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T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ SEYHAN BARAJ GÖLÜ (ADANA)’NÜN SUYUNDA, SEDİMENTİNDE VE GÖLDE YAŞAYAN SAZAN (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758)’IN BAZI DOKU VE ORGANLARINDAKİ AĞIR METAL BİRİKİMİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI Ozan GÜLDİREN Danışman Prof. Dr. Selda TEKİN ÖZAN YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ISPARTA‐2017 © 2017 [Ozan GÜLDİREN] TEZ ONAYI Ozan GÜLDİREN tarafından hazırlanan "Seyhan Baraj Gölü (Adana)’nün suyunda, sedimentinde ve gölde yaşayan sazan (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758)’ın bazı doku ve organlarındaki ağır metal birikiminin araştırılması" adlı tez çalışması aşağıdaki jüri üyeleri önünde Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı’nda YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ olarak başarı ile savunulmuştur. Danışman Prof. Dr. Selda TEKİN ÖZAN .............................. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Jüri Üyesi Doç. Dr. Fatma GÜRBÜZ .............................. Aksaray Üniversitesi Jüri Üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ömer ERDOĞAN .............................. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Enstitü Müdürü Prof. Dr. Yasin TUNCER .............................. TAAHHÜTNAME Bu tezin akademik ve etik kurallara uygun olarak yazıldığını ve kullanılan tüm literatür bilgilerinin referans gösterilerek tezde yer aldığını beyan ederim. Ozan GÜLDİREN İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................................................ i ÖZET ........................................................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... iii TEŞEKKÜR ........................................................................................................................................... iv ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ............................................................................................................................... v ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ......................................................................................................................... vi SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .....................................................................................vii 1.GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Ağır Metallerin Genel Özellikleri ............................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Ağır metalin tanımı ve özellikleri .................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Ağır metal kirliliğine yol açan nedenler ..................................................... 6 1.1.3. Ağır metallerin sudaki birikimi ...................................................................... 9 1.1.4. Ağır metallerin sedimentte birikimi ............................................................ 9 1.1.6. Ağır metallerin balıklar tarafından birikmesi ....................................... 15 1.1.7. Ağır metallerin toksik etkisi ......................................................................... 17 1.1.8. Ağır metallerin sucul canlılara etkisi ........................................................ 18 1.1.9. Ağır metallerin zehirliliğini etkileyen faktörler ................................... 19 1.1.10. Çalışılan metallerin özellikleri .................................................................. 21 1.1.10.1. Kadmiyum (Cd) ................................................................................... 21 1.1.10.2. Krom (Cr) ............................................................................................... 23 1.1.10.3. Bakır (Cu) .............................................................................................. 24 1.1.10.4. Demir (Fe) ............................................................................................. 27 1.1.10.5. Mangan (Mn) ........................................................................................ 28 1.1.10.6. Molibden (Mo) ..................................................................................... 29 1.1.10.7. Nikel (Ni)................................................................................................ 31 1.1.10.8. Kurşun (Pb) .......................................................................................... 32 1.1.10.9. Selenyum (Se) ...................................................................................... 35 1.1.10.10. Çinko (Zn) ........................................................................................... 36 3.MATERYAL VE METOD ............................................................................................................. 46 3.1. Araştırma Alanı .............................................................................................................. 46 3.2. Sazan (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)’ın Genel Özellikleri .................... 48 3.3. Arazi Çalışmaları ............................................................................................................ 50 3.4. Laboratuar Çalışmaları ve Metal Analizi ............................................................. 50 3.5. İstatistiksel Analizler ................................................................................................... 52 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI ....................................................................................................... 53 4.1. Standart Referans Materyaller ................................................................................ 53 4.2. Seyhan Baraj Gölü Suyunda Belirlenen Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları . 55 4.3.Seyhan Baraj Gölü’nün Sedimentinde Belirlenen Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları ......................................................................................................... 58 4.4. Sazanın Bazı Doku ve Organlarında Belirlenen Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları ......................................................................................................... 61 5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ .............................................................................................................. 69 5.1. Tartışma ............................................................................................................................ 69 5.2. Sonuç ................................................................................................................................... 79 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ........................................................................................................................................ 104 i ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi SEYHAN BARAJ GÖLÜ (ADANA)’NÜN SUYUNDA, SEDİMENTİNDE VE GÖLDE YAŞAYAN SAZAN (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758)’IN BAZI DOKU VE ORGANLARINDAKİ AĞIR METAL BİRİKİMİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI Ozan GÜLDİREN Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Selda TEKİN ÖZAN Ekim 2014 ile Temmuz 2015 tarihleri arasında yapılan bu çalışmada Seyhan Baraj Gölü’nün suyunda, sedimentinde ve gölde yaşayan sazan (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758)’ın kas, karaciğer ve solungaçlarındaki bazı ağır metallerin (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb ve Zn) konsantrasyonlarının tespit edilmesi, doku ve organlardaki metal birikimi ile balık boyu ve ağırlığı arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Suda yapılan analizler sonucunda en fazla biriken metalin Fe, en az biriken metalin ise Cd olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sudaki metal miktarlarının genel olarak yaz mevsiminde arttığı saptanmıştır. Sediment örneklerinde yapılan analizler sonucunda tüm metaller belirlenmiştir. Sedimentte yapılan analizler sonucunda en fazla biriken metal Fe iken, en az biriken metalin ise Cd olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sedimentteki metal m,ktarları genelde yaz mevsiminde artış göstermiştir. Sazanın kas, karaciğer ve solungaçlarında yapılan metal analizleri sonucunda ise tüm metaller her dokuda tespit edilmiştir. Metallerin karaciğer dokusunda kas ve solungaca göre daha fazla birikim gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Balıklardaki metal seviyeleri ile balıkların ağırlık ve boyları arasında doku ve metale göre değişmekle beraber negatif ve pozitif ilişkiler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Seyhan Baraj Gölü, Sazan, ağır metal, birikim, su kirliliği 2017, 104 Sayfa ii ABSTRACT M. Sc. Thesis INVESTIGETION OF HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND SOME TISSUES AND ORGANS OF CARP (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) INHABITING SEYHAN DAM LAKE Ozan GÜLDİREN Süleyman Demirel University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Selda TEKİN ÖZAN This study which was carried out between October 2014 – July 2015 aimed to determine the seasonal variations of some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in water, sediment and muscle, liver and gill of carp, the relationship between metal levels in tissue and organs with fish weight and lenght. As a result of analysis in water Cd was not determined in autumn, spring and winter. Fe was the highest and Cd was the lowest in water. It had been determind that the metal levels in water increased in summer. All metals were determined in all seasons as a result analysis. Heavy metals levels in sediment was increased in summer generally. Fe was the highest and Cd was the lowest in sediment as a result of analysis. All of the heavy metals in carp determined in all tissues. The highest metal levels were found in liver compared
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