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Limnetica, 40(1): 57-78 (2021). DOI: 10.23818/limn.40.05 © Asociación Ibérica de Limnología, Madrid. Spain. ISSN: 0213-8409 Redescription of Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) and Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863) from neotypes, with special reference to their distinction from Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892) and its invasion of Eurasia Victor R. Alekseev1,*, Maria R. Miracle2,†, Maria Sahuquillo2,3 and Eduardo Vicente2 1 Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. 2 Department of Microbiology and Ecology, ICBiBE, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. 3 Subdirecció General del Medi Natural, Generalitat Valenciana, València, Spain. † Deceased * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 02/04/19 Accepted: 08/01/20 ABSTRACT Redescription of Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) and Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863) from neotypes, with special reference to their distinction from Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892) and its invasion of Eurasia This paper provides a redescription of Acanthocyclops vernalis and A. robustus neotypes collected in their type localities in Russia (Orlov pond, Peterhof) and Norway (a stream outcoming from a lake in Oslo) with a special attention to their morphologi- cal differentiation from A. americanus. Due to overmixing of these species throughout most of the last century and fast arrival and spreading of the aggressive planktonic predator A. americanus, all previous indications of A. robustus should be checked and confirmed. More than 200 localities in Valencia region (Spain) and more than 30 localities in Armenia, Belgium, Egypt, Finland, France, Kazakhstan, Norway, Russia, Sweden and Tunisia were checked for the presence of A. americanus. In all these countries the invader was found in large numbers as dominant species often substituting other native Acanthocyclops species in limnetic communities. A brief history and possible explanation of the successful invasion of A. americanus in Eurasia is discussed. Key words: Acanthocyclops robustus; Acanthocyclops vernalis; Acanthocyclops redescriptions; cyclopoid taxonomy; Acanth- ocyclops americanus; biological invasion, distribution in Eurasia RESUMEN Redescripción de los neotipos de Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) y Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863), con especial atención a sus diferencias morfológicas con Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892) y su invasión en Eurasia Este trabajo proporciona una nueva descripción de los neotipos de A. vernalis y A. robustus recopilados en sus localidades tipo en Rusia (estanque de Orlov, Peterhof) y Noruega (una corriente que sale de un lago en Oslo), con especial atención a su diferenciación morfológica respecto a A. americanus. Debido a la mezcla de estas especies prácticamente durante todo el siglo pasado y la rápida llegada del agresivo depredador planctónico A. americanus, todas las indicaciones anteriores de presencia de A. robustus deben verificarse y confirmarse. Se estudia la presencia de A. americanus en más de 200 localidades en la región de Valencia (España) y más de 30 ubicaciones en Armenia, Bélgica, Egipto, Finlandia, Francia, Kazajstán, Noruega, Rusia, Suecia y Túnez. En todos estos países, la especie invasora se encontró en grandes cantidades y como forma dominante, a menudo sustituyendo a las especies nativas de Acanthocyclops en las comunidades limnéticas. También se presenta una breve historia y posible explicación de la exitosa invasión de A. americanus en Eurasia. Palabras clave: Acanthocyclops robustus; Acanthocyclops vernalis; redescripción de Acanthocyclops; taxonomía de ciclópi- dos; Acanthocyclops americanus; invasión biológica, distribución en Eurasia Redescription of Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) and Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863) from neotypes, with special reference to their distinction from Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892) and its invasion of Eurasia Victor R. Alekseev1,*, Maria R. Miracle2,†, Maria Sahuquillo2,3 and Eduardo Vicente2 1 Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. 2 Department of Microbiology and Ecology, ICBiBE, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. 3 Subdirecció General del Medi Natural, Generalitat Valenciana, València, Spain. † Deceased * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 02/04/19 Accepted: 08/01/20 ABSTRACT Redescription of Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) and Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863) from neotypes, with special reference to their distinction from Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892) and its invasion of Eurasia This paper provides a redescription of Acanthocyclops vernalis and A. robustus neotypes collected in their type localities in Russia (Orlov pond, Peterhof) and Norway (a stream outcoming from a lake in Oslo) with a special attention to their morphologi- cal differentiation from A. americanus. Due to overmixing of these species throughout most of the last century and fast arrival and spreading of the aggressive planktonic predator A. americanus, all previous indications of A. robustus should be checked and confirmed. More than 200 localities in Valencia region (Spain) and more than 30 localities in Armenia, Belgium, Egypt, Finland, France, Kazakhstan, Norway, Russia, Sweden and Tunisia were checked for the presence of A. americanus. In all these countries the invader was found in large numbers as dominant species often substituting other native Acanthocyclops species in limnetic communities. A brief history and possible explanation of the successful invasion of A. americanus in Eurasia is discussed. Key words: Acanthocyclops robustus; Acanthocyclops vernalis; Acanthocyclops redescriptions; cyclopoid taxonomy; Acanth- ocyclops americanus; biological invasion, distribution in Eurasia RESUMEN Redescripción de los neotipos de Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) y Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863), con especial atención a sus diferencias morfológicas con Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892) y su invasión en Eurasia Este trabajo proporciona una nueva descripción de los neotipos de A. vernalis y A. robustus recopilados en sus localidades tipo en Rusia (estanque de Orlov, Peterhof) y Noruega (una corriente que sale de un lago en Oslo), con especial atención a su diferenciación morfológica respecto a A. americanus. Debido a la mezcla de estas especies prácticamente durante todo el siglo pasado y la rápida llegada del agresivo depredador planctónico A. americanus, todas las indicaciones anteriores de presencia de A. robustus deben verificarse y confirmarse. Se estudia la presencia de A. americanus en más de 200 localidades en la región de Valencia (España) y más de 30 ubicaciones en Armenia, Bélgica, Egipto, Finlandia, Francia, Kazajstán, Noruega, Rusia, Suecia y Túnez. En todos estos países, la especie invasora se encontró en grandes cantidades y como forma dominante, a menudo sustituyendo a las especies nativas de Acanthocyclops en las comunidades limnéticas. También se presenta una breve historia y posible explicación de la exitosa invasión de A. americanus en Eurasia. Palabras clave: Acanthocyclops robustus; Acanthocyclops vernalis; redescripción de Acanthocyclops; taxonomía de ciclópi- dos; Acanthocyclops americanus; invasión biológica, distribución en Eurasia 58 Alekseev et al. 59 INTRODUCTION cyclopid population which is not enough nowa- between them and A. americanus or some other MATERIALS AND METHODS days when molecular-genetic tools have clearly similar species of Acanthocyclops. Acanthocycops americanus (Marsh, 1892) a corroborated that the morphologically different This paper provides a redescription of A. 1.- Morphological description of A. ameri- planktonic cyclopid first described from the populations belong to the same species. Even vernalis and A. robustus from the type localities canus Great Lakes in Northern America was found excellent morphologists in XXI century cannot with a special attention to differentiation from A. soon after by Lowndes (1926, 1928a) in Great ignore results of molecular-genetic species americanus. In addition, we provide new Morphological description of A. americanus had Britain and later on in several other countries of validation that was confirmed for this Acantho- ecological features on A. americanus biology been done on material from terra typica, obtained the Old World (Dussart, 1967; Monchenko, cyclops robustus - vernalis complex recently and current distribution based, first, on exten- from Prof. Stainly Dodson, Wisconsin USA (Mir- 1961; Alekseev & Kosova, 1976). It became the (Błędzki & Rybak, 2016). A good example could sive European samplings and, second, on inten- acle et al., 2013). Hereafter we have used neotype first documented invasive copepod species be found in Cyclops abyssorum group: many sive and detailed samplings over a single Medi- specimens of two morphologically close species transported from the Americas to Europe. In the local populations of this group were described as terranean area, Valencia region, as a case study. which consist of: 10 ♂ and 20 ♀ of A. vernalis last century it was also found in limnetic com- separate species but in direct hybridization Both based on collection from authors and using selected from a sample taken in April 1998 in munities throughout Eurasia. After Kiefer’s experiment of Einsle (1996) easily crossed with the morphological differentiation detailed in the Orlov pond,
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  • Taming Extreme Morphological Variability Through Coupling of Molecular Phylogeny and Quantitative Phenotype Analysis As a New Av

    Taming Extreme Morphological Variability Through Coupling of Molecular Phylogeny and Quantitative Phenotype Analysis As a New Av

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Taming extreme morphological variability through coupling of molecular phylogeny and Received: 18 April 2018 Accepted: 11 January 2019 quantitative phenotype analysis as Published: xx xx xxxx a new avenue for taxonomy Tomislav Karanovic1 & Martin Bláha 2 Identifcation of animals is often hindered by decoupling of phenotypic and molecular evolutionary rates. The Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) complex is arguably the most problematic group of cyclopoids and possibly of all copepods, with diversity estimates based on morphology ranging from 2 to 34 taxa. We reconstructed their phylogeny based on one nuclear and three mitochondrial markers, revealing only four species in the Holarctic and always the following sister-species pairs: vernalis–europensis sp. nov. and robustus–americanus. Landmarks for quantitative shape analyses were collected from 147 specimens on fve structures commonly used to delineate cyclopoids. Procrustes ANOVA showed small directional asymmetry in all datasets, but large sexual dimorphism in shape and size. Allometry was also highly signifcant. Principal component analyses of size-corrected data almost completely separated species in morphospace based on the last exopodal and endopodal segments of the fourth leg. These two structures showed the highest amount of covariation, while modularity could not be proven and a phylogenetic signal was only observed in one structure. Spinules and sensilla have a limited use in delineating species here. Calculating mean shapes and the extent of inter and intraspecifc phenotypic variability opens new horizons for modern taxonomy. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics (LBGM) is an emerging feld of biology1,2, increasingly frequently employed in studies from the broader context of ecology and evolution3, biogeography4, and developmental biology5.
  • The Crustacean Communities of River Tagus Reservoirs

    The Crustacean Communities of River Tagus Reservoirs

    37 THE CRUSTACEAN COMMUNITIES OF RIVER TAGUS RESERVOIRS. ZOOPLANKTON STRUCTURE AS RESERVOIR TROPHIC STATE INDICATOR Maria-Jos6 Caramujo and Maria-Jos6 Boavida' Dept. Zoologia and Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de CiEncias, Univ. Lisboa Campo Grande C2. 1749-016 Lisboa. Portugal. [email protected] 1 - To whom correspondence should be addressed. ABSTRACT Ten reservoirs of the Tagus River Basin were studied during three years to assess their trophic state. Seasonal abundance of zooplankton was followed. Species composition and food web structure were analysed to relate abundance and proportion of certain species or groups of species to reservoir trophic state. Low zooplankton concentration and high water transparency values were associated with high ratio of calanoids to cyclopoids and the presence of large Daphnia populations. High Acantlzocyclops robustus density was associated with large populations of Bosmina in the most eutrophic reservoirs. Key words: Copidadiaptomus numidicus, Thermocyclops dybowskii, Acanthocyclops robustus, Calanoid-Cyclopoid interac- tions, zooplankton, crustaceans, reservoirs, trophic state index, seasonal dynamics. RESUMEN Dumnte tres aAos .se ha estudiudo los cambios estucionales en In abunrluncia del zooplmcton de diez ~~mbalsesde In cueiicu del rio Rigus con la,fiualidad de establecer su estudo trcjfico. Pnru ello se hn estudiado Ia cornposicicin de especies y la estruc- tura de la cadena trdjicn. Los resultados ohtenidos han perrnitido relacionar la abundancin de ciertas especies o grupos de especies con el estado trcificn de 10.7 embalses. Asi, la buja concentracidn de zooplaneton y la elevada transparencia del ugua estun asociudos a un cociente calanoides/cicl(ipidos elevado y U lu presencia de grundes poblaciones de Daphnia.