DOCSLIB.ORG

Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament Engaging China and Russia CNS on Nuclear Disarmament OCCASIONAL PAPER #15 MARCH 2009 Cristina Hansell, William C. Potter, eds. JAMES MARTIN CENTER FOR NONPROLIFERATION STUDIES Th e James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) strives to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction by training the next generation of nonproliferation specialists and disseminating timely information and analysis. A research center at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (an affi liate of Middlebury College), CNS is the largest nongovernmental organization in the United States devoted exclusively to research and training on nonproliferation issues. For more information about CNS, visit cns.miis.edu. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies 460 Pierce St., Monterey, CA 93940, U.S.A. Tel. +1 (831) 647-4154; fax +1 (831) 647-3519; e-mail: [email protected] Editors Cristina Hansell and William C. Potter Policy recommendations, statements of fact, and opinions expressed in this Occasional Paper are the responsibility of the authors and do not imply the endorsement of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies or the Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 978-0-9798703-5-4 (PDF) © Monterey Institute of International Studies, April 2009 Cover: Composite using images from iStockphoto.com: Hands © Chen Chih-Wen; Chinese fl ag © Bjorn Kindler; Russian fl ag © Matt Trommer; U.S. fl ag © Lugo Graphics. Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament Cristina Hansell and William C. Potter, Editors James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies Occasional Paper No. 15 April 2009 CONTENTS Foreword iii Cristina Hansell and William C. Potter SUMMARY REPORT Chinese and Russian Perspectives on Achieving Nuclear Zero 1 Nikolai N. Sokov, Jing-dong Yuan, William C. Potter, and Cristina Hansell Figure 1. Chinese Nuclear Arms Control and Disarmament: 20 Principal Players and Policy-Making Processes. Figure 2. Structure of Russian Decision Making on Disarmament 22 and International Security. COMMISSIONED ESSAYS China and the Nuclear-Free World 25 Jing-dong Yuan Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization 37 Jeff rey Lewis How Chinese Analysts View Arms Control, Disarmament, 47 and Nuclear Deterrence aft er the Cold War Lora Saalman Th e Evolving Role of Nuclear Weapons in Russia’s Security Policy 73 Nikolai N. Sokov Reducing Russia’s Reliance on Nuclear Weapons in Security Policies 89 Vladimir Dvorkin Th e Prospect of Universal Complete Nuclear Disarmament 103 Pavel S. Zolotarev Formulation of Nuclear Policy in Moscow: Actors and Interests 113 Mikhail Tsypkin and Anya Loukianova Strategic Relations between the United States, Russia, and China 123 and the Possibility of Cooperation on Disarmament Cristina Hansell and Nikita Perfi lyev CONTRIBUTORS 149 i FOREWORD he past several years have witnessed a major revival of interest in nuclear disarmament in the United States. TTh e primary contributor to this phenomenon was a January 2007 essay on the topic in the Wall Street Journal by George Shultz, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn. Th e essay sent a shockwave through the U.S. national security establishment by daring to discuss the need for totally eliminating nuclear weapons: so-called nuclear zero. While the “road to zero” steps that the essay recommended were not new, they lent credibility to the call for a serious debate on a topic that was until recently considered taboo in the United States. Th is call was taken up at a meeting entitled “Reykjavik Revisited” 1 at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution in October 2007 and at a follow-up con- ference on “Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” held in Oslo in February 2008.2 While the Shultz et al. initiative has clearly expanded the political space for debate about nuclear disarmament in the United States and appears to be playing a role in shaping some elements of the new U.S. approach to nuclear arms control and risk reduction, it is more diffi cult to discern the impact of the initiative on other nuclear weapon states, with the possible exception of the United Kingdom.3 Chinese and Russian policy makers, in particular, have tended to be very circumspect in their public commentary on the initiative, and it remains to be seen how receptive they will be to new thinking on the subject of nuclear disarmament. And yet unless key decision makers in Beijing and Moscow are engaged in a serious discussion of these issues, it will prove impossible to make progress toward disarmament. In order to try to remedy this situation, and with an eye to engaging Beijing and Moscow in a serious dialogue about practical steps along “the road to zero,” the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), with the support of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, embarked on a project to analyze the prevailing perspectives, bureaucratic players, and politics related to nuclear disarmament in China and Russia. In addition, the project sought to develop recommendations on how to build support for desired policy changes in Beijing and Moscow and to devise a strategy for bringing the study’s fi ndings to the attention of relevant policy makers and experts. Th e essays in this Occasional Paper represent the fi ndings from the fi rst stage of the project: the examination of thinking on strategic policy, nuclear postures, and prospects for disarmament in Beijing and Moscow. Th e fi rst essay summarizes the main fi ndings and recommendations of the project. It also provides detailed charts on nuclear policy making in Russia and China. Th e other essays constitute the background papers that were commissioned for the project. Th ree of the commissioned papers examine Chinese nuclear perspectives. In the fi rst of these essays, Jing-dong 1. This followed an earlier conference George Shultz initiated at Stanford in October 2006, on the twentieth anniversary of the Reagan-Gorbachev meeting in Reykjavik, to review the goals of the original Reykjavik Summit. The 2006 conference instigated the composition of the Wall Street Journal piece the following January. 2. In addition, a number of other high-profi le efforts to promote nuclear disarmament have been launched recently, including a campaign for Global Zero and the creation of the International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, an initiative supported by the Australian and Japanese governments. 3. Several high-level statements in support of disarmament have been made by U.K. offi cials, beginning with Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Margaret Beckett’s address to the Carnegie International Nonproliferation Conference, “A World Free of Nuclear Weapons?” on June 25, 2007. Most recently, in February 2009, the Foreign and Commonwealth Offi ce issued a document entitled “Lifting the Nuclear Shadow: Creating the Conditions for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons,” <www.fco.gov.uk/en/fco-in-action/counter-terrorism/weapons/nuclear-weapons/nuclear-paper>. iii FOREWORD Yuan looks at the Chinese reaction to the recent calls for nuclear zero as well as a variety of nuclear nonproliferation measures promoted over the past decade. He interprets Chinese positions on these issues with reference to Beijing’s understanding of the role of nuclear weapons in the current international strategic environment and notes the par- ticular importance China attaches to U.S. missile defense and space activities, as well as qualitative improvements in U.S. conventional forces. Yuan examines Chinese perspectives on relevant international agreements and a number of specifi c proposals made by advocates of nuclear zero; he also looks at Beijing’s assessment of the potential impact of these proposed steps on China’s security interests. Th e next essay, by Jeff rey Lewis, assesses China’s nuclear posture and the modernization of its nuclear weap- ons systems and provides a review of the technical, historical, and bureaucratic impetus driving Chinese nuclear policies. Lewis notes new challenges posed by the failure of Chinese and U.S. political leaders to think through the consequences of the interaction of the new strategic capabilities they are developing, which may include in- creased possibility of accidents, miscalculations, and misunderstandings. Nevertheless, Lewis remains optimistic; he believes that it should be possible to reinforce strategic stability through dialogue, as neither the United States nor China have any intention of attacking each other. Th e fi nal essay devoted to China is a review by Lora Saalman of Chinese analyses of arms control, disarmament, and deterrence since the end of the Cold War. Based on an extensive review of Chinese-language materials, Saalman provides a broad survey of contemporary viewpoints and demonstrates that opinion on nuclear issues in China is less uniform than oft en portrayed in the West. Her fi nding suggests that there may be a variety of ways to engage China on a path toward nuclear zero. Another set of commissioned papers focuses on Russian players and perspectives. Nikolai N. Sokov examines Russian strategic policy and the evolving role of nuclear weapons since the end of the Cold War. He fi nds that while Russia’s status is increasingly determined by economic and political factors—and less by the possession of nuclear weapons—Moscow continues to view nuclear arms as essential in dealing with a variety of security threats. A shift to reliance on conventional arms, Sokov believes, will take at least a decade. As a consequence, he suggests that tackling the causes of Russia’s insecurity should involve a wide range of arms control and confi dence-building mea- sures directed at negotiating a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), resolving diff erences over missile defense, addressing the imbalance of conventional forces in Europe, and repairing relations between Russia and NATO. Further progress toward disarmament, however, will require the restructuring of the entire fabric of Russia’s relations with the West.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technocrat Or Silovik Special Raport on Russian Governors
    SPECIAL REPORT 26/02/2018 TECHNOCRAT OR SILOVIK SPECIAL RAPORT ON RUssIAN GOVERNORS The Warsaw Institute Foundation TECHNOCRAT OR SILOVIK. SPECIAL REPORT ON RUSSIAN GOVERNORS • The large-scale personnel changes in the Russian Federation indicates that such a situation is not only due to the pre-election campaign as loyal and efficient people are needed in order to ensure the proper result of the vote. It constitutes an element of a new role of the regions in the Putin regime, which may be associated with the start of his new presidential term. • The aforementioned personnel reshuffles result from the state’s increasing centralisation, which seems to be additionally fuelled by growing importance of the so-called siloviki. • The entire process has begun right after changes within the leadership of the Presidential Administration (also referred as PA). The key role is played by its head, Anton Vaino, as well as Sergey Kiriyenko who has recently replaced Vyacheslav Volodin as first deputy chief of staff of the Presidential Administration. • The fact of restoring direct gubernatorial election in 2012 has only seemingly strengthened their position. Indeed, it is getting weaker, if only because the president is given full freedom to dismiss governors and appoint acting ones, who confirm their mandate in a fully controlled election. • Importantly, none of the changes, which occurred in 2017, could be justified from economic point of view. Such regions as Mordovia, Khakassia and Kabardino-Balkar struggle with the most difficult financial situation. Even though, governors of these regions managed to retain their positions. Interestingly, it is no longer enough to maintain political calm (with no protests being organized), demonstrate economic successes and to obediently fulfill Putin’s decrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Risk Management of Underground Engineering in China: Progress, Challenges and Strategies
    Accepted Manuscript Safety risk management of underground engineering in China: Progress, challenges and strategies Qihu Qian, Peng Lin PII: S1674-7755(16)30017-8 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.04.001 Reference: JRMGE 245 To appear in: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Received Date: 4 December 2015 Revised Date: 31 March 2016 Accepted Date: 13 April 2016 Please cite this article as: Qian Q, Lin P, Safety risk management of underground engineering in China: Progress, challenges and strategies, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.04.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Safety risk management of underground engineering in China: Progress, challenges and strategies Qihu Qian1,*, Peng Lin2 1. PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China Received 4 December 2015; received in revised form 31 March 2016; accepted 13 April 2016 Abstract: Underground construction in China is featured by large scale, high speed, long construction period, complex operation and frustrating situations regarding project safety. Various accidents have been reported from time to time, resulting in serious social impact and huge economic loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Putinism: a Praetorian System?
    Notes de l’Ifri Russie.Nei.Visions 106 Putinism: A Praetorian System? Jean-Robert RAVIOT March 2018 Russia/NIS Center The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. This text is published with the support of DGRIS (Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy) under “Russia, Caucasus and Eastern Europe Observatory”. ISBN: 978-2-36567-808-7 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2018 How to quote this document: Jean-Robert Raviot, “Putinism: A Praetorian System?”, Russie.Nei.Visions, No. 106, Ifri, March 2018. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15—FRANCE Tel.: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00—Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Russie.Nei.Visions Russie.Nei.Visions is an online collection dedicated to Russia and the other new independent states (Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan). Written by leading experts, these policy-oriented papers deal with strategic, political and economic issues. Author Jean-Robert Raviot is a doctor of political science with accreditation to supervise research and professor of contemporary Russian civilization at Paris Nanterre University.
    [Show full text]
  • Amerykański System Obrony Antybalistycznej Oraz Faktyczne Źródła Rosyjskiego Sprzeciwu
    Amerykański system obrony antybalistycznej oraz faktyczne źródła rosyjskiego sprzeciwu Leszek Pawlikowicz1 Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Wydział Prawa Zakład Historii Prawa i Doktryn Polityczno-Prawnych Abstrakt: Amerykański program BMD jest formalnie postrzegany jako największe – obok rozszerzania NATO na Wschód – wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa Federacji Rosyj- skiej od chwili powstania państwa w końcu 1991 r. Jednak ze względu na mające miejsce w ciągu ostatniego ćwierćwiecza w Rosji zaniechania modernizacyjne (w odróż- nieniu od imponującego skoku technologicznego dokonanego w Chinach) – zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do sfery gospodarczej – faktycznie może on stanowić znacznie większe potencjalne wyzwanie dla rosyjskiej ekonomii, geopolityki i prestiżu niż dla jej zdolności obronnych. Stąd próba ambitnej odpowiedzi, polegającej na forsowaniu kosztownych programów zbrojeniowych, może być – paradoksalnie – taką samą pułapką, jak próba utrzymania parytetu w odpowiedzi na mityczny program SDI ze strony ZSRR. Wystar- czającą pod względem efektywności militarnej (efektu odstraszania), a przy tym rela- tywnie najtańszą ekonomicznie odpowiedzią jest utrzymywanie przez Rosję strategicz- nych sił jądrowych na obecnym pułapie ilościowym. W długofalowej perspektywie de- cydujące dla przyszłej pozycji oraz siły tego państwa, a także jego „atrakcyjności” i „siły 129 przyciągania” w przestrzeni międzynarodowej będzie znaczące podniesienie potencjału gospodarczego, zwłaszcza w sferze wysokich technologii oraz w branżach odpowie- dzialnych za zaspokojenie szeroko
    [Show full text]
  • How Russia Is Ruled—1998
    How Russia Is Ruled—1998 DONALD N. JENSEN Your sovereigns, born to the throne, may suffer twenty defeats and still keep return- ing to their capitals. I cannot. I am an upstart soldier. My rule will not survive the day on which I have ceased to be strong and feared. Napoleon to Metternich, 18131 oris Yeltsin approaches the end of his second term as Russian president with B the character of the country he leads the subject of wide—and often bitter— dispute. Observers trying to answer the two central questions about politics— Who governs? To what ends?—describe Russia as a democracy, a republic, an oligarchy, a criminalized state, or simply a mess. To those interested in compar- isons, Russia has been likened to nineteenth-century America, Germany in the 1920s, Germany in the 1930s, France in the 1950s, Spain in the 1970s, Colom- bia, and even Pakistan in the 1990s. There is general agreement only that there will be no return to Soviet communism and that the road since the end of the USSR has been unexpectedly and painfully rocky. Such varied impressions reflect the complex processes simultaneously buffeting the country—the contin- ued collapse of the remnants of the Soviet system; the renewal, although not always along Western lines, of key parts of the state and society; the stagnation of still other elements, which remain largely untouched by change—and conti- nuity with key elements of the Russian past. In this article, I will examine these complex processes and attempt to answer the questions, Who governs Russia in 1998, and moreover, what difference does it make who governs? These questions can be answered, I believe, only by link- ing the analysis of government institutions and political processes to an explana- tion of how and why major policy decisions are made as they are.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Zhang
    In a little over 35 years China’s economy has been transformed Week in China from an inefficient backwater to the second largest in the world. If you want to understand how that happened, you need to understand the people who helped reshape the Chinese business landscape. china’s tycoons China’s Tycoons is a book about highly successful Chinese profiles of entrepreneurs. In 150 easy-to- digest profiles, we tell their stories: where they came from, how they started, the big break that earned them their first millions, and why they came to dominate their industries and make billions. These are tales of entrepreneurship, risk-taking and hard work that differ greatly from anything you’ll top business have read before. 150 leaders fourth Edition Week in China “THIS IS STILL THE ASIAN CENTURY AND CHINA IS STILL THE KEY PLAYER.” Peter Wong – Deputy Chairman and Chief Executive, Asia-Pacific, HSBC Does your bank really understand China Growth? With over 150 years of on-the-ground experience, HSBC has the depth of knowledge and expertise to help your business realise the opportunity. Tap into China’s potential at www.hsbc.com/rmb Issued by HSBC Holdings plc. Cyan 611469_6006571 HSBC 280.00 x 170.00 mm Magenta Yellow HSBC RMB Press Ads 280.00 x 170.00 mm Black xpath_unresolved Tom Fryer 16/06/2016 18:41 [email protected] ${Market} ${Revision Number} 0 Title Page.qxp_Layout 1 13/9/16 6:36 pm Page 1 china’s tycoons profiles of 150top business leaders fourth Edition Week in China 0 Welcome Note.FIN.qxp_Layout 1 13/9/16 3:10 pm Page 2 Week in China China’s Tycoons Foreword By Stuart Gulliver, Group Chief Executive, HSBC Holdings alking around the streets of Chengdu on a balmy evening in the mid-1980s, it quickly became apparent that the people of this city had an energy and drive Wthat jarred with the West’s perception of work and life in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Issue/Número Completo
    ISSN 1696-2206 Nº 17 Mayo / May 2008 RUSIA: PERSPECTIVAS PARA LA PRESIDENCIA DE MEDVEDEV RUSSIA: PERSPECTIVES FOR THE MEDVEDEV PRESIDENCY (Javier Morales, coord.) Jesús de Andrés y Y Putin encontró el camino. Instituciones y régimen UNISCI Rubén Ruiz político en la Rusia del siglo XXI Andrei Melville Russia in Today’s World: An Experiment in Multidimensional Classifications UNIDAD DE Francesc Serra Rusia ante, contra o con Occidente: diferentes posiciones INVESTIGACIÓN en las relaciones entre dos ejes complementarios del SOBRE poder mundial SEGURIDAD Y Alexander Savelyev Russian Defense and Arms Control Policy and its COOPERACIÓN Prospects after the Presidential Elections INTERNACIONAL Antonio Sánchez La seguridad energética rusa: entre Europa y China Javier Morales ¿Estado de Derecho o “democracia soberana”? Una RESEARCH aproximación al proyecto político de Dmitri Medvedev UNIT ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRACIONES / MIGRATIONS SECURITY AND COOPERATION Gustavo Díaz y Migración y seguridad en España: la seguridad Gracia Abad humana y el control de fronteras. El caso de Frontex EUROPA / EUROPE Jorge Tuñón ¿Cómo las regiones influyen en el proceso decisional comunitario? Mecanismos de activación ascendente de las entidades sub-estales europeas ESPACIO POSTSOVIÉTICO / POST-SOVIET SPACE Komil Kalanov and Sacred Places and “Folk” Islam in Central Asia Antonio Alonso ASIA-PACÍFICO / ASIA PACIFIC Andrew N. D. Yang The Military of the People’s Republic of China: Strategy and Implementation MEDITERRÁNEO / MEDITERRANEAN David Bayón La Unión por el Mediterráneo:
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Chronologies July - September 2009 Dr Mark a Smith
    Research & Assessment Branch The Russian Chronologies July - September 2009 Dr Mark A Smith 09/13 RUSSIAN DOMESTIC CHRONOLOGY JULY 2009 – SEPTEMBER 2009 1 July 2009 The head of the commission for the Caucasus and first deputy speaker of the Federation Council, Aleksandr Torshin, criticises the assessment of the situation in the North Caucasus made by the human rights organization Amnesty International. 1 July 2009 President Dmitry Medvedev speaks at a state reception for graduates of military educational institutions in the Kremlin. He discusses military reform. 1 July 2009 Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Ivanov discusses with Vladimir Putin the development of seaport construction. Ivanov states: In 1998-99, of the total volume of import and export operations, 75 per cent of our cargoes were shipped through foreign ports, mostly Ukrainian and Baltic ones, and only 25 per cent through Russian ports. Now the proportion is as follows: 87 per cent of all cargoes are already shipped and processed through Russian ports, and only 13 per cent through foreign ports. I think that's fairly good dynamics, and in the foreseeable future we will completely get rid of dependence on foreign ports. This is very important from the economic point of view, and of course additional jobs. 1 July 2009 The head of the Rosnano state corporation Anatoly Chubays addresses the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs innovation policy committee. He discusses the need to develop an innovative economy in the Russian Federation. 1 July 2009 Interior Minister Rashid Nurgaliyev says that alcohol abuse or poisoning causes each fifth death in Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining and Identifying Russia's Elite Groups
    Defining and identifying Russia’s elite groups Siloviki representation during Putin’s third term Master’s Thesis Russian and Eurasian Studies Leiden University, The Netherlands 23 January 2017 Sam Broekman Student Number: 1605062 Word Count: 18,005 Supervisor: Dr. M. Frear Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Introducing the siloviki ......................................................................................................................... 2 General research gaps ......................................................................................................................... 2 Research question ............................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter overview ................................................................................................................................. 4 Section 1: Rise of the siloviki..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 The Politburo 2.0 ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Putin’s return to the presidency .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Please Click Here to Download
    No.1 October 2019 EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Tobias BIANCONE, GONG Baorong EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS (in alphabetical order by Pinyin of last name) Tobias BIANCONE, Georges BANU, Christian BIET, Marvin CARLSON, CHEN Jun, CHEN Shixiong, DING Luonan, Erika FISCHER-LICHTE, FU Qiumin, GONG Baorong, HE Chengzhou, HUANG Changyong, Hans-Georg KNOPP, HU Zhiyi, LI Ruru, LI Wei, LIU Qing, LIU Siyuan, Patrice PAVIS, Richard SCHECHNER, SHEN Lin, Kalina STEFANOVA, SUN Huizhu, WANG Yun, XIE Wei, YANG Yang, YE Changhai, YU Jianchun. EDITORS WU Aili, CHEN Zhongwen, CHEN Ying, CAI Yan CHINESE TO ENGLISH TRANSLATORS HE Xuehan, LAN Xiaolan, TANG Jia, TANG Yuanmei, YAN Puxi ENGLISH CORRECTORS LIANG Chaoqun, HUANG Guoqi, TONG Rongtian, XIONG Lingling，LIAN Youping PROOFREADERS ZHANG Qing, GUI Han DESIGNER SHAO Min CONTACT TA The Center Of International Theater Studies-S CAI Yan: [email protected] CHEN Ying: [email protected] CONTENTS I 1 No.1 CONTENTS October 2019 PREFACE 2 Empowering and Promoting Chinese Performing Arts Culture / TOBIAS BIANCONE 4 Let’s Bridge the Culture Divide with Theatre / GONG BAORONG STUDIES ON MEI LANFANG 8 On the Subjectivity of Theoretical Construction of Xiqu— Starting from Doubt on “Mei Lanfang’s Performing System” / CHEN SHIXIONG 18 The Worldwide Significance of Mei Lanfang’s Performing Art / ZOU YUANJIANG 31 Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu, Qi Rushan and Early Xiqu Directors / FU QIUMIN 46 Return to Silence at the Golden Age—Discussion on the Gains and Losses of Mei Lanfang’s Red Chamber / WANG YONGEN HISTORY AND ARTISTS OF XIQU 61 The Formation
    [Show full text]
  • ACUUS 2002 International Conference Urban
    ASSOCIAZIONE GEORISORSE E AMBIENTE TORINO POLITECNICO DI TORINO ACUUS 2002 International Conference Urban Underground Space: a Resource for Cities In memory of Prof. Lelio Stragiotti November 14th-16th, 2002 Torino, Italy Program Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino – I 1 Under the Auspices of Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti (requested) Sponsorship of the International Tunnelling Association (ITA - AITES) In cooperation with 2 The growing need for underground transportation systems as an alternative to surface alignments, for space for trade, offices, social and recreational facilities and for service networks such as telephone cables, sewers, water, gas pipes, etc under existing surface structures, has increased the frequency of underground construction in highly urbanized areas. The attraction of underground structures is closely related to the community's evaluation of the drawbacks of surface and aerial structures in terms of environmental degradation. Unfortunately, most of the numerous advantages of underground structures, especially those concerning the protection of the environment, often cannot be quantified in monetary terms. As the construction costs of underground structures are generally higher than those of building on the surface, underground structures are in some ways " penalized " when compared to surface construction. However, when surface and underground projects are compared over the expected life of the projects, underground construction can prove more economic. Underground structures are generally energy conserving due to their removal from the effects of the changing surface climate. Similarly, by putting facilities underground, valuable surface land can be used for other purposes. The decision-making process, when evaluating an underground project against a surface or aerial alternative, should not only refer to the construction cost, but should take into account the various advantages offered by the underground alternative, particularly those related to the effects on the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • ISRM Fellows International Society for Rock Mechanics
    International Society for Rock Mechanics ISRM Fellows 2013 FOREWORD 3 ISRM Fellows GIOVANNI BARLA 4 HERBERT H. EINSTEIN 5 JOHN A. HUDSON 6 MILTON ASSIS KANJI 7 CHUNG-IN LEE 8 QIAN QIHU 9 DICK STACEY 10 OVE STEPHANSSON 11 ISRM ISRM Fellows In line with enhancing the recognition of ISRM members’ high-level achievements, the status of ISRM Fellows acknowledges select individuals who have achieved outstanding accomplishments in the areas of rock mechanics/ rock engineering and have contributed significantly to the work of the ISRM. The title of ISRM Fellow carries a clear Society recognition in addition to that which an individual has attained through his or her own reputation. The title and position of ISRM Fellow is a lifetime appointment. ISRM Fellows can be called upon as appropriate for ISRM activities, and would be expected to provide reasonable advice namely in the ISRM Advisory Forum, which meets every two years. Thus, the induction of ISRM Fellows creates a group of high-level experts who can provide strong support to the ISRM as necessary. The initial group of Fellows was inaugurated in the ISRM Beijing Congress in 2011. Photographs and abbreviated CVs of the second group of Fellows being inaugurated at the ISRM International Symposium Banquet, in Wroclaw, Poland, September 2013, are included in the following pages—in alphabetical order of surnames. Xia-Ting Feng, ISRM President, 2011-2015 International Society for Rock Mechanics GIOVANNI BARLA Professor Giovanni Barla obtained his MSEng from Politecnico di Torino in 1965. He also obtained the MSEng and DSEng from Columbia University - School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, in 1967 and 1970.
    [Show full text]