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Copepoda : Cyclopoida

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Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 1985, 36, 615-34 Revision of the Australian Cyclopidae (Copepoda :Cyclopoida). I Acanthocyclops Kiefer, Diacyclops Kiefer and Australocyclops, gen. nov. D. W. Morton Department of Zoology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3168. Abstract The Australian species of Acanthocyclops Kiefer, Diacyclops Kiefer and Australocyclops,gen. nov. are revised and the following species are recognized: Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars),Diacyclops bisetosus (Rehburg), D. cryonastes, sp. nov., Australocyclops australis (Sars),A. palustrium, sp. nov. and A. similis, sp. nov. All are described, figured and discussed and keys are provided for their identification. Introduction Despite the common occurrence of Cyclopidae in Australian inland waters, works relating to the taxonomy of this group have appeared only infrequently and are scattered throughout the literature. The first cyclopids recorded from Australia, Cyclops macleayi and Cyclops australis, were described by Dana (1847) and King (1855), respectively. The former of these species is now considered unrecognizable. The latter was redescribed by Sars (1896), who also recorded the presence of a further five species from the vicinity of Sydney. Subsequent authors (Sars 1908; Smith 1909; Breinl19 11; Henry 19 19, 1922; Lindberg 1948; Brehm 1950, 1953; Chappuis 195 1) described or recorded species from various parts of the continent, thereby raising the number of recorded nomina to 20. Lindberg (1953)briefly reviewed these and listed the 14 species that he considered valid, the others being either reduced in synonymy or else considered to be of uncertain taxonomic status. Since that time, only three further taxonomic papers pertaining to the Australian Cyclopidae have appeared (Kiefer 1967, 1969, 198 1); these added a further six species, bringing the total of known, apparently valid, species to 20, which remained the total number until the commencement of the present study. Considering the area of the Australian continent, and its diverse climatic and hydrological conditions, the low number of species known from the country would be remarkable, particularly when one considers that 47 species or subspecies are known from Great Britain alone (Gurney 1933). However, as Lindberg (1953) surmised, and as indicated in a preliminary way by Bayly and Morton (1978), this lack of species is more apparent than real, due mainly to the lack of collections from large parts of the continent and from a sufficient variety of habitats. This paper is the first of a series that will deal comprehensively with the Australian Cyclopidae. A large number of collections from a greatly increased proportion of the continent (compared with the extent of previous sampling) has been examined. The cyclopids from these collections and from museum material where available are described, 0067-19401851040615SO2.00 D. W. Morton or redescribed, and discussed where appropriate. The Australian cyclopid fauna is now known to comprise at least 56 species, of which approximately 30 will be newly described in this series of papers. Methods Much of the material studied was collected by the author. Further material was loaned or given to the author by many people who are acknowledged in the lists of material examined-where the collector of the material is not named, the author was the collector. Type or museum material has also been examined where available. Except where otherwise indicated, all specimens listed under Material Examined are stored in the Department of Zoology, Monash University. Type specimens of newly described species have been lodged with the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (MVM). All of these specimens have been studied under the microscope and most have been dissected and mounted in PVA-lactophenol mountant using the methods of Hamond (1969). All drawings were made using a camera lucida attachment on a Wild M20 microscope. Total body length, defined as the distance from the anterior edge of the prosome to the end of the caudal rami, was measured mid-dorsally at 80 x magnification and is given to the nearest 0.01 mm. No allowance for telescoping of body somites has been made but damaged specimens have been omitted. The lengths of various appendages were measured at I00 x , 200 x or, most commonly, 450 x magnification. The caudal rami were measured ventrally: the length was measured from the point of insertion on the anal somite along the outer margin as far as the distalmost point; the width is the greatest width. no matter at what level. The length and width of the terminal segment of the fourth endopod are the greatest dimensions of this segment. Synonymies given for most species are limited to the original description and subsequent comprehensive works. Accounts of the males are supplementary to those of the conspecific females; only some sexually dimorphic characters are considered. Morphology and Terminology The terminology adopted here to differentiate the major divisions of the cyclopid body is that of Sars (1901) as amended by Gooding (1957) who defined, inter alia, the following: prosome: the anterior region of the body, limited posteriorly by the major articulation; cephalothorax: the head region including, in addition to the maxillipedal somite, pedigerous somites in a fused complex; metasome: those free pedigerous somites in front of the major articulation; urosome: that part of the body behind the major articulation. In the Cyclopidae, the major articulation occurs between the fifth and sixth thoracic somites. The prosome, therefore, comprises the cephalothorax [which bears the antennules (Al), antennae (A2), mandibles (Md), maxillules (Mxl),maxillae (Mx),maxillipedes (Mxp), and the first pair of swimming legs (PI)]and the metasome [comprising the third to fifth thoracic somites, each of which bears a pair of swimming legs (P2-4)]. The urosome consists of the sixth and seventh thoracic somites and the four abdominal somites. The sixth thoracic somite, henceforth referred to as the first urosomal somite to avoid confusion, bears the fifth leg (P5) ventrolaterally. In adult males, the seventh thoracic somite (or second urosomal somite) bears the sixth leg (P6) ventrolaterally. In adult females, the seventh thoracic and first abdominal somites are fused to form a single large genital somite, which bears the seminal receptacle and the genital opening. The urosome of the female, therefore, comprises one somite fewer than does that of the male. The terminal urosomal somite (the anal somite) bears, dorsally, the subterminal anus, which is overhung by the variously developed anal operculum and, terminally, a pair of unsegmented setiferous caudal rami (CR). The four pairs of swimming legs (PI-4) are of similar construction. Each leg consists of two wide proximal segments (coxa and basis) and two rami: an exopodite (Re) and an endopodite (Ri). The coxae of each pair of legs are united by a hyaline membrane termed the intercoxal plate. The rami consist, at most, of three segments each, although fewer may be present. Where reference to these segments is required, they are numbered serially from the basal segment so that, for example, P4Ri3 refers to the third (or terminal) segment of the endopodite of P4. A spine is always present on the outer margin of Re1 and Re2 of PI-4, whereas the outer margin of Ril and Ri2 of these legs is always bare. The remainder of the armature is described by means of the 'armature pattern' so that an abbreviation such as: P1 1.1.53 1.2.41 1, indicates that the PI bears one seta on the inner margin of each of Re1 and Re2 and five setae on the inner margin and three spines on the outer margin of Re3; similarly, one inner seta is borne on Ril, two on Ri2 and four inner setae, one Revision of Australian Cyclopidae. I terminal spine and one outer seta on Ri3. The spine formula refers to the number of spines on the terminal segment of Re of P1-4. A spine formula of 3433 indicates that P1, P3 and P4 bear three spines on this segment while P2 bears four. Taxonomy Genus Acanthocyclops Kiefer Cyclops (partim). Sars, 1918, pp. 40-6. Cyclops (Megacyclops) Kiefer, 1927, p. 305; Kiefer, 1928a, p. 545; Kiefer, 1929, pp. 52-4; Yeatman, 1944, p. 3. Cyclops (Acanthocyclops) Kiefer, 1927, pp. 305-6; Kiefer, 1928a, pp. 545-6; Kiefer, 1929, pp. 54-8; Yeatman, 1944, pp. 3-4. Cyclops (Acanthocyclops) (partim). Gurney, 1933, pp. 182-2 18. Megacyclops. Kiefer, 1937, p. 421. Acanthocyclops. Kiefer, 1937, p. 421; Dussart, 1969, pp. 122-44. Acanthocyclops (partim). Rylov, 1948, pp. 210-38. A1 of female 1 1- to 17-segmented, without hyaline membrane or spinule row on distal segments. Rami of P1-4 3-segmented. P4Ri3 with 2 terminal spines. P5 2-segmented; proximal segment with seta at outer corner; distal segment with long apical outer seta and with short inner spine situated apically or subapically on inner edge and no longer than about 1 length of segment. Type species: Cyclops vernalis Fischer, 1853. Only one species is known from Australia. Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars) (Figs la-le) Cyclops robustus Sars, 1862, p. 245; Lilljeborg, 1901, p. 19; Sars, 1918, p. 45. Cyclops vernalis Fischer (partim). Schmeil, 1892, p. 88; Gurney, 1933, pp. 198-204 Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars). Kiefer, 1929, p. 55; Kiefer, 1976, pp. 96-100. Acanthocyclops vernalis var. robustus (Sars). Rylov, 1948, p. 226. Description Female Length 1.23-1.70 mm. Prosome robust, ovate, slightly less than twice as long as wide and twice as long as urosome. Tergite of 4th prosomal somite conspicuously produced dorsolaterally, sharply pointed. 1st urosomal somite much wider than genital somite, produced laterally into slightly recurved point. Genital somite about as long as greatest width, widest anteriorly; lateral outline not angulate but evenly curved. Distal margins of genital and 2 succeeding somites with small irregular denticles ventrally, smooth dorsally. Anal somite with row of spinules around base of each caudal ramus ventrally.
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