DOCSLIB.ORG

Globalization and Tourism: Study Case Romania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Munich Personal RePEc Archive Globalization and Tourism: Study case Romania Rotariu, Ilie 2007 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19837/ MPRA Paper No. 19837, posted 13 Jan 2010 23:53 UTC Ilie ROTARIU GLOBALIZATION AND TOURISM Study case: Romania Editura „ALMA MATER” Sibiu 2007 1 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României ROTARIU, ILIE Globalization and tourism: study case Romania / Ilie Rotariu, - Sibiu: Alma Mater, 2008 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-973-632-422-2 338 (100:498):338:48 © all rights reserved to the author 2008 No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means without permission from the author. „Alma Mater” Printing House Sibiu Str. Aurel Vlaicu, nr.1, Sibiu – 550327 – România Tel. 0269-234332, 0722219414 Fax. 0269-234332 www.editura-amsibiu.ro e-mail: [email protected] 2 I printed this book in 2004 for the Romanians' benefit. Not quite successfully! I have had it translated into English to whom it might concern. Sibiu, August 2008 English version by Alexandru Danciu Note: the chapter 1.5 is my faculty graduation paper in 1975 (except the comments on later periods). That time it was not noticed; it has paid back now. 3 In heaven, the famous generals of the world, Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, etc. are zealously serving the greatest general of all times: a shoemaker in Colorado. For as long as he lived, there was no war in Colorado… After a Mark Twain sketch 4 Introduction pag Part I 1. The contemporary world economic system and the projection of several specific phenomena pag. 12 1.1 Fundamental changes in economics intimate structure pag. 14 1.1.1 Terrorism: major short – term modifications pag. 20 1.2 The technological-scientific and cultural revolutions. Their effects on human civilization and the impact on economic systems pag 22 1.3 Fordism: The dawn of a new economy pag 24 1.4 Economics: The peace – war – peace cycle. A horizontal cycle? pag 30 1.5 A few considerations regarding contemporary culture: culture as a production factor pag 39 1.5.1 Culture as a sector of economic life pag 40 1.5.2 The implications of the scientific and technical revolutions on culture pag 41 1.5.3 Culture structure pag 45 1.5.4 Contemporary particularities of culture pag 47 1.5.5 Monopolizing culture pag. 52 1.5.6 UNESCO cultural policies pag 5 1.5.7 Particularities due to the object of trading with commerce and art pag 1.5.8 "The multiplying effect” of cultural products pag 59 1.5.9 Culture support: what does the future hold pag 61 1.6 Semantically and contents facts pag64 2. Globalization: premises, evolution, characteristics, possible future incursion pag 71 2.1 Conceptual evolution pag 71 2.2 Major means of manifestation pag 77 2.3 General and particular characteristics pag 79 2.3.1 “Experiences economy”: the new economy pag 83 2.4 State role in the market and transition economies pag 85 2.5 Global technocracy pag 86 2.6 A possible diagnostic on the contemporary economy and globalization pag.90 3. International tourism: globalization expression and argument: Predictable tendencies of its evolution pag 93 3.1 A few definitive characteristics of globalization in tourism pag 96 3.2 From traveling to tourism (a brief “history”) pag 97 3.3 Barriers regarding international tourism pag 106 3.4 Tourism as a social contract pag 108 5 3.5 The evolution of organizing "tourist destinations", a consequence of global tourism pag 109 3.6 “trader” tourism – a characteristic of tourism between major political changes pag 113 3.7 International tourism: actual and predictable tendencies pag 113 3.7.1 Present and future in tourism pag 114 3.7.2 Tourist motivation pag 129 3.8 International tourist activity: global activity by excellence pag 142 3.8.1 The hotel sector pag 143 3.8.2 Restoration pag 148 3.8.3 The aerial sector pag 152 3.8.4 Tour-operators pag 158 3.8.5 Labor force pag 160 3.8.6 Information and communication technologies pag 163 3.9 Transnational institutions and international rules pag 165 3.9.1 World Tourism Organization pag 166 3.9.2 World Council for Traveling and Tourism pag 169 3.9.3 Commercial and professional structure in the international tourism world pag 170 3.10 Technocrats pag 176 3.11 Tourism as mass-media pag 177 3.11.1 Determinations imposed by “tourism” pag 178 3.11.2 How do we understand “mass - media” pag 178 3.11.3 Tourism as mass-media: pag 178 3.11.4 Major predictable mutations in the near and far future. Tourism at the horizon of the 21st century pag 182 3.11.5 Tourism as mass-media; possible contributions in devising European strategies pag 183 3.12 Subterranean Tourism pag 183 3.13 The need to organize compatible comparisons on statistical basis pag 185 3.14 Evolutions regarding the quality of tourism services pag 189 3.15 Sustainable tourism pag 192 Part II 3. Romanian economy in the globalization age: exigencies, restrictions pag 194 4.1 Romania in data and numbers pag 194 4.2 The long path from socialism to capitalism: transition pag 200 4.3 What keeps us stalemated: isolation pag 209 4.4 Principles, exigencies, restrictions regarding globalization pag 213 5. Romanian Tourism: exigencies and restrictions from a global perspective pag 215 5.1 A brief post-Decembrist history of Romanian tourism pag 223 5.2 The “safe destination” concept (the image of Romania as a destination) pag 225 5.3 Tourism “Theory” as a chance of economic advancement during transition pag 228 5.4 The general tourism infrastructure: exigencies and restrictions in worldwide competition pag 232 6 5.4.1 The transport system: incoming, outgoing, domestic pag 233 5.4.2 The lodging system: the business subsystem, resting, treatment, social, compensating, agro-tourism, rural tourism, tourist boards), etc. pag 241 5.4.4 Personnel pag 265 5.5 Tourist circulation (incoming, outgoing, domestic): a comparative evolution: past – present – perspectives, its place in global flows pag 271 5.6 Integrating Romanian tourism in global structures: multinational structures, Para state structures, regional and professional structures, etc pag 280 The future: an enigma or a certainty pag 282 Addenda pag 287 Bibliography pag 294 Annexes: 1-25 pag 303 Acronyms’ list pag 7 Introduction: idealistic circumscription …Febvre and Martin said, in “L`appariton du livre”, that paper manufacturing soared in the 11th century, due to the discovery of a way to transform “circular movement into alternative movement”. It was about passing from mills to hammers… which mean decomposing continuous operations into fragmented operations. What did Guttenberg invented? Payson Usher – (History of Mechanical Inventions) says: “Unfortunately a certain answer may not be given, because we are not in the possession of a document which makes reference to the specifications of the printing of the first book.” In the same fashion, Ford also doesn’t have a specific document regarding the production of its first automobiles. A.N. Whitehead wrote in Science and the Modern World (page 141), regarding past times: “The greatest invention of the 19th century was, the invention of the inventing method. A new method was born. To understand our age, we must neglect the details of current innovations, such as rail roads, telegraph, and radio, sewing machines, synthetic colors. We must focus on the method itself…” The invention method consists of, as Edgar Poe proved in the Philosophy of Composition of starting with the solution of the problem or the effect that you mean to produce. From here on, you turn back, step by step, to the beginning point, in order to find the solution…A new step was needed, which was made in the 20th century. We do not return from the product to the starting point, rather we follow the process itself, isolated from the product. To follow the borders of the process, like in psychoanalysis is the only way to avoid the consequences of the process, which are either nervosa or psychosis. “I must repeat that what concerns me is the process of separating senses which allows the detribalization of men. If this social detribalization and affirmation of the individual is “a good thing”, it is not for me to decide…” In short, Harold Innis (Empire Communications) was the first one to draw attention that the shapes of a medium process involve a transformation process. “The voice of specialists draws a serious alert signal regarding the approach of the moment where genetic scientists will be able to create a superhuman race…the superman is about to disappear in a short while…” It would be eloquent to remind you of the level of doping technology, in sports and not only…It won’t be long until parents will be able to choose the sex of their children, hair and skin colors, or IQ values” (Tribuna Weekend – 23 August 2003). “Living matter is the subject of a development process, which goes trough different levels: biosic matter (living common matter), noesic matter (living matter with a high degree of development and organization which allows abstract thinking), enisic matter (a higher level that the noesic matter, yet unexploited on our planet…)” A new frontier has been crossed, but with a much broader front that initially was seeable1. By its nature, the Law of Entropy itself appears as the most economical of all natural laws. Actually, the merit for introducing entropy as a new variable of state consists precisely of analytic simplification and unification made in such ways…The law of Entropy, is the second principle of thermodynamics and is in contradiction with the principles of classical mechanics…When talking about the novelty by combination (of consecutive and concomitant elements), something just happens, without a causa efficiens or a causa finalis…Must we always ask “why?” In the case of 1 Macovschi, E.
Recommended publications
  • ROMANIA's ADVANTAGES in the COMPETITION of the EUROPEAN TOURISM Andreea Băltăreţu Abstract Nowadays, Romanian Tourism, Ju

    ROMANIA's ADVANTAGES in the COMPETITION of the EUROPEAN TOURISM Andreea Băltăreţu Abstract Nowadays, Romanian Tourism, Ju

    364 Romania’s advantages in the competition of the european tourism ROMANIA’S ADVANTAGES IN THE COMPETITION OF THE EUROPEAN TOURISM Andreea Băltăreţu Abstract Nowadays, Romanian tourism, just like the global tourism, is characterized by a strong competition among tourist destinations. Therefore, travel destinations (resorts or countries) need more and more a new model of tourism policy able to influence their competitiveness position under the current competitiveness conditions. Tourism represents a key domain in which our country could excel. Romania is one of the most diversified countries when it comes to the tourist products that it offers (natural and anthropic resources, unique flora and fauna European biodiversity). Keywords: competitiveness, advantages, tourism, tourist destination JEL Classification: L83, O10 1. Introduction Although from an economic point of view the notion of tourism competitiveness defined as being “the capacity of dealing with a competition in an efficient and rentable manner inside the tourist market” can be integrated in the notion used by the field literature, tourism’s specific content determines a complex and multidimensional approach of this concept. This is necessary if taking into account a series of peculiar features of the tourist product. First of all, we must highlight the fact that the multitude of components that are used in conceiving and trading a tourist product transformed the development of its competitiveness into a complex process realized with the help of: both the tourist resort’s competitiveness and that realized at the level of each type of tourist enterprise: direct tourist service provider: transportation, accommodation, alimentation, recreation, treatment or intermediary: tour operator, travel agency etc.
  • Romanian Military Attachés in London and Their Diplomatic Value (1919-1939)

    Romanian Military Attachés in London and Their Diplomatic Value (1919-1939)

    Romanian Military Attachés in London and their Diplomatic Value (1919-1939) Marusia Cîrstea* ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Available Online June 2014 The article emphasizes the fact that the military represented an important Key words: component of the connections between Romania and England in the Romania; interwar period. Military attachés played an important role in maintaining Great Britain; military connections between the two countries: Nicolae Arion, Matila Military attachés; Military objectives; The Romanian General Gheorghiu.Costiescu Ghika,In their Radu diplomatic R. Rosetti, activity Ion theyAntonescu, supported Nicolae the following:Rădescu, Staff. RomaConstantinnia being Sănătescu, recognized Gheorghe in England Niculescu, in actual Gheorghe fact; providing Dumitrescu, good reports Ermil for English businessmen; developing Great Britain’s economic interests in Romania; acquainting Romania with the organization and fighting technique of the British army; closer cooperation between the two armies (British and Romanian); building common military objectives (such as the Ta șaul military port), and others. 1. Introduction The military represented an important component of the connections between London and Bucharest in the interwar period, Romania being interested in developing its military potential with a view to defending its national borders. Examining the political and military circumstances in the area, the Romanian army’s General Staff reached the following conclusion: “Reunited Romania is in a much more difficult situation than in the past, as all its frontiers are threatened by the surrounding states. This threat comes from either a desire for retaliation on the part of Hungary or Bulgaria, who cannot accept being dispossessed of certain territories they owned, or from the propaganda tendencies of the Bolshevik regime, eager to expand its influence as far west as possible”.
  • Tourism Demand in Romania

    Tourism Demand in Romania

    Tourism Demand in Romania Manuela Sofia STĂNCULESCU1 Research Institute for the Quality of Life, Romanian Academy University of Bucharest Monica MARIN2 Research Institute for the Quality of Life, Romanian Academy Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the evolution and main characteristics of tourism in Romania from the demand side. The study is organized in two parts.The first part focuses on the holiday trips of at least one overnight stay. The approach is comparative, Romania being benchmarked against the EU-27 average. The analysis shows that the touristic demand in Romania has followed a trend parallel with the GDP curve as the touristic demand is strongly correlated with the level of population disposable income. The second part of the analysis refers to the same-day trips (with no overnight stay). Among the same-day visits of the Romanian residents, the domestic trips predominate by far. Main purposes include visiting relatives or friends, shopping, leisure and recreation (including picnic) or medical treatment. Key words: tourism; tourism demand; holiday trips; same-day trips. Introduction This paper analyzes the statistics in the field of tourism from the demand side. ‘Tourist’ is considered here in line with the definition adopted at the UN Conference on Tourism and International Travel (Rome, 1963), as completed at the International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics in Ottawa (Canada, 1991), which has been implemented by Eurostat at the European level since 2004. Thus, ‘tourism means the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes’3 (Eurostat, 2011).
  • Download the Full Document About Romania

    Download the Full Document About Romania

    About Romania Romania (Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨni.a]) is a country in Southeastern Europe sited in a historic region that dates back to antiquity. It shares border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of sea coast along the Black Sea. It is located roughly in the lower basin of the Danube and almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. Romania is a parliamentary unitary state. As a nation-state, the country was formed by the merging of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and it gained recognition of its independence in 1878. Later, in 1918, they were joined by Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia. At the end of World War II, parts of its territories (roughly the present day Moldova) were occupied by USSR and Romania became a member of Warsaw Pact. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Romania started a series of political and economic reforms that peaked with Romania joining the European Union. Romania has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 2007, and has the ninth largest territory in the EU and with 22 million people [1] it has the 7th largest population among the EU member states. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti /bu.kureʃtʲ/ (help·info)), the sixth largest city in the EU with almost 2 million people. In 2007, Sibiu, a large city in Transylvania, was chosen as European Capital of Culture.[2] Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and is also a member of the Latin Union, of the Francophonie and of OSCE.
  • Improving the Resilience of Tourism in Al-Quds: the Way Forward for a Competitive Destination Management

    Improving the Resilience of Tourism in Al-Quds: the Way Forward for a Competitive Destination Management

    Improving the Resilience of Tourism in Al-Quds: The Way Forward for a Competitive Destination Management COMCEC Coordination Office April 2021 This report was prepared under COMCEC Al-Quds Program. This report has been commissioned by the COMCEC Coordination Office to the team led by Mr. H. Melih ARAL with the contributions of Mr. Nezih İŞÇİ, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Uğur ÇALIŞKAN and Prof. Dr. Süleyman TOY. Views and opinions expressed in the report are solely those of the authors and do not represent the official views of the COMCEC Coordination Office (CCO) or the Member Countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the COMCEC/CCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its political regime or frontiers or boundaries. Designations such as “developed,” “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the state reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The mention of firm names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by COMCEC and/or CCO. The final version of the report is available at the COMCEC website*. Excerpts from the report can be made as long as references are provided. All intellectual and industrial property rights for the report belong to the CCO. This report is for individual use and it shall not be used for commercial purposes.
  • Chapter 12 the Impact of Development of Religious Tourism on the Host Community - a Case Study of Mount E'mei in China

    Chapter 12 the Impact of Development of Religious Tourism on the Host Community - a Case Study of Mount E'mei in China

    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 01 University of Plymouth Research Outputs University of Plymouth Research Outputs 2019-02-08 Chapter 12 The impact of development of religious tourism on the host community - A case study of Mount E'mei in China Huang, R http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15101 CABI All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Chapter 12 The impact of development of religious tourism on the host community - A case study of Mount E’mei in China Xinlei Hu and Rong Huang University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK 12.1 Introduction Going on a pilgrimage is included in the concept of tourism, and a new form of tourism, religious tourism, has been created (Sharpley and Sundaram, 2005). A review of English language literature sources reveals fewer studies related to the Buddhist religion compared to the other main religions. However a review of literature sources in Chinese (Gao and She, 2010) makes it clear that Chinese scholars pay more attention to the development and resources of religious tourism, in particular Buddhism. Sharpley (2014) notes that religious tourism can have a deep impact on a locality. This chapter discusses relationships between religions and tourism, stakeholders’ perceptions and factors that influence their views. A case study of the different impacts of development of Buddhism related tourism in Mount E’mei on the host community is included, which was based on a series of interviews with relevant tourism industry stakeholders.
  • Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan

    Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan

    32 Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan By Jonah Leff and Emile LeBrun Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2014 First published in May 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Series editor: Emile LeBrun Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan ([email protected]) Cartography by Jillian Luff (www.mapgrafix.com) Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Rick Jones ([email protected]) Printed by nbmedia in Geneva, Switzerland ISBN 978-2-9700897-1-1 2 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 32 Contents List of boxes, figures, maps, and tables .......................................................................................................................... 5 List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................................................
  • Worldwide Equipment Guide

    Worldwide Equipment Guide

    WORLDWIDE EQUIPMENT GUIDE TRADOC DCSINT Threat Support Directorate DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Worldwide Equipment Guide Sep 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page Memorandum, 24 Sep 2001 ...................................... *i V-150................................................................. 2-12 Introduction ............................................................ *vii VTT-323 ......................................................... 2-12.1 Table: Units of Measure........................................... ix WZ 551........................................................... 2-12.2 Errata Notes................................................................ x YW 531A/531C/Type 63 Vehicle Series........... 2-13 Supplement Page Changes.................................... *xiii YW 531H/Type 85 Vehicle Series ................... 2-14 1. INFANTRY WEAPONS ................................... 1-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicles AMX-10P IFV................................................... 2-15 Small Arms BMD-1 Airborne Fighting Vehicle.................... 2-17 AK-74 5.45-mm Assault Rifle ............................. 1-3 BMD-3 Airborne Fighting Vehicle.................... 2-19 RPK-74 5.45-mm Light Machinegun................... 1-4 BMP-1 IFV..................................................... 2-20.1 AK-47 7.62-mm Assault Rifle .......................... 1-4.1 BMP-1P IFV...................................................... 2-21 Sniper Rifles.....................................................
  • Rural Tourism in Romania and Adopting Best Practices from Other States

    Rural Tourism in Romania and Adopting Best Practices from Other States

    Turismo rural en Rumanía y adopción de las mejores prácticas de otros estados Răbonțu Cecilia-Irina et al RURAL TOURISM IN ROMANIA AND ADOPTING BEST PRACTICES FROM OTHER STATES TURISMO RURAL EN RUMANÍA Y ADOPCIÓN DE LAS MEJORES PRÁCTICAS DE OTROS ESTADOS Răbonțu Cecilia-Irina Babucea Ana-Gabriela Bălăcescu Aniela ”Constantin Brâncuși” University of Târgu Jiu, Romania [email protected] Material original autorizado para su primera publicación en la revista académica REDMARKA. Revista Digital de Marketing Aplicado. Recibido: 17 Febrero 2017 Aceptado: 5 Junio 2017 Abstract Tourism is one of the important pillars of many national economies. Practicing the tourism has a multiplier effect on several industries, being interdependent with the food industry, communications, transport industry etc. Worldwide, all rural areas face the same problems: economic decline, environmental degradation, poverty of population or gradual loss of national identity. Its population is aged, young people preferring to migrate to cities. In this context, the villages are struggling to maintain its viability. REDMARKA UIMA-Universidad de A Coruña – CIECID Año X, Número 18, (2017), v I pp. 5-18 http://www.redmarka.net/ ISSN 1852-2300 5 Turismo rural en Rumanía y adopción de las mejores prácticas de otros estados Răbonțu Cecilia-Irina et al Tourism is one of the sectors that can contribute to resuscitate villages. Practicing rural tourism was developed in response to human needs, subjected to daily increasing stress, to recreate the economic needs of these areas and the concern to preserve the environment and tradition. This paper aims to analyze the trends and changes rural tourism in Romania, namely how tourism activity has evolved, but the direction he is going, too.
  • The Case of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

    The Case of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

    religions Article The Role of Religious Leaders in Religious Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Daniel H. Olsen 1,* and Scott C. Esplin 2 1 Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA 2 Department of Church History and Doctrine, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 March 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 20 May 2020 Abstract: For centuries, people have traveled to sacred sites for multiple reasons, ranging from the performance of religious rituals to curiosity. As the numbers of visitors to religious heritage sites have increased, so has the integration of religious heritage into tourism supply offerings. There is a growing research agenda focusing on the growth and management of this tourism niche market. However, little research has focused on the role that religious institutions and leadership play in the development of religious heritage tourism. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of religious leaders and the impacts their decisions have on the development of religious heritage tourism through a consideration of three case studies related to recent decisions made by the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Keywords: tourism development; religious tourism; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; Nauvoo; Illinois; Salt Lake City; Utah; Temple Square; religious pageants 1. Introduction For millennia, natural and human-built religious sites and landscapes have drawn both the faithful and the curious to travel long distances to participate in or observe religious rituals, or educational and leisure-related activities (Timothy and Olsen 2006; Suntikul and Butler 2018).
  • Dracula Tourism in Romania

    Dracula Tourism in Romania

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bournemouth University Research Online The Undead and Dark Tourism: Dracula Tourism in Romania Duncan Light This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Dark Tourism: Practice and Interpretation on 14 July 2016, available online: (ISBN: 9781472452436; https://www.routledge.com/Dark-Tourism-Practice-and-interpretation/Hooper- Lennon/p/book/9781472452436) This work should be cited as: Light, D. (2017) ‘The undead and dark tourism: Dracula tourism in Romania’, in G. Hooper and J.J. Lennon (eds) Dark Tourism: Practice and Interpretation, Routledge, Abingdon, 121-133 Introduction Although I have been researching Dracula tourism (the visiting of places in Transylvania associated with the Count Dracula of fiction and cinema) for more than a decade, I have not previously examined it in terms of dark tourism since, to my mind, there was little direct connection between such tourism and death or human suffering. However, conceptions of dark tourism are continually evolving and the phenomenon is now increasingly defined in terms of the ‘macabre’, meaning that dark tourism now embraces a wider range of sites and experiences which are not directly associated with death. I wish to begin this chapter by considering the changing definitions of dark tourism with particular reference to the notion of the macabre as a criterion for defining the phenomenon. I then want to examine Dracula tourism in Romania from the perspectives of both supply and demand. In terms of supply I argue that there is almost no deliberate provision of tourist experiences based on Dracula, so that identifying Dracula tourism as a form of dark tourism is problematic.
  • Rural Tourism in Romania

    Rural Tourism in Romania

    Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition Vol. 20 , 72 - 78 www .ugb.ro/etc Issue 1 /201 7 Rural T ourism in Romania Daniel GHERASIM, Adrian GHERASIM George Bacovia University , Bacau, Romania [email protected] [email protected] Abstract : Rural tourism has a strong affection because it is not an offer of any kind or consumption. As long as this element is not forgotten or neglected, there will be no danger of destroying the environment or culling negative factors in the culture of the village or area by overcoming ecological limits. Tradition and ambience of rural areas are the starting point for the development and sustainable implementation of rural tourism in our country. Keywords: Rural tourism, village , tradition Introduction The legends, such as Count Dracula's or the authentic history of Romania, are all testimonies of a fascinating past. Such testimonies can be found in Transylvanian wooden churches with high roofs. The first signs of human life on the present Romanian territory were found in the Carpathian Mountains and date back to about 600,000 BC 1. The Concept of Rural T ourism Tourism puts into value and exploits economically the unique treasure made up of the richness created by nature and cli mate, or the legacy of history, folklore and civilization. Without the tourist movement, the natural, cultural, and historical wealth of a country will never be able to be the object of an economic activity capable of generating income. [ 1 ] Of these branc hes of tourism, rural tourism is the point of interest, because tourists often feel best in the middle of nature, at a real pension, surrounded by hospitable people.