marine fishing zones in West Africa withan estimated maximum sustainable yield of between 170,000 and 300,000 tonnes annually.
The country's coastal fishery is dinded into artisanal and industrial. Some 1 7,000 full and part-time fishermen operate in the artisanal fisheries. They mostly exploit pelagic fish stocks like the herring and bonga. Over 30,000 people are engaged in the processing, distribution, and marketing of the mostly smoked fish. The fishermen use 4m canoes and boats withor without a transom ranging from 6 to 13 metres, usually fitted with an outboard engine and operating either surface, bottom or ring gill nets. These fishermen are handicapped in their operations by inadequate equipment because only 20 per cent of the artisanal vesselsare mechanized.
The fish export trade is dominated by the industrial fisheries. Industrial fishing has been done mainly by companies established through joint fishing ventures and operating foreign-owned vessels. Most of the vessels are from China and the former Soviet states and consist mainly of trawlers. Purse-seiners for herring and tuna are observed during the appropriate fishingseason. Mother-ships frequent the waters to receive catches and process at sea. The shrimpresources are predominantly exploited by foreign vessels through local agencies withvery little benefit to the country.
2.2.1Main Features of the Artisanal Fishery
The most recent survey of the main features of the artisanal fishery was conducted in 1990. That survey illustrates regional characteristics that might have a quantitative but nota qualitative difference from the situation today. Table I and 2 illustrates the following:-
The Western Area has high fisherman density (a mean of 44 per Km of coastline) and it supports the country's two largest fishing settlementsSherbro Town, Tombo (1,100 fishermen), Gondowater, and Göderich (750 fishermen). The area also has the highest proportion of large vessels (standard 5-10 and Ghana boats) and motorized vessels. Fishing activity is mainly by the 'yelefufu' driftnet fishery for herring and bonga. The highest concentration of'Kru' canoes, used for handline and set-net fishing, are found in this area.
Kambia and Port Loko Districts have a fisherman density of 31 and 42 per Km respectively. Some of the boats in this area are motorized. Fishermen in both Districtsuse ring nets, beach seines (mainly in Port Loko), and 'yelefufu' drift nets.
e) Smaller boats and a low degree of motorization prevails in Moyamba District. Fishing gears applied are mainly 'yelefufli' drift nets, set nets, and line fishing. The district has the highest use pf sails on small standard boats - at 45 per cent.
d) Bonthe and Pujehun Districts have fishermen densities of 23 and 5 per Km respectively, coupled with no motorization and no large boats. Fishermen in both districts operate line and set net fishing, but drift nets and beach seines are more common in Bonthe.
4 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 Table 1: Summary of the August 1990 Frame Survey
Kambia PLoko WArea Moyamb Bonthe Total
Full Inne Fishermen 1 374 7602 4 214 1 843 4 374 14407
l'art 4110e Fishermen 389 499 S 16 446 195 '045
lutaI Friliermen 1,763 3,101 4,730 2,289 4 569 16452
Kru Canoes 0 15 75 71 1 300 StandO3rnanhoats 245 544 525 449 "107 3870
StandN5ntanhoats 119 194 202 213 44 772
Stand Nb man boats 67 0 163 11 0 241
Ghana FoaLs 79 18 141 24 6 218
rotai FishingCraft 460 771 1,283 718 2,169 5401
Outboard Motors 72 127 279 39 14 531
SaiLs 128 51 126 295 28 628
Ring Nets 59 149 110 23 4 345
SurfaceDnft Nets 103 397 776 '175 793 2444
Bottom Duft Nets 7 o 68 77 346 498
TotalDriftNets 110 397 844 452 1,139 2942
Surface Gill Nets 12 36 31 2 144 225
Bottom Gill Nets 48 70 277 288 662 1345
TotalSetNet.s 60 106 308 290 806 1570
Longlines 52 95 162 248 462 1019
HandLines 41 46 687 118 624 1516
Totail,ines 93 141 849 366 1,086 2535
Cc Y< 23 213 119 307 678
26 30 302 312 712
ttALWUÁ1ini ) ak1n,et Report -1ain Report,1993
JDAF Technical Report N° 99 5 Table 2: Summary of the August 1990 Frame Survey
Kambia P.Loko W.AreaMoyambBonthe Total
Total Fishermen 1 763 3 101 4 730 2 289 4 569 16452
FIshermen Per Km 31 42 44 29 23 29
FotalFishingcraft 460 771 1 283 718 2 169 5401
Fishermen Per Boat 3 8 4 0 3 7 3 2 2 1 3 0
O/ Craft Motorized 16 16 22 5 1 10
% STD 5.10 + Ghana Boats 2 1 2 24 5 0 8
Ring NetíBoat, o/ 1 3 19 9 3 0 6
\'elefulu/Boat,°/o 22 51 60 52 37 44
O/ Set Nets/Boat, 13 14 24 40 37 32
Lines/Boar O/ 20 1 8 66 5 1 50 47
Beach Seine/Boat, % 3 9 s 3 1 0 7
Fishing Gears/Boat, ° 83 119 190 2 19 179 1 72 Source : Agricultural Sector Master Plan Interim Report- Main Report, 1993
2.2.2National Fishery Statistics
The national fishery statistics consist of time series of catch and effort data. The information is available in a very primitive form in Sierra Leone, with the annual catches classified into "shrimp, "tuna", "industrial catch", and "artisanal catch". Unfortunately no data are available on a species basis. The industrial catch data is compiled from declarations of fishing companies. The estimates of artisanal fish landings, hitherto compiled from field data supplied by field enumerators stationed along the coast using a continuous random Catch Assessment Survey (CAS), since 1974, began to break down during the mid 1980s through lack of funds for supervision and stationery. So the national summaries presented after 1986 are not based on field data.
The only current sources of field data for the artisanal fisheries are the externally funded fishery development projects. The data from these projects are not passed on to the Fisheries Department in a systematic way. The source of data for the industrial fisheries is the individual company records, which can be very misleading. Some of the companies do not provide reliable enough data.
However, despite the extremely weak database, the Department of Fisheries continues to supply production estimates for the "shrimp", "tuna", "industrial" and "artisanal" fisheries. A time series catch data profile for 1971- 1993 is provided below.
6 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 Table 3: Fishery Production iii Sierra Leone, 1971 - 1993 (Metric Tonnes)
Year Shrimp Tuna Other Artisanal Total Industrial Catch Production Catch
1971 735 - 7101 22764 30600
1972 894 - 6987 43129 5101()
1973 614 - 13417 52669 66700
1974 823 - 7460 59456 67739
1975 168 - 6484 61945 68597
1976 465 - 18557 50275 69297
1977 410 - 32951 46772 80133
1978 606 - 75259 41881 117746
1979 313 - 111855 45166 157334
1980 642 - 122220 31544 154406
1981 642 - 122220 31600 154462
1982 880 2106 97834 34616 135436
1983 1196 3256 74372 47274 126098
1984 2304 4801 127939 43272 178316
1985 2448 5300 148317 43704 199769
1986 1944 1802 152956 44142 200844
1987 2630 821 178649 44500 226600
1988 2750 2720 170530 46350 222350
1989 2870 5008 176642 48200 232720
1990 3000 7989 169011 50000 230000
1991 1262 3173 70802 48071 123308
1992 2531 3644 47888 47477 101540
1993 2485 2463 17427 46923 69658
1994 - - 18,000 46800 64,800 Source: Fisheries Department, Freetown
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 7 2.3 Government Initiatives to Improve Coastal Artisanal Fisheries
Sierra Leones policy for fisheries has not been made clear by its government fora long time. The lack of a comprehensive statement or a white paper ori the way the fishing industry should be developed created confusion in the management and development of the industry by pnvate and public officials. It was during the Green Revolution Programme of 1986 that a more well thought out plan was outlined, and that resembled a government fisheries policy. Among the policy objectives were the increase of export of surplus fish and shellfish for foreign exchange, and to improve the efficiency of small-scale fisheries (artisanal fisheries). The development strategy adopted for the latter objective is the improvement of the size, operational range, and the efficiency of the boats and equipment used by small-scale fishermen through
introduction of new and more efficient fishing methods development of improved boat building methods, improvement of mechanic, engine operator, and boat builder trainingprogrammes, improvement of fish processing techniques, reduction of post-harvest losses, utilization of discards from trawling operations for animal feed, introduction of afforestation programmes to avoid depletion of forest resources around fishing communities, encouragement of fishermen and other operator associations as a vehicle for disseminating innovations, incorporation of the integrated approach, in the form of rural community development (health, sanitation, water supply, landing infrastructure, roads, etc), in most artisanal fisheries development programmes in various locations.
The l980s became the period of development projects introduced to improve the coastal artisanal fisheries as outlined in the established policy objectives. The main projects were
The Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo (1980 - 1993)
This integrated fisheries and community development project was financed by the Republic of Germany (GTZ) and was located in Tombo in the Western Area. It introduced a diesel motorization programme which was abandoned in 1990. The creation of an autonomous self- development agency funded from profits obtained from a duty-free import programme for gear and other inputs became a major achievement of the project. A community development programme (health, water, sanitation) continued on a reduced scale because of disaffection among the target group. The distribution of subsidized inputs in the village attracted immigration into the project area, and that caused some deforestation and social problems.
The Fisheries Programme of the Bo - Pujehun Rural Development Project
This aquaculture project on the pond culture of Oreochromis niloticus was funded by GTZ. The programme, after constructing 253 ponds, failed through inadequate extension support and mobility, insufficient fingerling supply, and poor brood stock selection. The aquaculture component lasted from 1982 -1993 and the inland capture fishery component from 1982 - 1992.
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 The West North West Artisanal Fisheries and Community Development Project 1WW- AFCODI (1989 - 1995)
This project succeeded the Kambia Fisheries Development Project (1983- 1988) located in Yeliboya. The Yeliboya programme tried diesel motorization of canoes and other craft, conducted trials on the chorkor and banda processing, and undertook socio-economic research in Yeliboya.
The present project, WNW-AFCOD, is fùnded by the EEC and covers all of Kambia and Port Loko Districts, and the Western area as far south as Goderich. This project continued the diesel motorization using a new technology - cold moulded wood-epoxy. Fish processing developments on the Fante banda are supported by extension and credit. It also offers a subsidized input supply, support for mechanical services, cooperative and credit development, and low-key community development on health, water, and sanitation.
The Integrated Fisheries Development in Rural Fishing Villages Project (1985- 1995)
This Shenge based project covers 13 villages in Moyamba District. It is funded by UNDP and implemented by FAO. Its programme includes an unsuccessful vessel design scheme, a modestly successful fish processing and fishing scheme, and various community development and related fields (health, nutrition, sanitation, agriculture) schemes. The supply of subsidized inputs through the Shenge Central Cooperative Society serving ten primary cooperatives in the area was also initiated.
Despite the project interventions to improve the coastal artisanal fisheries through donor financing, it seems that efforts to develop the artisanal fishery failed. This is because a removal of the subsidy elements in all these programmes would render the impact of the projects on their target populations negligible.
2.4 Villages Involved in the Study
In this study three villages were selected; Tombo and Goderich in the Western Area and Konakridee in the Port Loko District. Tombo had the German Government financed project, and the other two benefit from the EEC financed WNW - AFCOD project.
2.4.1Tombo
Tombo is an active fishing village with between 12,000 and 15,000 inhabitants in 1993, from 368 in 1931, 6,525 in 1981, and 8295 in 1989. It is located near the southernmost extension of the Freetown Peninsula on the North Shore of Yawn Bay.
Originally it was a tribal village of Sherbro fishermen and Krio settlers (since 1840), But over the years it has become a place of increasing immigration, hosting settlements of all ethnic groups of Sierra Leone. With the growing trade, the rich fishing grounds, and a non-restrictive attitude of the original population towards immigrant fishermen, the Temnes displaced the Sherbros and became the dominant group. Today about 80 per cent of the population belong to the Temne tribe (35 per cent of Sierra Leone's population). About 95 per cent of the village population are Moslem.
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 Artisanal fishing is the village's main source of income and employment for its inhabitants. Over 90 per cent of the population is engaged in fishing, fish processing and marketing, and related activities like the provision of firewood, and boatbuilding.
Presently Tombo has 67 planked Ghana boats (with 40 HP petrol engines) engaged in herring and bonga ring net fishing, and 33 canoes (about 6 of them motorized) engaged in small pelagic fish drth and set net fishing. The annual catch landed at the village increased from 2000 metric tonnes in 1980 to about 13,000 metric tonnes in 1991. Most of the catch is processed in the village and supplied to local markets and beyond, to the Republic of Guinea Smoke-drying on bandas by women is the major fish processing activity.
There are a few petrol stations, shops, a health clinic, standpipes, a primary school(454 students with a50 - 55per cent attendance rate), and a secondary school (120 students).
2.4.2Goderich
Goderich is fairly cosmopolitan with Sherbro, Temne, Fula, Limba, and Mende ethnic groups in Goderich Proper, while 'Oba - Goderich' is predominantly Krio. It has a population of about 11,600 Sixty per cent of the households are engaged in fishing and 85 per cent of household heads are fishermen,
In the village there are three mosques and four churches. All the mosques are in Goderich Proper and three of the churches are in 'Oba - Goderich". The Goderich Proper inhabitants are predominantly Moslem and the "Oba-Goderich" ones Christian. There is a primary school with more than '100 pupils, a nursery school, and a secondary school facility at Juba - 3 Km away. Two health clinics operate in the village, one private and one community supported. Standpipes are also available for access to potable water.
Fishing and fish processing are the major economic activities in the village. Bonga and herring are the main target species and most of the catch is processed in ovens that are scattered around the settlement.
2.4.3Konakridee
The population of Konakridee (small Conakry in the language of its Soso founder) has increased from the initial40inhabitants to about 2,000 presently. The Soso dominate the settlement, but they allowed migrant Temne people to settle for a fee to their Soso landlords. The Soso are found in the highland parts of the settlement and the Temne on the lower terraces.
The dwelling houses, originally constructed of wattle and mud with thatched roofs, are now being changed to mud and sandcrete blocks with corrugated iron roofs. The smoking houses for smoke-drying the bonga, herring, and small-sized mixed fish are scattered in between the houses.
Until 1994 when the fisheries project initiated the construction and operation of a health post, there was no health centre in the village. The project is also providing lavatories which never existed. Inhabitants hitherto used the beach on which shallow holes are dug. Potable water was also not available until very recently when Degremont Integrated Water System for the Kaffu
10 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 Bullom Chiefdom extended to Konakridee. The children go to aI 50 pupil District Education Committee school.
Over 50 per cent of the inhabitants are engaged in fishing and related activities, and over 75 per cent of households depend on fishing as their main occupation In this village 98 5 per cent of household heads are Moslem.
2.5 User Groups or Associations in the WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Project Area
There are no distinct user groups like the smokers, dryers, or fishmonger associations observed in The Gambia in these project locations. Instead they have village development committees, a few fishermen's groups, and several cooperative societies.
2.5.1Tombo
The national economic erosion gradually phased out government services in Tombo. In their effort to provide good governance the village elders established a village committee of elders of all major resident ethnic groups.
The project took up institution building in 1985 by creating a community development section (CDS). The response to this was the re-definition of the Village Committee as the Village Development Board (VDB), to emphasize administrative handling of development and maintenance of facilities in the absence of governmental responsibility. The VDB developed an organizational weakness and required change to establish a sustainable village based organization.
In June 1991 the Tombo Village Development Association (TVDA) was registered as a limited company. The VDB was dissolved as a result and an interim board took over. The Association, the membership of which is open to all villagers irrespective of which professional, religious, or ethnic group they belong to, elected a board. The 25 member board is comprised of elected or nominated representatives of the various groups within the community. The major groups areGhana-Boat Owners, Yelefufu Boat Owners, Fish Processors, Fish Traders, Wood Cutters, and the Elders.
The Board is the Association's decision making body. But its functions are limited by the Manager who is in-charge of the day-to-day administration and supervision of the implementation of the Board's decisions and the Association's policies. The Association now has to organize the groups within it into functional groups that can relay the representative voice of their respective members in the function of the Association. The individualistic attitude of the Tombo operators has seriously weakened the already non-functional groups.
The project assisted some fishermen to forni a 72 member Tombo Boatowners cooperative society in 1984. A serious lack of trust among its members has created a stranglehold on the society, which was set up to receive subsidized fishing input credit from the Project. Other three societies were hurriedly set up to benefit from the available subsidized inputs, the Yawn Bay Boat Owners Cooperative Society, the Tombo Fishing Development Association, and the New Town Cooperative Society. Now that the project input has ceased, these groups are all dormant. The Board members selected from these groups were selected more for their community development interest than as occupational group member, albeit they claim to represent their respective groups
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 11 2.5.2 Goderich
The Osherfolk in this village seem to rely on invitation ftom project staff, local NGO(non- governmental organization) staff, or village elder to be members of, for example,a cooperative society There are no functional occupational groups in Godericft Instead cooperatives prevail There is also a 15 member Village Development Committee (VDC) The VDC has 4 committees that make proposals at the end of each year for presentation to the executive bodyas work plan These committees are health; education,youth and sports. infrastructure and development; and resources and skill. The VDC collects monthly subscriptions from members and actively participates in village development as a liaison body for projects and NGOs. ltis. however, bogged by absenteeism at meetings, a lack of cooperation and understanding, and illiteracyamong its members
The major cooperative societies are the Goderich Fishermen's Multi-purpose Cooperative Society, the West-North-Western Goderich Fishing Society, the Goderich Women's Cooperative Society (formed in 1988 and now has 124 members), and the Goderich Men's Cooperative Society (formed in April 1989 and now has 150 members)
2.5.3Konakridee
Like the other two above, Konakridee also does not have active occupationalgroups that promote the cause of their trade. Instead the most important interest group is the Yamyatu Muthawa Cooperative SocietyThis Society was formed in 1972 and now lias a membership of 220. It grew out of a small Osusu group that decided to involve more members and be a cooperative society.
The Project has encouraged the splitting of this major society into a men's and two distinct women's cooperative societies (Bogoni and Up-Town with 33 and 35 members respectively). The women's societies were formed in 1994, at the initiative of the Project staff, for self-help and to receive project assistance.
1 2 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 3M METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3.1 Approach
The study was conducted with assistance from a Fisheries Officer at Tombo. a male Community Development Assistant at Goderich, and a female Community Development Assistant at Konakridee The principles of Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and some PRA tools were applied in the study to encourage fisherfolk to participate in the study
The study was done in three weeks. It involved semi-structured interviews of fishermen, male fish smokers, female fish smokers, fish traders, wood cutters, and some viIlae elders. The interviews were more qualitative to acquire adequate information that was used to extract the relevant discussion points used in the follow-up meetings with the various fishing and/or related activity groups assembled for the study. In these meetings the constraints and some possible solutions were discussed openly with participants who were supposed to represent occupational groups, albeit formal groups were almost non-existent.
A sample size of five was selected for each of the fishermen, male and female fish smokers, and fish traders groups. Discussion sessions were conducted with some wood cutters and petty traders.
3.2 Limitations of the study
The fixed time available for the study allowed very little flexibility in the interviews and discussion sessions in the three study sites. The tight schedule ofien conflicted with the availability of the interviewees and discussion groups. The awkward timing did reduce the size of the discussion groups and the representation based on larger group size. But this has not hindered the compilation of available information, under the circumstances.
The field assistants, despite a weak organization and the apparent short notice, did a good job in gathering interviewees who were not randomly selected. So the information was acquired from operators who were available and willing to respond to the questions and participate in the discussions.The careful interviews and discussions probably reduced the errors that could have resulted from a loss of information through the interpreters. The interviewers knowledge of the Krio language also helped a lot in the study.
IDAF Tec cal Report N° 99 13 4.0 FISHING AND MAJOR RELATED ACTIVITIES IN TOMBO AND \%'NW- AFCOI) PROJ ECT STUDY SITES
4.1 Fishing
Artisanal fishing in the areas covered has become very expensive. It has becomeso serious that it is believed by the fishermen that only development programmes that ofter thesubsidized items can assist new entrants.
4.1.1 Tombo
The Tombo fishery has 18 metre planked Ghana-typecanoes, powered by side-mounted 25 - 40 HP outboard engines and some diesel inboard boats. The maintarget species are the pelagic clupeid species bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) and herring (Sardinella maderensis). These species are caught in large encircling ring nets of about 800 metres length and 35metres depth. The bonga ring net has a large mesh size, greater length, but less depth, and the herring ringnet has a smaller mesh size, shorter length, and a greater depth.
The encircled fish are gilled, entangled or pursed. Theaverage catch composition of the ring net fishery at Tombo is
47 % weight is Sardinella maderensis (herring) 43 % weight is Ethmalosa fimbriata (bonga) 10 °A weight is Scomberjaponicus, Pseudotolithus spp., Sphraena spp., Ilisha africana, Selene dorsalis, Anus spp., and Pomadasys spp.
The fishing operations are affected by a shortage of appropriate nets, rocks in fishing zones, a lack of ice facility, and a shortage of engine spare parts.
4.1.2Goderich
Fishing has always been good at Goderich. Before the introduction of the ringnet fishing for herring by the Ghanaians in 1964/65, hook and line fishing was the predominant method. The ring net fishery shares the same characteristic with the one described for Tombo above. The main target species are bonga, herring, and mackerel. However, shark and skate fishing started in 1993.
The catches are difficult to estimate because of the rampant use of measures like bafpan, bly, dozen, etc, whichare not appropriate. The fishery is plagued with seasonal catch fluctuations, expensive fuel, and frequent net damage by the trawlers thatare alleged to operate within artisanal fishing zones.
4.1.3Konakridee
The same fishing methods as in Tombo and Goderich are used in this village. The only difference is that the fishermen catch more bonga than herring, which ismore abundant and acceptable to the consumers. The catch figures for this village are also not available.
14 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 4.1.4 Labour and Remuneration in the Study Sites
Family labour seems to be a very important labour engagement In Konakridee, relatives account for over 50 per cent of the crew composition of the fishing boats. In Goderich and Tombo it is less. The relatives usually stay with the boat owner who lodges and boards them, and the non- relatives live on their own. The most common remuneration systems in the fishing operations are
payment in cash on a weekly or monthly basis giving a certain proportion of the catch to the crew to be soldafter each trip agreeing on a day in the week for the crew to go fishing for themselves dividing the catch into five parts one for the boat, net, engine, boat owner, and crew (receiving only 20 per cent of catch sale per fishing trip).
4.2 Other Major Fishing Related Activities
The flshmg related activities are the smoke-diying of clupeids and other smaller mixed species, and the marketing of fresh and processed fish.
4.2.1 Processing
The smoke-drying of herring,bonga, and mixed smallfish(croakers,Ilisha and Chioroscombrus species), is the most significant processing activity in the study sites. Some of the processors are also traders. The smoking is dominated by women.
Two types of platforms (colloquially known as bandas) are used the traditional Sierra Leonean banda, which is open with a platform of closely spaced bush sticks, and the 'Fante" banda, which, introduced by migrating Ghanaian fishermen (Fante tribe) in Sierra Leone around 1950, has mud blocks, stones or scrap sheet-metal walls around a shallow rectangular fireplace. Recently, though, there is the chorkor at Goderich and the altona at Tombo and Konakndee, albeit used less than the bandas.
In all the sites fish processors have special arrangements with boat-owners or crew members to ensure regular and adequate fish supply. The mode of payment is mainly cash. A few do obtain fish on credit from husbands and relatives. Most of the processors bought wood from the wood cutters when they require it. The types of wood used are the mangrove, "nylon' wood, "fambul tick' wood, "plum" wood, and "boreh". The processing is predominantly done with family labour, own children and family relations. Most of the fish processed is consumed outside the respective communities, where the regular markets are.
4.2.2 Marketing
Almost 90 per cent of the fish traders are women. The traders usually have special arrangements with the processors for regular supply of fish. In the case of the few fresh fish traders who operate in Tombo (from Waterloo and Freetown) and Goderich (from Freetown), they make arrangements with boat owners. The traders who make arrangements with boat owners either smoke the fish themselves or pay a processor to do it for them. The special arrangement can mean a loan to a boat owner or processor.
The rebel war has reduced the marketing centres for all the sites studied. Before the war, Freetown, Koidu, and Sefadu were the most important centres, but nowadays Freetown is the main reliable marketing centre. In fish trading at the centres credit to buyers or customers is not common.
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 1 5 5.0 ONCEPT OF PARTICIPATION IN WN%V-AFCOD AND TOMBO PROJECT SETES
Both projects have, among others, a community development component, which provides services directly. It is within this component that the participation of the fisherfolk had been attracted and is being assessed The characteristic of the participation, the organization, and the community development component are described below.
5.1 Characteristics of Participation
5.1.1 Tombo
In 1985, five years after the Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo (FPPT) commenced,a community development section (CDS) was created within the project to develop communal infrastructure through beneficiary involvement. A Village Development Board ofa voluntary and informal group of elders and opinion leaders was established. This Boardwas not representative of the majority because the members were selected more on the basis of their economicstatus than their role in any given trade group.
However, it became a liaison body for the project in carrying out orders and mobilizing local labour in implementing activities planned and financed by the project. The beneficiaries participated in these activities as individuals rallied by the few board members. So the level of participation was very low.
5.1.2Goderich
There is a 1 5 member village development committee in this village. This committee liaises with the WNW-AFCOD project in the community development programmes.
The community usually contributes labour and local materials like sand and stone in the construction of social facilities like the health centre and the community hall. Their participation in the project involves carrying out orders issued by project staff, interacting with project staff in implementing activities, and mobilizing local resources (labour, building material, and sometimes cash). The participation is more on an individual basis.
5.1.3Konakridee
There is an active community development team (CDT) in this village. The fishermen, fish smokers, fish traders, youth group, and the teachers are represented on the team. The wood cutters are not represented because they live outside the village. This team works closely with the project in implementing the community development component. They carry out orders as individual community members, choose between alternatives, give suggestions on some problems, and mobilize local labour and some building input like sand.
5.2 Organization
The presence of an organizational structure does not in itself ensure participation. In some cases it can even work against participation. That happens when elitist groups or a select few
16 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 become beneficiaries The assessment here is based on how the organizations or groups arc formed. the way people perceive them and how they function
5.2.1 Tombo
The Tombo Village Development Association(T VDA) was registered in 1991 as a non- governmental non-profit but charitable organization. It has this structurei
BOARD OF DIRE C TO RS y y Treasurer President j Vice President j j y 22 Board Members y TVDA Management J y M anager y TVDA Committees y y Healthj4JTechnicaIjJFinancekJEducationJ.4 Public Awareness
TVDA Membership (Elects Board)
The Manager is responsible for the daily running of the Association, the creation of communal awareness, and project implementation. The sole income source for the TVDA is through contributions and charges for services rendered. It also solicits for financial assistance to implement major and micro projects on self-help basis. Realizing its poor financial base, it is now encouraging the formation of functional trade groups among its 870 members so that 25 per cent of the funds of these groups can be paid into the TYDA fund to finance more activities.
The Associations policies and projects( 10 implemented in 1991 / 1992) are formulated by subject matter specialists in committees under the chairmanship of the Manager. The Manager is bound by a set of rules and regulations created by the Board. The TVDA, as the only fisherfolk umbrella organization, has now taken over the supervision of the communal facilities provided during the project period, schools, health centre, latrines, smoking ovens, and water supply.
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 17 5.2.2Goderich
The Goderich Men's and Women's Cooperative Societies now belong toa voluntarily formed West North West Central Anisanal Fishing Cooperative Society (WNW CENACOP), which is supposed to import fishing items duty free and sell to its members.
Two societies preceded the present ones; the Goderich Fishermen's Multi-purpose Cooperative (GFMPC) -formed in 1984, and the West North West Goderich Fishing Society (WNWGFS)- formed in 1987. The GFMIPC was supported by PLAN International (local NGO) and the WNWGFS by an EEC financed experimental fishing scheme. Thepresent Men's Cooperative Society sells subsidized fishing nets and petrol to its members, and the Women's Society gives out loans to its members for social and business purposes and alsoruns a shop that sells commodities like rice and engine lubricating oil.
5.2.3Konakridee
The Yamyatu Muthawa Cooperative Society was formed in 1977 and isnow being strengthened by the WNW-AFCOD project. The Society meets monthly, the members contribute money monthly, and the members receive loans on which interest is charged. The loans are usually for fish processing and trading, and the purchase of fishing gear.
5.3 Community Development
In Sierra Leone, unlike in The Gambia where community development in fishing villages is handled by separate government institutions like education, health, and waterresources, community development is included in artisanal fisheries development. The settlement of fisherfolk in Sierra Leonean fishing villages might have influenced this approach. The fishing and processing are done within the settlements. Both projects saw a need fora complementary development activity that addresses the sanitation, education, and cultural life of the fisherfolk. So Tombo, Goderich, and Konakridee have projectinitiated community development programmes
The Tombo project financed
120 public toilets and a sewage and water drainage scheme, an environmental and health education scheme, staff quarters for health centre staff; a solar powered electrical system for health centre and office building; an office building with space for the TVDA Manager, the Environmental Health Inspector, and communal meetings; water supply system (now supplies 82 private taps); additional classrooms, a staff room, and headmaster's office at the primary school; a community hail for meetings and entertainment.
These facilities, though useful for the whole Tombo community, have compromised direct artisanal fisheries development assistance. Apart from the supply of subsidized fishing inputs,very little has been done directly for the fishery operators.
1g IDAF Technical Report N° 99 The WNW-AFCOI) programme star-ted a community development action programme in I 990. Community Development Teams (CDTs) were formed in Goderich and Konakridee to assist the project staff in coordinating the work programmes in their respective villages This project provided a school toilet, a women's cooperative shop. and a community centre for Goderich. Konakridee received a health post(rented building) while the health centre, market, private latrines, communal toilets at beach, and a central cooperative store are being constwcted by the project. In its community development programme, the community selects the beneficiaries when it concerns individuals, hosts the contractor (usually a skilled worker) and provides his/her food The contractor supervises the construction done by the unskilled labour supplied by the community as a self-help contribution. The materials required for the construction of the facilities and the contractor's fees are provided by the project. The project also supplied 8 public standpipes, and some smoking oven (hybrid Fante) materials (grill, wire mesh, etc) offered on an 18 month loan basis to fish smokers who have to provide mud block platforms first
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 19 6.0 PRACTICE AND MECHANISMS FOR STIMULATING PARTICIPATION
Community participation is increasingly becoming important in sustainable development Governments, donor agencies, and development agencies are aware of this, but still bombard the fisherfolk with development messages with little or no feedback. In the IDAF region participatory development is being adopted in artisanal fisheries development, albeit at varying levels fromarea to area.
In The Gambia consultations were made at the formulation and implementation stages, and management committees liaised with the projects from the beginning of projects These committees mobilized local labour and encouraged operator groups to function aspressure groups. These committees are now sustaining the facilities provided by the projects. At Tombo, the Village Development Board, which preceded the TVDA, was formed five years after the project began Even then it only received aid and carried orders from the project staff. It is eleven years after the commencement, in 1991, that participation in the development process was encouraged through the TVDA, whose staff were trained and the community, at thesame time, got sensitized through workshops and information campaigns. This Association is now ready to participate in any future fisheries project in Tombo. Meanwhile it is taking care of the community facilities provided and the Department of Fisheries staff are responsible for the engineering and boat building centre received from the expatriate staff at the end of the project.
The fisherfolk, as in Tombo, have the desire to participate in artisanal fisheries development. Before the WNW-AFCOD project some multi-purpose social societies existed in Goderich and Konakridee. Some of these societies, like the Yamyatu Muthawa Cooperative Society - formed in 1977, only received support in the form of subsidized fishing inputs that they sell to their members, The project encouraged cooperatives as effective structures for channelling input and financial loans to fishery operators. The management of the respective societies received skilltraining on accounting and book-keeping, which prepared them for a reasonable participation, at least in cooperative matters.
The project relationship with the societies indicates that the latter group is being encouraged to participate in artisanal fisheries development through individual or group entrepreneurship. The project provides capital, for example, 1,800,000 leones fuel supply loan to Goderich Men's Cooperative in 1993, and 2,025,000 leones fuel supply loan to Yamyatu Muthawa Cooperative Society. By the time the first phase ends in 1995 it would have disbursed 80 million leones to cooperative societies in loans and micro-project allocations.
20 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 7.0 IMPACT - CONTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPATION TO THE NEEDS OF FISH ERFOLK
7.1 Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo
This project was formulated from a planners perception of artisanal fisheries problems The fisherfolk in Tombo were neither consulted in the planning nor in the implementation of most of the projects programmes. The projectstaff,in consulting the fishermen during the implementation, identified high production cost as a major constraint. So improvement of fuel economy and the supply of subsidized fishing gear became urgent. Fishing gear was imported free of duty and taxes and sold to the fishermen at reduced prices. This facility expanded the herring fishery and strengthened the circumstantial cooperative societies. Areas not served by the project did not benefit from this facility. The technology innovations were imposed on the fisherfolk. This arrangement provided a technology that was technically, economically, and socially inappropriate to the needs of the target group. This component failed in 1990 and by the end of 1991 only one of the 14 diesel Ghana boats were operational. The TVDA is only now mobilizing the cooperatives and smaller groups into effective income generating groups that can provide a source of ideas for future project interventions in Tombo. Most of the community facilities that the TVDA is now maintaining were planned by project staff and delivered to the community without giving them a prioritization option as a participatory tool. That is why the T\'DA is now struggling to attract enough communal interest in some of the programmes and to get fees and charges from the beneficiaries for maintenance and development.
7.2 West North West Artisanal Fisheries and Community Development (WNW- AFCOD) Project - Goderich and Konakridee
This project succeeded the Kambia Fisheries Development Project (1983 - 1988), which was also a planner's perception of artisanal fisheries problems' project. The plannersidentified declining profitability and insufficient production as the core problem. But the consulted fishermen in the project area experienced rising production costs that were surpassing beach fish price. As a result of this fishermen participation in the planning of the project, the supply of subsidized fishing input was adopted as a solution. The WNW-AFCOD project followed the same reasoning without further consultation with the fisherfolk.
As a result a grant of 1.3 million ECUs was offered by the EEC for community development in fishing villages and the importation of essential fisheries inputs for sale to the target groups. The sale money is put in a revolvingldevelopment fund from which new importations and community development activities are financed. The cooperatives are used as retailers of fisheries inputs.
The Community Development Team in Konakridee and the Village Development Committee in Goderich participate in the project only as promoters of development in their respective villages. However, their participation as providers of goodwill in hosting contractors and providers of unskilled labour is facilitating the community development component of the project.
IDAF Technical Report N° 99 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMNENDATIONS
Despite the rebel war pressure on rural communities, Sierra Leone still maintains a large rural population that needs fish for part of their protein requirement. The country has the fish resources to provide the fish protein required. But this protein can only reach the majority of Sierra Leoneans through the development of the artisanal fisheries.
The ailing economy hampered government intervention in artisanal fisheries development. So the fisheries administration continues to rely on development projects financed .by donor agencies. The improvement of the living condition of the fisherfolk requires the participation of the beneficiaries in the planning and implementation phases of projects directed to their communities. The participation creates a partnership between the fisherfolk and the development agencies.
In the Tombo project the participation was remote. It is weak in the WNW-AFCOD project. Both projects did not involve the fisherfolk in the planning phase. Even where they were and are presently involving them in the implementation phase, it has been more of the project presenting programmes and seeking local coordination by a board, committee, or team. These projects have put a lot of resources in community facilities that could have been provided in the development programmes of other government institutions responsible for providing educational, health, social, and entertainment facilities. Collaboration with these institutions could have equally provided some of these facilities indirectly in an integrated development strategy. The community development bias has, therefore, distracted these projects from adequately addressing the technological and artisanal fisheries infrastructure needs of the fisherfolk in Tombo, Goderich, and Konakridee. The deviation is a result of the weak participation of the beneficiaries in these projects.
Therefore, in order to meaningfully improve the living condition of the fisherfolk through artisanal fisheries development, the future project planners and staff assigned with the project implementation should consider the following elements
ensuring that the lEisherfolk beneficiaries are mobilized, through the assistance of Fisheries Department extension staff, into effective production, processing, marketing, and distribution groups,
representatives from these groups forming committees that can participate, with contributions from their respective groups, in the diagnosis of their problems, the formulation of actions, and the implementation of the action plans created to address their needs,
the committees should be partners to the project in the development programme and create the means of continuing, at least, the basic sustainable programmes initiated by the project(s),
the provision of technological and fisheries infrastructural facilities should be included in whatever programmes presented to the fisherfolk for implementation in their respective community in order to phase out the present bias on community development.
22 IDAF Technical Report N° 99 BI B L I 0G RAPII Y
ABCO LIMITED (Development Consultants) 1989, West North West Arrisanal Fisheries and Community Development ProgrammeSocio-economic Study of Konakridee, Mahera and Goderich, Sierra Leone. 89p
ABCO LIMITED (Development Consultants) 1993, Agricultural Sector Master Plan Interim Report - Main Report, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Beck, U. and S.E. During (1986), Development Aspects of Village based Fish Processing Methods in Sierra Leone, West Africa - An Appraisal of some technical, social, environmental, and economic factors. Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo.
During, S.E. (1989), Recent Technological Advancements in the Tombo Ring Net Fishery. Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo. 3Op
Economic Intelligence Unit Limited (1994), EIU Country Profile - Sierra Leone 1993/94.
Economic Intelligence Unit Limited (1994), EJU Country Report - 2nd Quarter 1994.
Farago, S.G., Quee, C.J., Redwanz, G., and A.F. Sam-Mannah (1994) The Development of and Future Prospects for the Credit and Cooperative Section of the WNW-AFCOD Programme: WNW-AFCOD/WP/No. 8
Kotnik, A. (1982) Women in Small-Scale Fisheries - The Case of Tombo Village - Sierra Leone. Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo. 49p
McEachern, J. and J.G. Hunter (1982), Sealife Project, Sierra Leone - Project Identification and Pre-feasibility Report. Ministry of Development and Economic Planning, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Meynell, P.J. (1990) Success and Failure in Fishermen's Organizations - Results and Analysis of Case Studies of Fishermen's Organizations in Developing Countries. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 819, FAO, Rome.
Satia, B.P (1993) Ten Years of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (Origin, Evolution and Lessons Learned) IDAF/WP/50, 39p
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IDAF Technical Report N° 99 23 LISTE DES RAPPORTS DIPA - LIST OF IDAF REPORT
1. Documents techniques I Technical documents De Graauw. MA., Etude de préfactibilité technique dc larnénagement d'abris pour la pêche maritinie l9X artisanale au Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 55p.. DIPAIWP/1.
Black Michaud. Mi, Mission d'identification des communautés littorales de pêcheurs artisansau 1985 Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 24p.. DIPAIWP/2. Guibrandsen. DA., Preliminary account of attempts to introduce alternative types of small craft into 1985 West Africa, Cotonou, IDAF Project, Sip.. IDAF/WP/3. Gulbrandscn, O.A.. Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatives d'introduire des types alternatifs 1983 de petites embarcations en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p.DIPA/WP/3 Jorion. P J.M.. The influence of socio-economie and cultural structures on small-scale coastal fisheries 1985 development in Bénin. Cotonou. IDAF Project, 59p.. IDAF/WP/4.
Jorion. RiM.. L'influence des structures socio-économiques sur le développement des pêches artisanales sur 19X3 les côtes du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 39p., DIPA/WP/4, Tandberg, A.. Preliminary assessment of the nutritional situation of subsistence fishernen's families. 19X6 Cotonou, IDAF Project. 3 ip.. IDAF/WP/5. Wiksuom. O.. Recyclage des personnels pêche en gestion et comptabilité. Cotonou. Projet DIPA. 1986 23p.. DIPA/WP/6. Collart. A., Development planning for small-scale fisheries in West Africa, practical and socio-economie 1986 aspects of fish production and processing. Cotonou. IDAF Project, 34p., IDAF/WP/7. Collart. A.. Planification du développement des pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest production 19X6 et traitement du poisson, ses aspects matériels,techniques et socio-économiques. Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 67p., DIPA/WP/7. Van der Meeren. A.J.L.. Socio-economie aspects of integrated fisheries development in rural fishing 19X6 villages. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAF/WP/8. Halmg L Jet O Wijkstrorn Les disponibrhtes en materiel pour la peche artisanale Cotonou Projet DIPA 1986 47p.. DIPA/WP/9. Akester. S.J., Design and trial of sailing rigs for artisanal fisheries of Sierra Leone. Cotonou. IDAF 1986 Project. 3lp., IDAF/WP/lO. \Tétillart. R, Rapport détude préliminarie sur l'aménagement d'un abri pour la pêche maritime artisanale à 1986 Cotonou. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 3 Ip., DIPA/WP/1 1. Van Hoof. L.. Small-scale fish production and marketing in Shenge, Sierra Leone. Cotonou. IDAF 1986 Project, 36p.. IDAF/WP/12.
Everett. G.V.. An outline of West African small-scale fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p.. IDAF! WP/ 13. 1986 Anon,. Report of the second IDAF liaison officers meeting; Freeto'n, Sierra Leone (il - 14 November 19X7 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 66p., IDAF/WP/l5. Anon., Compte-rendu de la deuxième réunion des officiers de liaìson du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet 1987 DIPA. 2'7p., DIPA/WP/l6. Campbell. R. J. Report of the preparatory technical meeting on propulsion in fishing canoes in West 1987 Africa (Freeto, 15-18 November 1986). Cotonou. IDAF Project, 88 p.. IDAF/WP/l7. Davy. D B.. Seamanship, Sailing and Motorisation. Cotonou. IDAF Project. 85p., IDAF/VvTP/18. 198 7 Anum-Dovi. B.. and J. Wood. Observations on [ishuig methods in West Africa Cotonou. IDAF Project,3p.. 1988 IDAF/WP/19 Anon.. Report of the third IDAF liaison officers meeting (Cotonou, 2 - 4 December 1987). Cotonou. 1988 IDAF Project, 88p., IDAF/WP/20. Anon.. Compte-rendu de la troisième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA (2-4 Décembre 1987) 1988 Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 85p.. DIPA/WP/20. Haakonsen. J.M. (Ed.) Recent developments of the artisanal fisheries in Ghana, Cotonou, IDAF Project. 69p., 1988 IDAF/WP/21. Everett, GV.. West African marine artisanal fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 4lp. IDAF/WP/22. 1988 Everett. G.V., Les pêches maritimes artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 44p.. 1988 DIPA/WP/22. Coacklev. A.D.R., Observations on small fishing craft development in West Africa.Cotonou. IDAF 1989 Project, 22p., IDAF/WP/23. Zinsou, J. et W. Wentholt, Guide pratique pour la construction et I'rntroduction du fumoir "chorkor" 1989 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPA!WP/24. Zinsou, Jand W. Wentholt, A practical guide to the construction and introduction of the chorkor 1989 smoker. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 29p., IDAF/WP/24. Chauveau J.P., F. Verdeaux, E. Charles-Dominique et J.M. Haakonsen, Bibliographie sur les communautés 1989 de pêcheurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest - Bibliography on the fishmg communities in West-Africa. Cotonou, Projet DIPA - IDAF Project, 22Op., DIPA-IDAF/WP/25. Everett. GV.. Small-scale fisheries development issuesin West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 1989 47p., IDAF/WP/26. Everett, GV.. Problèmes de développement de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, 1989 Projet DIPA, 49p., DIPAIWP/26. Haakonsen.. J.M., et W. Wentholt, La pêche lacustre au Gabon. Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/27. 1989 Anon., Report of the ad hoc technical meeting on artisanal fisheries craft, propulsion, gear and security in the 1990 IDAF region; Cotonou, 25 - 26 September 1989. Cotonou. IDAF Project,11 lp.. IDAF/WP/28. Anon., Report of the fourth IDAF liaison officers meeting (Dakar, 21 - 23 November 1989). Cotonou, 1990 IDAF Project, l35p., IDAF/WP/29. Anon., Compte-rendu de la quatrième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet 1990 DIPA. l2.lp., DIPAIWP/29, Houndékon. B.R., DE. Tempelman and AM. IJff, Report of round table meeting on women's activities 1990 and community development in artisanal fisheries (projects) in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 12p.+ annexes, IDAF/WP/3 0. Houndékon, B.R., DE. Tempelman et A.M. IJff, Rapport du séminaire sur les activités féminines 1990 et le développement communautaire dans les projets de pêches artisanales en AUnque de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, l4p. + annexes, DIPAIWP/30. IJff, AM., Socio-economie conditions in Nigerian fishing communities. Based on studies along the 1990 Benin and 1mo river estuaries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, li3p., IDAF/WP/3 1. Okpanefe. MO., A. Abiodun and J.M. Haakonsen, The fishing communities of the Benin River estuary area: 1991 Results from a village survey in Bendel State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project. '75p.. IDAF/WP!32. Anon.. Compte-rendu du cours "Analyse Quantitative des Aspects Sélectionnés dc Développement 1991 Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 6 + xlvi p.. DIPA/WP/33 Anon.. Report of the course on 'Quantitative Analysis of Selected Aspects of Fisheries Development" 1991 Cotonou, IDAF Project. 6 ± xlv p.. IDAF/WP/33. Callerholm Casse!, E., Cost and Earnings and Credit Studies on Ghanaian Canoe Fisheries. Cotonou, 1991 IDAF Project. 138p., IDAF/WP/34. Sheves, G.T., The Ghanaian dug-out canoe and the canoe caning industry in Ghana. Cotonou. IDAF 199! Project, lO9p.. IDAF/WP/35 Haakonsen. J,M. and Chimère Diaw. Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 1991 293p., IDAF/WP/36 Haakonsen, J.M. et Chimère Diaw. Migration des Pêcheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet 1991 DIPA, 332p.. D[PA/WP/36. Guibrandsen. O.A., Canoes in Ghana. Cotonou. IDAF Project. 82p.. IDAF/WP/37. 1991
Anon.. Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Report of the Fifth-IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Cotonou. 1991 IDAF Project, I4Op.. IDAF/WP/38. Anon., Les pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Compte-rendu de la Cinquième réunion des 1991 Officiers de Liaison du DIPA. Cotonou. Projet DIPA. l22p., DIPA/WP/38. Beare. R.J. and P. Tanimomo, Purse seine and encircling net fishing operations in Senegal, Guinea, 1991 Sierra Leone, Ghana and Benin. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 92p.. IDAF/W'P/39. Everett, G.V. and G.T. Sheves, Recent trends in artisanal fisheries and report on alternatives to canoes. 1991 Cotonou, IDAF project, 33p.. IDAF/WP/40. Callerhoim Casse!, E. and AM. Jallow. Report of a sodo-economie survey of the artisanal fisheries 199! along the atlantic coast in The Ganibia. Cotonou, IDAF project, 97p., IDAF/WP/4 1. Chimère Diav, M. et Jan M. Haakonsen, Rapport du séminaire sur les migrations de pêcheurs artisans 1992 en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/42. Chimère Diaw. M. and Jan M. Haakonsen, Report on the regional seminar on artisanal fishermen's 1992 migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF project, 35p.. IDAF/WP/42. Houndékon. B. et L. Affovon, Rapport du séminaire-atelier de sensibilisation sur la méthode accélérée 1993 dc recherche participative tenu à Libreville Gabon en Novembre 1992. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 56p., DIPA/WP/43. Anon., Rapport de la sixième réunion des fonctionnaires de liaison Banjul, Gambie i- 5 février 1993. 1993 Cotonou, Projet DIP.A, 57p., DIPA/WP/44. Anon., Report of the sixth IDAF liaison officers meeting Banjul, Gambia i - 5 Februan' 1993. Cotonou, 1993 IDAF Project, 6Op., IDAF/WP/44. Horemans, B. and Satia B.P., (eds), Report of the Workshop on Fisherfolk Organisations in West Africa. 1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 93p.. IDAF/WP145. Horemans, B. et Satia B.P., (éds), Rapport de l'atelier sur les organisations de pêcheurs en Afrique de 1993 l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. lO2p., DIPAIWP/45. Kébé, M.. Gallène J. et Thiam D. - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale en Guinée Bissau. Pro 1993 gramme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 32p. + annexes. DIPA/WP/46. Kábé, M (Jallène J. et Thiam D - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal na Guiné-Bissau Prqgrama de 1993 Desenvolviniento lnterado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental. Cotonou DIPA. 32p. + anexos DIPA/WP/46 Horemans B., - La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afriquc de lOuest en 1992, Cotonou. Programme de 1993 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 36p.. DIPA/WP/47 Kébé. M,. Njock J.C. et Gallène J.- Revue sectorielle de la pêche maritime au Carneroun.Programme 1993 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 30p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/48. Kébé. M., Njock, J.C. and Gallène, J.R.. Sectoral review of marine artisanal fishery in Cameroon 1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project 33p., IDAF/WP/48
Anon.,Report of the Working Group on Artisanal Fisheries Statistics for the Western Gulf of Guinea. 1993 Nigeria and Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, i26p.. IDAF/\VP/49 Satia, B.P.. Tenears of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (Origin. 1993 Evolution and Lessons Learned). Cotonou. IDAF Project, 37p.. IDAF/WP/50 Satia, B.P., Dix ans de développement intégré des pêches artisanales en Afrique de lOuest (Origine, 1993 évolution et leçons apprises). Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 4Ip., DIPA/WP/50. Stokholni, H. and Isebor C. , The fishery of Ilisha africana in the coastalvaters of Republic of Benin 1993 and Lagos State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 81p., IDAF/WP/51. Anon., - Report of the Seventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting Cotonou. Benin, 22-24 November 1993 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 72p.. IDAFIWP/52. Anon., - Rapport de la Septième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison. Cotonou. Bénin. 22-24 1993 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 77p., DIPA/WP/52. Satia B.P., and B. Horenians editors, Workshop on Conflicts in Coastal Fisheries in west Africa, 1993 Cotonou, Benin, 24-26 November 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project 64p., IDAF/WP/J3. Satia B.P., et B. Horemans (éds), Atelier sur les Conflits dans les Pêcheries Côtières en Afrique de 1993 l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 24-26 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA 68p., DIPA/WP/33. Horemans. B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1993. Programme for the Integrated 1993 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 39p.. IDAF/WP/54. Horernans B., La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1993. Cotonou Programme 1994 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 4Op. + annexes, DIPA/WP/54. Horemans, B., J; Gallène et J.C. Njock,- Revue sectonelle de la pêche artisanale à Sao Torné et Principe. 1994 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 3lp. + annexes. DIPA/WP/55. Horemans, B., J. Gallène e J-C. Njock, - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal,a São Torné e Principe 1994 Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). 32p. + anexos, DIPAIWPI55. Jul-Larsen, E.. MigrantFishermen in Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continwty and Continuous Change. 1994 Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 5lp., IDAF/WP/56.
Jul-Larsen,E.,Pêcheursmigrants à Pointe-Noire (Cong6): Continuité et Changement 1994 Perpétuel. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPAIWP/56. Satia, B,P., and Hansen, LS.,Sustainabilityof Development and Management Actions in Two 1994 Community Fisheries Centres in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 48p., IDAFIWP/57. Satia, B.P., et Hansen LS., La durabilité des actions de développement et de gestion dans deux centres 1994 communautaires en Garnbie. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 5Op., DIPA/WP/57 Heinbuch, U.. Animal Protein Sources for Rural and Urban Populations in Ghana. Cotonou. IDAF 1994 Project. 25p + annex, IDAF/WP/5$ Johnson J Pand Joachim Alpha Touré, Accidental Death and Destruction in Artisanal Canoes. A 1994 retrospective study of the rears 1989-1991 along the coast of Guinea (Conakrv) West Africa Cotonou, IDAF Project, 2 Ip., IDAF/WP/59 Johnson J P eJoachim Alpha louré. Mort Accidentelle et Destruction des Pirogues Artisanales: Une 1994 étude rétrospective des années 1989-1991 sur le littoral guinéen (Conakrv) - Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 2lp., DIPA/WP/59
Demùvnck, K.and DETMAC Associates, The Participatory Rapid Appraisal on perceptions and pratices 1994 of lisherfolk on fishery resource management in an artisanal fishing community in Carneroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/WP/60 Demuvnck. Ket les associés de DETMAC, Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative sur les 1995 perceptions et pratiques des pêcheurs en matière de gestion des ressources halieutiques dans une communauté de pêche au Carneroun. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 33p.. DIPA/WP/60 Satia. B.P., J.P Gallène. and F. Houéhou, Sub-regional Workshop on Artisanal Safety at Sea. Banjul, The 1994 Gambia 26-28 September 1994. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 57p.. IDAF/WP/61
Satia. B.P P. Gallène. et F. Houéhou, Rapport de l'atelier sous-régional sur la Sécurité en Mer de la pêche 1994 artisanaleBanjul, Gambie 26-28 septembre1994. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 6 Lp., DIPA/WP/6 1
Kamphorst. BA socio-economie study on the distribution and marketing pattern of marine fish products 1994 in the Ndian division, South West Province. Republic of Cameroon. Cotonou. IDAF Project. 4lp., IDAF/WP/62 Kamphorst. BEtude socio-économique du mode de distribution et de commercialisation des produits 1994 halieutiques du département de Ndian. Provmce du Sud-Ouest. Républillique du Cameroun. Cotonou. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 42p., DIPA/WP/62
Heinbuch, U. Population and Development in Fishing Co unities: The challenge ahead. Cotonou, IDAF 1994 Project, Sip.. IDAF/WP/63
Anon., Report of the Eighth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 November 1994. 1994 Cotonou. Prqgramme for the integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 97p., IDAF/WP/64
Anon.. Rapport de la Huitième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, du DIPA. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 1994 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. IO2p., DIPAIW'P/64
Horemans. B Kébé, M.. and W. Odoi-Akersie. Working Group on capital needs and availability in artisanal 1994 fisheries methodology and lessons learned from case studies. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 62p., IDAF/\VP/65
Horemans, B.Kébé, M., et W. Odoi-Akersie, Groupe de travail sur les besoins et la disponibilité en capital 1994 en pêche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons appnses des études de cas. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 62p., DIPAIWP/65 leutscher F.,Tall A., and Jallow AM., Workshop on Seeking Improvements in Fish Technology in \Vest 1995 Africa. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 November 1994. Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.(IDAF) 75p., IDAF/WP/66. leutscher F..Tall A., et Jallo' AM., Rapport de l'Atelier sur le thème "A la Recherche des Améliorations 1995 en Technologie du Poisson en Afrique de l'Ouest". Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. (DIPA) 82p.. DIPAJWP/66. Karnphorsi, B.. A cost and earnings study at Cotonou harbour. Benin. for l94. Cotonou. Benin Programme 1995 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) 42p IDA F/WP/67 Kamphorst. B., Etude dc Coûts et Revenus au port de pêche de Cotonou, Bénin. Programme pour le 1995 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 45p.. DIPA/WP/67 Kamphorst. B.. et Teixcira, M. Caractéristiques socio-économiques de la pêche à Sao Tomé et Principe. 1995 Proamme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. (DIPA) Cotonou, Bénin 3 Ip. DIPA/WP/68. Karnphorst. B.. e Teixeira, M.. Caracteristicas socio-económicas da pesca artesanal maritima em São Tomé 1995 e Principe Programa dc Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais naAfrica Ocidental. (DIPA) Cotonou Benin. 28p., IDAF/WP168 Horemans. B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Afnca in 1994. Programme for the Integrated 1995 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou. Benin 4Op., IDAF/WP/69 Horemans. B., La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1994. Cotonou, Bénin Proeramme 1995 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 38p. DIPA/WP/69. Kébé, M.. J-C. Njock, et J. Gallène, Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime du Congo. Cotonou. 1995 Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 3'7p.. DIPA/WP/70. Gallène. J.P., Data Compendium on Safety at Sea for Seven West African Countries. Mauritania, Senegal. 1995 The Gambia, Guinca-Bissau, Guinea. Sierra-Leone and Cape Verde 1991 - 1994. Cotonou. Procramme for Inte' ated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. l3p.. IDA F/WP/7 I Gallène. J.P., Compendium des Données sur la Sécurité en Mer dans Sept Pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest: 1995 Mauritanie, Senegal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra-Leone et Cap Vert 1991 - 1994. Cotonou. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. iSp., DIPAIWP/71.
JalloAM., Report of the First Meeting of the IDAF Working Group on Costs and Earnings in Artisanal 1995 Fisheries in West Africa, (Dakar, Senegal, 12- 13 June 1995). Cotonou, Benin. Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 8 lp. IDAF/WP/72.
Jallow AM., Rapport de la Première Réunion du Groupe de Travail du DIPA sur Coûts et Revenus en Pêche 1995 Artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, (Dakar, Sénégal, 12 - 13juin 1995). Cotonou. Bénin. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 82p., DIPA/WP/72. Anon., Report of the Ninth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Conakry, Guinea, 9-10 November 1995. 1995 Cotonou. Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa lO2p., IDAF/WP/73 Anon., Rapport de la Neuvième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison. Conakry. Guinée, 9-10 novembre 1995 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afnque de l'Ouest, 1 l2p. DIPAJWP/73. Satia, B.P. and BW. Horemans, Report of the Workshop on Participatory Approaches and Traditional 1995 Fishery Management Pratices in West Africa. Conakry, Guinea, 13-15 November 1995. Cotonou. Programme for the Integrated De\.'elopment of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 95p., IDAF/WP/74. Satia, B,P. et BW. Horemans, Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Approches Participatives et l'Aménagement 1995 Traditionnel des Pêches en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conakry, Guinée, 13-15 novembre 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 98p.. DIPAIWP/74. Njilònjou O.. J Folack. M. Bondja, J-C Njock et D. Njamen, Enquête-cadre et Etude Socio-économique de 1996 la Pêche Artisanale Maritime au Carneroun. Cotonou Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de lOuesi. 8Op.. DIPA/WP/75 Houndákon MB.. Rapport des ateliers de formation sur la méthode accélérée de recherche participative à 1996 Kaback et Kamsar (Guinée) du 24juillet au 03 septembre 1995 Cotonou, Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 20p.. +armexes DIPA/WP/76. Houédanou M-C., et D. Nyamusenge, Guide de rédaction des rapports. Cotonou. Programme pour 1996 le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 44p. DIPA/WP/77 Kuvateh M., Rapport de Synthèse sur l'Atelier de Formation Pratique (théorie et application sur 1996 le terrain) sur la MARP à l'intention des Cadres et des Techniciens de la Pêche Artisanale du Sénégal Septembre 1995 - Dakar. Sénégal. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 'iSp.. DIPA/WP/78 Sana B.P et CZ. Wétohossou, (eds) Report of the working group on women's key role and issues related to 1996 gender in fishing communities. Proeramme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin. 32p., IDAF/WP/79
Satia B.P et CZ. Wétohossou, (eds) Rapport du groupe de travail sur la position centrale des femmes et les 1996 questions liées au genre dans les communautés de pêche.. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 34p.. DIPAIWP/79.
Horemans BT. Ajavi and J. Gallène - Sector Review of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries in The Gambia. 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin. 4Op., IDAF/WP/80
Kébé M., J.0 Njock et J. Gallène. - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime au Gabon. Programme 1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou. Bénin. 39p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/8 1
Stamatopoulos C., Rapport de l'Atelier sur l'Utilisation du Logiciel de Statistiques des Pêches (ARTFISH). 1996 Cotonou, Bénin, 6-9 mai 1996. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 59p., DIPA/WP/82 Stamatopoulos C., Report of the Workshop on the use of a fisheries statistical software (ARTFISH). 1996 Cotonou, Benin 6-9 May 1996. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin 61p.. IDAF/WP/83 Horemans, BThe state of artisanalfisheries in West Africa in 1993. Programme for the Integrated 1996 Development of Artisanal Fishenes in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 43p., IDAF/WP/84, Horemans. B.L'état de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1995. Cotonou, Bénin Programme 1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p. DIPA/WP/84.
Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., A Study of Community Participation in the Aguégués Project BEN/88/CO3- 1996 BEN/8 8/014 (Improving the living conditions of the Populations in the District of Aguégués) Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa Cotonou, Bénin. 28p., IDAF/WP/85
Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., Etude de la Participation des Populations des Aguégués au Projet BEN/88/CO3- 1996 BEN/88/0l4. (Amélioration des Conditions de Vie des Populations de la Sous-Préfecture Lacustre des Aguégués). Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou. Bénin. 32p., DIPA/WP/83. Sow, A.. Curso de formaço sobre a organização de urna biblioteca. Prqgrama para o Desenvolvimento 1996 Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 35p. + anexos. DIPA/WP/86 A Cours dc formation sur lorganisation dune bibliothequc Proeramme pour Ic Dávcloppcmciìt 1996 Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique dc l'Ouest (DIPA) Cotonou. Bénin. 32p.. i- annexes. DIPA/WP/86
Sy. M. S..Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing Community of Joal, 1 996 Senegal. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou Benin, l8p., + annex IDAF/WP/87, S\ M Situation nutritionnelle sccurite alimentaire hvg1ene et salubrite dans la communaute de peche de 1 996 Joal, Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin, 19p., + annexes. DIPA/WP/87
Toura\, I.. Study on Women's Organizations in Brufut and Gunjur Communities and the Factors that Favour 1996 or Impede their Sustainability in the Gambia. Programme for the Integrated Development ofArtisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou. Benin. 4lp.. IDAF/WP/8
Toura. 1..Etude sur les organisations de femmes des communautés de Brufut et Gunjur en Gambie et les i 996 facteurs qui favorisent ou gênent leur pérennité. Programme FAO pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin, 39p. . DIPA/WP/88 Ngo Som JNutritional Condition Food Securlt\ H\giene and Sanitation in the Fishing Communiti o! 1996 Limbe, Cameroon. Program for the Integrated Development ofArtisanalFisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin. 78p. , IDAF/WP/89.
Ngo Som, J., Situation nutritionnelle, sécunté alimentaire, hygiène et salubrité dans la communauté de pêche i 996 de Limbe. Cameroun. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 92p. DIPA/WP/89 Afful. K., et Kébé, M., Fiscal Policy and the Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Ghana and Senegal, Programme 1996 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou. Benin. 37p.. IDAF/WP/90. Afful. K.. et Kébé. M., La politique fiscale et le secteur de la pêche artisanale au Ghana et au Sénégal. 1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 42p., DIPA/WP/90 l-lorenian.s, B., Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications of Subsidies to the Artisanal Fisheries 1996 Sector in West Africa. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 2Op.. IDAF/WP/9 I Floremans. B.. Considérations théoriques et implications pratiques des subventions au secteur de la pêche 1996 artisanale en Afrique dc l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 2 lp.. DIPA/WP/9 I Ndiave, Y.D., Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: the Case of Boat-Owners in Hann, Senegal 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou. Benin. I6p.. IDAF/WP/92. Ndiave. Y.D.. Utilisation des revenus du capital en pêche artisanale: le cas des armateurs de Hann au 1996 Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 2lp., DIPA!WP/92 Touray, I.. Report on Gender Awareness Workshop for Fisheries Officials and Extension Agents 13th- 17th 1996 May 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 67p., IDAF/WP/ 93 Tourav. I., Rapport de l'Atelier dc Sensibilisatioi'i sui les Questions Liées au Genre à l'Attention 1996 des Agents de Pêche et Agents de Vulgarisation, 13 - 17 Mai 1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afnque dc l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin. 70p.. DIPA/WP/93. Williams, S., Economic Role of Women in Fishing Commu.nities: A Case Study of Koko, Nigeria 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou. Benin. 28p.. IDAF/WP/94 \Villiams. S.Rôle Economique des Femmes dans les Communautés de Pêche Le Cas de KoLo Cotonou, 1996 Bénin Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 30p.. IDAF/WP/94. Nic, M., and Jones, R., Peoples Participation and Sustainabilitv Aspects in the fisheries project of Yeji. 1996 Ghana. Cotonou, Benin. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisherìes in West Africa (IDAF) 4 Ip.. IDAF/WP/95 Nie, M.. et Jones, R, Participation des populations et développement durable: le cas du Projet de pêche de 1997 Yeji au Ghana, Cotonou. Bénin, Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 45p.' DIPAIWP/95 Anon., Report of the Tenth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Lome, Togo, 9 -10 December 1996. 1997 Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. lOOp., IDAF/WP/96. Anon:, Rapport de la dixième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Lomé, Togo, 9 - 10 décembre 1997 1996. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. lO7p.. DIPA!WP/96. Horemans, B., and Jallow AM., (eds.) Report of the Workshop on Gender Roles and Issues in Artisanal 1997 Fisheries in West Africa, Lomé, Togo, il-13 December 1996. Cotonou, Benin. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 47p.. IDAF/WP/97 Horemans, B.. et Jallow. AM., (éds.) Rapport de l'atelier sur les rôles des hommes et des femmes et les 1997 questions liées aux rapports entre les hommes et les femmes dans la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, Lomé. Togo, 11 - 13 décembre 1996. Cotonou, Bénin. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 49p., DIPA/WP/97.
Gallene, J.P.. (ed.); Lessons Learned from Training Artisanal Fisheiiiien in West Africa. Programme for the 1997 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 92p.. IDA F/WP/9 8 Gallene. J.P.. (éd.); Enseignements tirés de la formation des pêcheurs artisans en Afrique de l'Ouest. 1997 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin, 9lp., DIPA/WP/98. Jallow AM.. Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Projects 1997 in Sierra Leone, Progranirne for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin. 23p.. IDAF/WP/99.
Il. Manuels de terrain / Field Manuals
Johnson. J.P. et M.P. Wilkie. Pour un développement intégré des pêches artisanales; du bon usage 1988 de participation et de la planification. Cotonou. Projet DIPA, lS'7p. + annexes, Manuel dc TerrainN' 1. Mevnall, P.J.. J.P. Johnson, and M.P. Wilkie, Guide for planning monitoring and evaluation in fisheries 1988 development units. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 116 p., IDAF Field Manual N' 2.
III. IDAF Newsletter / La Lettre du DIPA
IDAF Ncwsletter/Lettfè du DIPA, 1, October/Octobre 1985, 4 p, IDAF Newslettcr/Lcttre du DIPA, 2, January/Janvier 1986, 14 p. IDAF Newslctter/Lettrc du DIPA, 3, Jurie/Juin 1986, 40 p. IDAF Newslcttcr/Lettre du DIPA, 4/5, Scpt./Dec. 1986, 76 p. IDAF Newslcttcr/Lettre du DIPA, 6, September 1987, 58 p. IDAF Newslctter/Lettre du DIPA, 7. June/Juin 1988, 84 p. IDAF Ncvs1ctter/Lettre du DIPA, 8, Junc/Juin 1989, 74 p. IDAF Newslcttcr/Lcttrc du DIPA, 9. October/Octobre 1989, 84 p. IDAF Newslcttcr/Lettre du DIPA.0. August/Août 1990. 84 p. I DA F News letter/Lettre du DI PA.I. Januarv/Jarivier 199 1, 6 P IDA F Newslctter/Lcttre du D! PA. April/Avril 1991, 8 p. 1 DAF Newslctter/Lettre du DI PA, JuIv/Judlet 1991,6 P. IDAF News!etter/Lettre du DIPA. October/January 1992, 12 P. IDAF NevsIetter/Lcttre du DIPA,5, September/Septembre 1992, 85p IDAF Newslctter/Lettre du DIPA. December/Décembre 1992, 3 IP. IDAF Nevs!etter/Lettre du DIPA. March/Mars 1993. 39p. IDAF Ncvs1etter/Lettre du DIPA.8, June/Juin 1993, 38p. IDAF Newsletter/LettreduDIPA,9,September/Septembre 1993, 32p IDAF Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 20,December/Décembre 1993. 28p. IDAF Newslctter/LettreduDIPA, 21,March/Mars 1994, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA. 22,June/Juin 1994, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 23.September/Septembre 1994, 52p IDAF Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 24.December/Décembre 1994. 36p IDAF New sletter/Lettredu DIPA, 25.March/Mars 1995, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA. 26,June/Juin 1995, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA. 27,September/Septembre 1995, 4Op IDA F News letter/Lettredu DIPA. 28,December/Décembre 1995. 32p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 29,March/Mars 1996, 28p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 30,June/Juin 1996, 24p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 3 1,September/Septembre 1996, 28p IDAF/Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 32,December/Décembre 1996, 28p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettredu DIPA, 33,March/Mars 1997, 28p.
Iv. Documents de travail du Projet Modèle, Bénin / Working papers of the Model Project, Benin
Coackley, A.D.R., Report on installation of a diesel inboard motor in a Ghana canoe. Cotonou. Mode! 1988 Project. 7 p, + annexes, PMB/WP/1 (En). Coackley, A.D.R., Installation d'un moteur diesel "inboard" dans une pirogue ghanéenne. Cotonou, 1988 Projet Modèle, 9 p, + annexe, PMB/WP/1 (Fr). Zannou, L.H.. Etudes technico-économiques des fours améliorées pour le fumage de poisson en 1988 République Populaire du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 8 p. + 6 tableaux, PMB/WP/2. Atti-Mama. C., et M. Raïs, Etude démographique des communautés cibles du projet Modèle Bénin. 1988 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 20 p. + 10 annexes, PMB/WP/3. Jorion, P., Non-monetary distribution of fish as food in Beninois small-scale fishing villages and its 1988 importance for auto-consumption. Cotonou, Model Project. 26p.. PMB/WP/4. Tanimomo, PF., Catalogue des engins de pêche maritime artisanale du Bemn. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 1989 46 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/4, PMB/WP/5. Tanimomo, P F., Rapport de consultation sur la formation des jeunes pêcheurs de I'U'NICOOPEMA 1989 à Lomé. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p. + 6 annexes, PMB/WP/6.
Atti Mama, C,Impact socio-économique de la piste Pahou-Kpota. Cotonou, Projet Modèle. 10 p. 1989 + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/7.
Ahouanmènou.C, C. Atti-Mama, B. Houndékon, D. Tempelman et D. Turcotte, Animation, gestion 1989 et planification, séance de travail avec les agents de terrain. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 142 p, + annexes, PMB/WP/8. Atti-Mama, CD. Turcotte, et W. Wentholt, Evaluation interne des activités du projet modèle Bénin 1989 dans le secteur de Ouidah. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 36 p. + 7 annexes, PMB/WP/9. Tempelman, D., The participatory approach in an integrated artisanal fisheries project; structuring 1989 community development - womens activities. Cotonou, Model Project, 43 p., PMB/WP/ 10. Landry. J., Cours d'alphabétisatïon fonctionnelle en calcul. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 59 p. + 3 annexes 1989 PMB/WP/ll. Landrv. Jand D. Tcrnpclman, Functional literacy. Training Guide for a numeracv course. Cotonou. Mode! Project. 53 p.3 annexcs. PMB/WP/1 I
Atti-Mama, C.Systèmes traditionnels et modernes d'épargne et de crédit en milieu pêcheur au Bénin 1990 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 41 p. + annexes. PMB/WP/12. Sènouvo. P. Statistiques de pêches des villages du Projet Modèle Année 1987. Cotonou, Projet Modèle. 1990 33p., PMB/WP/13. Sheves. G i.. PT. Holler and P.F. Tanimomo, Report on demonstration with echo-sounders, compas 1990 ses and multimono gil!nets in Ghana. Cotonou, Mode! Project, 22 p., PMBIWP /14. Coack!ev. A.D R., and G.T. Sheves, A review of the experimental introduction of diese! inboard 1990 motors to Ghana canoes. Cotonou. Model Project. 4lp., PMB/WP/15. IJff, AM. et DE. Tempelman, Etude sur les relations entre les captures de poisson et !état nutri 1990 tionnel des communautés de pêcheurs dans la province du Mono, au Bénin. Cotonou. Projet Modèle. 27 p.. PMB/WP/16. Sènouvo, A Pet AA. Gbaguidi, Recueil des données statistiques des pêches maritimes au Bénin. 1990 Période de 1984 à 1989. Cotonou. Projet Modèle, l34p.. PMB/WP/17. Houndékon, B.R.,Initiativelocale et développement: Expérience des communautés de pêcheurs .1990 marins du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modè!e, 17 p.. PMB/WP/18, Le Gurun, J.F.. La section de tecimique des pêches. Cotonou, Projet Modè!e, 43 p., PMB/WP/19. 1991 FAQ/Government Cooperative Programme, Integrated Deve!opment of Small-Scale Fisheries in West 199! Africa, Model Project Benin, Project findings and recommendations. FAO, Rome. FI:GCP/RAF/l98/DEN Termina! Report. 34p. Programme de Coopération FAO/Gouvernements. Développement Intégré de la pêche artisanale en 1991 Afrique de l'Ouest, Projet Modèle Bénin. Conclusions et recommandations du Projet. FAO. Rome, FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Rapport terminal, 40 p.