Munich Personal RePEc Archive Globalization and Tourism: Study case Romania Rotariu, Ilie 2007 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19837/ MPRA Paper No. 19837, posted 13 Jan 2010 23:53 UTC Ilie ROTARIU GLOBALIZATION AND TOURISM Study case: Romania Editura „ALMA MATER” Sibiu 2007 1 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României ROTARIU, ILIE Globalization and tourism: study case Romania / Ilie Rotariu, - Sibiu: Alma Mater, 2008 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-973-632-422-2 338 (100:498):338:48 © all rights reserved to the author 2008 No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means without permission from the author. „Alma Mater” Printing House Sibiu Str. Aurel Vlaicu, nr.1, Sibiu – 550327 – România Tel. 0269-234332, 0722219414 Fax. 0269-234332 www.editura-amsibiu.ro e-mail: [email protected] 2 I printed this book in 2004 for the Romanians' benefit. Not quite successfully! I have had it translated into English to whom it might concern. Sibiu, August 2008 English version by Alexandru Danciu Note: the chapter 1.5 is my faculty graduation paper in 1975 (except the comments on later periods). That time it was not noticed; it has paid back now. 3 In heaven, the famous generals of the world, Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, etc. are zealously serving the greatest general of all times: a shoemaker in Colorado. For as long as he lived, there was no war in Colorado… After a Mark Twain sketch 4 Introduction pag Part I 1. The contemporary world economic system and the projection of several specific phenomena pag. 12 1.1 Fundamental changes in economics intimate structure pag. 14 1.1.1 Terrorism: major short – term modifications pag. 20 1.2 The technological-scientific and cultural revolutions. Their effects on human civilization and the impact on economic systems pag 22 1.3 Fordism: The dawn of a new economy pag 24 1.4 Economics: The peace – war – peace cycle. A horizontal cycle? pag 30 1.5 A few considerations regarding contemporary culture: culture as a production factor pag 39 1.5.1 Culture as a sector of economic life pag 40 1.5.2 The implications of the scientific and technical revolutions on culture pag 41 1.5.3 Culture structure pag 45 1.5.4 Contemporary particularities of culture pag 47 1.5.5 Monopolizing culture pag. 52 1.5.6 UNESCO cultural policies pag 5 1.5.7 Particularities due to the object of trading with commerce and art pag 1.5.8 "The multiplying effect” of cultural products pag 59 1.5.9 Culture support: what does the future hold pag 61 1.6 Semantically and contents facts pag64 2. Globalization: premises, evolution, characteristics, possible future incursion pag 71 2.1 Conceptual evolution pag 71 2.2 Major means of manifestation pag 77 2.3 General and particular characteristics pag 79 2.3.1 “Experiences economy”: the new economy pag 83 2.4 State role in the market and transition economies pag 85 2.5 Global technocracy pag 86 2.6 A possible diagnostic on the contemporary economy and globalization pag.90 3. International tourism: globalization expression and argument: Predictable tendencies of its evolution pag 93 3.1 A few definitive characteristics of globalization in tourism pag 96 3.2 From traveling to tourism (a brief “history”) pag 97 3.3 Barriers regarding international tourism pag 106 3.4 Tourism as a social contract pag 108 5 3.5 The evolution of organizing "tourist destinations", a consequence of global tourism pag 109 3.6 “trader” tourism – a characteristic of tourism between major political changes pag 113 3.7 International tourism: actual and predictable tendencies pag 113 3.7.1 Present and future in tourism pag 114 3.7.2 Tourist motivation pag 129 3.8 International tourist activity: global activity by excellence pag 142 3.8.1 The hotel sector pag 143 3.8.2 Restoration pag 148 3.8.3 The aerial sector pag 152 3.8.4 Tour-operators pag 158 3.8.5 Labor force pag 160 3.8.6 Information and communication technologies pag 163 3.9 Transnational institutions and international rules pag 165 3.9.1 World Tourism Organization pag 166 3.9.2 World Council for Traveling and Tourism pag 169 3.9.3 Commercial and professional structure in the international tourism world pag 170 3.10 Technocrats pag 176 3.11 Tourism as mass-media pag 177 3.11.1 Determinations imposed by “tourism” pag 178 3.11.2 How do we understand “mass - media” pag 178 3.11.3 Tourism as mass-media: pag 178 3.11.4 Major predictable mutations in the near and far future. Tourism at the horizon of the 21st century pag 182 3.11.5 Tourism as mass-media; possible contributions in devising European strategies pag 183 3.12 Subterranean Tourism pag 183 3.13 The need to organize compatible comparisons on statistical basis pag 185 3.14 Evolutions regarding the quality of tourism services pag 189 3.15 Sustainable tourism pag 192 Part II 3. Romanian economy in the globalization age: exigencies, restrictions pag 194 4.1 Romania in data and numbers pag 194 4.2 The long path from socialism to capitalism: transition pag 200 4.3 What keeps us stalemated: isolation pag 209 4.4 Principles, exigencies, restrictions regarding globalization pag 213 5. Romanian Tourism: exigencies and restrictions from a global perspective pag 215 5.1 A brief post-Decembrist history of Romanian tourism pag 223 5.2 The “safe destination” concept (the image of Romania as a destination) pag 225 5.3 Tourism “Theory” as a chance of economic advancement during transition pag 228 5.4 The general tourism infrastructure: exigencies and restrictions in worldwide competition pag 232 6 5.4.1 The transport system: incoming, outgoing, domestic pag 233 5.4.2 The lodging system: the business subsystem, resting, treatment, social, compensating, agro-tourism, rural tourism, tourist boards), etc. pag 241 5.4.4 Personnel pag 265 5.5 Tourist circulation (incoming, outgoing, domestic): a comparative evolution: past – present – perspectives, its place in global flows pag 271 5.6 Integrating Romanian tourism in global structures: multinational structures, Para state structures, regional and professional structures, etc pag 280 The future: an enigma or a certainty pag 282 Addenda pag 287 Bibliography pag 294 Annexes: 1-25 pag 303 Acronyms’ list pag 7 Introduction: idealistic circumscription …Febvre and Martin said, in “L`appariton du livre”, that paper manufacturing soared in the 11th century, due to the discovery of a way to transform “circular movement into alternative movement”. It was about passing from mills to hammers… which mean decomposing continuous operations into fragmented operations. What did Guttenberg invented? Payson Usher – (History of Mechanical Inventions) says: “Unfortunately a certain answer may not be given, because we are not in the possession of a document which makes reference to the specifications of the printing of the first book.” In the same fashion, Ford also doesn’t have a specific document regarding the production of its first automobiles. A.N. Whitehead wrote in Science and the Modern World (page 141), regarding past times: “The greatest invention of the 19th century was, the invention of the inventing method. A new method was born. To understand our age, we must neglect the details of current innovations, such as rail roads, telegraph, and radio, sewing machines, synthetic colors. We must focus on the method itself…” The invention method consists of, as Edgar Poe proved in the Philosophy of Composition of starting with the solution of the problem or the effect that you mean to produce. From here on, you turn back, step by step, to the beginning point, in order to find the solution…A new step was needed, which was made in the 20th century. We do not return from the product to the starting point, rather we follow the process itself, isolated from the product. To follow the borders of the process, like in psychoanalysis is the only way to avoid the consequences of the process, which are either nervosa or psychosis. “I must repeat that what concerns me is the process of separating senses which allows the detribalization of men. If this social detribalization and affirmation of the individual is “a good thing”, it is not for me to decide…” In short, Harold Innis (Empire Communications) was the first one to draw attention that the shapes of a medium process involve a transformation process. “The voice of specialists draws a serious alert signal regarding the approach of the moment where genetic scientists will be able to create a superhuman race…the superman is about to disappear in a short while…” It would be eloquent to remind you of the level of doping technology, in sports and not only…It won’t be long until parents will be able to choose the sex of their children, hair and skin colors, or IQ values” (Tribuna Weekend – 23 August 2003). “Living matter is the subject of a development process, which goes trough different levels: biosic matter (living common matter), noesic matter (living matter with a high degree of development and organization which allows abstract thinking), enisic matter (a higher level that the noesic matter, yet unexploited on our planet…)” A new frontier has been crossed, but with a much broader front that initially was seeable1. By its nature, the Law of Entropy itself appears as the most economical of all natural laws. Actually, the merit for introducing entropy as a new variable of state consists precisely of analytic simplification and unification made in such ways…The law of Entropy, is the second principle of thermodynamics and is in contradiction with the principles of classical mechanics…When talking about the novelty by combination (of consecutive and concomitant elements), something just happens, without a causa efficiens or a causa finalis…Must we always ask “why?” In the case of 1 Macovschi, E.