DOCSLIB.ORG

Tracing the History of Synanthropic Flora and Vegetation in the Czech Republic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tracing the History of Synanthropic Flora and Vegetation in the Czech Republic TRACING THE HISTORY OF SYNANTHROPIC FLORA AND VEGETATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Adéla Pokorná PhD thesis Department of Botany Charles University in Prague 2017 Supervisor: Jan Novák, PhD. Front cover: Silhouette of Gothic Prague, woodcut from 1493, the oldest surviving view of Prague Lactuca serriola, photo by P. Pokorný 2 TRACING THE HISTORY OF SYNANTHROPIC FLORA AND VEGETATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Adéla Pokorná This doctoral thesis has four enclosed papers, listed below. Paper I Kozáková R, Pokorný P, Mařík J, Čulíková V, Boháčová I, Pokorná A (2014) Early to high medieval colonization and alluvial landscape transformation of the Labe valley (Czech Republic): evaluation of archaeological, pollen and macrofossil evidence. Veget Hist Archaeobot 23:701–718 Paper II Pokorná A, Houfková P, Novák J, Bešta T, Kovačiková L, Nováková K, Zavřel J, Starec P (2014) The oldest Czech fishpond discovered? An interdisciplinary approach to reconstruction of local vegetation in medieval Prague suburbs. Hydrobiologia 730:191–213 Paper III Pokorná A, Dreslerová D, Křivánková D (2011) Archaeobotanical Database of the Czech Republic, an interim report. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica. Natural Sciences in Archaeology 1:49–53 Paper IV Pokorná A, Kočár P, Sádlo J, Šálková T, Žáčková P, Komárková V, Vaněček Z, Novák J (2017) Ancient and early medieval human–made habitats of the Czech Republic: Colonization history and vegetation changes. Preslia (in preparation) 3 Acknowledgements This thesis would never have come into existence without all the support of my colleagues, family and friends, all of whom provided me encouragement when it was needed, which was not infrequently. Particularly, I would like to thank my supervisor Jan Novák for being always helpful and patient. I would also like to thank Jirka, Láďa, Kristýna, Radka, Petr, Jindra, Martin and many others for helpful discussion and motivation. I also wish to thank the Czech Academy of Sciences (project No. M300020902) and especially the Institute of Archaeology of the CAS, Prague, v.v.i. for kindly supporting our work on the Archaeobotanical Database of the Czech Republic. And lastly, I must thank Steve Ridgill for correcting my English and helping me to give the text its final shape. 4 Declaration I declare that I have written this thesis and that it has not been submitted for the award of a degree at any other University. All sources have been cited and clearly acknowledged. in Prague .......................................... .............................................. 5 Abstract Plant macro remains from archaeological situations were studied in order to trace the history of gradual formation of today’s synanthropic vegetation. Synanthropic plants represent a heterogeneous group of species with various qualities and strategies, as well as with various immigration histories. In general, the synanthropic flora is rich in aliens, so it is important to know, when exactly these species immigrated to our territory (to know their residence time). Besides the determination of the residence time of alien plants, also the dynamics of formation of urban flora and vegetation was studied. Special attention was paid to the Medieval Period, when the urbanisation process started. The emergence of urban agglomeration may have been the cause of the emergence of new habitats, followed by formation of new plant associations - the predecessors of the today’s ones. In general, towns represent a special case of anthropogenic environment with many various synanthropic habitats, causing their species richness. Questions 1. When exactly the synanthropic flora of medieval towns emerged? Was the transition from the Prehistory to the Medieval Period rather gradual or sudden? 2. What particular species took place in the medieval change of synanthropic vegetation? Where did these species come from? Was the emergence of medieval towns right the main cause of the observed change in species composition? 3. In which way was the local diversity of synanthropic flora influenced by medieval urbanisation? Did rather the new species emerge or, contrarily, the previously common ones extinct? 4. What factors influenced the spread of new species during the Medieval Period? Materials and Methods The data were based on the analyses of plant macroremains, sometimes in combination with other methods (mainly the pollen analysis). The case studies were focused on particular localities in Central Bohemia, tracing gradual changes taking place in each locality. To trace general trends and to answer the questions, the Archaeobotanical Database of the CR was used, covering the time span since the Neolithic to the High Middle Ages. Results and Discussion 218 archaeophytes were found in macro-remain material from high medieval towns, representing ca. 90% of unintentionally introduced alien plants. The majority of them have been present in our territory since the Prehistory; forty new aliens immigrated during the Early Medieval Period (EM). On the contrary, only several new aliens were introduced in High Medieval (HM). It means that the main wave of immigration took place in EM, which implies that the medieval immigration couldn’t be connected with the urbanisation process. Medieval urbanisation influenced plant diversity in the similar way as present processes connected with urban enlargement. The diversity of semi-natural vegetation in the suburbs drops as a result of vanishing of suitable habitats, whereas the abundance of common ruderal species increases. The increase of diversity via immigration of new alien species is connected mainly with the intensity of long-distance trade (mediated by increased propagule preasure). The frequency of alien species in medieval towns was also influenced by their residence time. The comparison of the OLD (present since the Prehistory) and NEW (since the Middle Ages) alien plants shows similar pattern as today’s comparison of archaeophytes vs. neophytes. 6 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 9 2 The aims of the thesis 13 3 Synanthropic plants, synanthropic vegetation and urban flora 14 General characteristics of synanthropic (ruderal) habitats and plants 15 Synanthropic vegetation and the adaptations of plants 16 Specifics of urban environment and diversity of urban flora 18 4 History of synathropic biotopes 20 Prehistory 20 Medieval period 22 5 Archaeobotany as a tool for studying plant diversity in the past 23 Taphonomy of macroremains in urban contexts 24 Approaches towards reconstruction of former vegetation or environment 25 Database systems 27 6 Synanthropic plants in the past 29 Residence time of alien plants 29 Immigration of aliens to Europe documented by plant macroremains 30 Records of the urban environment in archaeobotany 32 7 Summary of papers 36 Paper I 36 Paper II 39 Paper III 40 Paper IV 42 8 Discussion 44 New archaeophytes of the Medieval Period 44 Changes of plant diversity caused by medieval urbanisation 50 Does the minimum residence time (MRT) of aliens influence their frequency in medieval towns? 53 9 References 57 Paper I - Early to high medieval colonization and alluvial landscape transformation of the Labe valley (Czech Republic): evaluation of archaeological, pollen and macrofossil evidence 75 Paper II - The oldest Czech fishpond discovered? An interdisciplinary approach to reconstruction of local vegetation in medieval Prague suburbs 117 Paper III - Archaeobotanical Database of the Czech Republic, an interim report 170 Paper IV - Ancient and early medieval human–made habitats of the Czech Republic: Colonization history and vegetation changes 179 7 8 1 Introduction The landscape transformation that occurred at the beginning of the High Middle Ages in western and central Europe was so striking and widespread that it was easily recognized in many pollen diagrams (Firbas 1949, Rösch 2000, Ralska-Jasiewiczova et al. 2004, Brown– Pluskowski 2011, Giesecke et al. 2011, Wieckowska et al. 2012, Pokorný 2011). In the Czech Republic, this radical landscape transformation occurred around the mid-13th century AD (Klápště 2012). At that time, the population was growing substantially, probably in connection with the colonization process. Large numbers of new inhabitants had created the need to establish an appropriate pattern of settlements, which has survived with only little change until today. The royal foundations of medieval towns started in the 13th century, with its heyday during the rule of Ottokar II of Bohemia. On the other hand, some of the later medieval towns probably originated somewhat earlier as proto-urban agglomerations, situated around early medieval strongholds. We can consider the Early Middle Ages as a transitional period during which all the later transformations to come must have had their origin. Archaeological data from the Czech Republic has shown a gradual trend of concentration and extension of populated areas as early as the 6th century as a result of the increasing population, following its great decline in the Migration Period (Klápště 1994; Kuna–Profantová 2005). Despite a rather comprehensive picture of the political organization of the early medieval Czech state (Sláma 1988, Boháčová 2011) - based on early written sources (available since the beginning of the 10th century) as well as much archaeological data - our knowledge of cultural landscape development remains rather limited. In the following text, I will concentrate on the synanthropic flora and vegetation, especially on the connection of its formation with the above outlined medieval urbanisation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHENOPODIACEAE 藜科 Li Ke Zhu Gelin (朱格麟 Chu Ge-Ling)1; Sergei L
    Flora of China 5: 351-414. 2003. CHENOPODIACEAE 藜科 li ke Zhu Gelin (朱格麟 Chu Ge-ling)1; Sergei L. Mosyakin2, Steven E. Clemants3 Herbs annual, subshrubs, or shrubs, rarely perennial herbs or small trees. Stems and branches sometimes jointed (articulate); indumentum of vesicular hairs (furfuraceous or farinose), ramified (dendroid), stellate, rarely of glandular hairs, or plants glabrous. Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, petiolate or sessile; leaf blade flattened, terete, semiterete, or in some species reduced to scales. Flowers monochlamydeous, bisexual or unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious, rarely polygamous); bracteate or ebracteate. Bractlets (if present) 1 or 2, lanceolate, navicular, or scale-like. Perianth membranous, herbaceous, or succulent, (1–)3–5- parted; segments imbricate, rarely in 2 series, often enlarged and hardened in fruit, or with winged, acicular, or tuberculate appendages abaxially, seldom unmodified (in tribe Atripliceae female flowers without or with poorly developed perianth borne between 2 specialized bracts or at base of a bract). Stamens shorter than or equaling perianth segments and arranged opposite them; filaments subulate or linear, united at base and usually forming a hypogynous disk, sometimes with interstaminal lobes; anthers dorsifixed, incumbent in bud, 2-locular, extrorse, or dehiscent by lateral, longitudinal slits, obtuse or appendaged at apex. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose, of 2–5 carpels, unilocular; ovule 1, campylotropous; style terminal, usually short, with 2(–5) filiform or subulate stigmas, rarely capitate, papillose, or hairy on one side or throughout. Fruit a utricle, rarely a pyxidium (dehiscent capsule); pericarp membranous, leathery, or fleshy, adnate or appressed to seed. Seed horizontal, vertical, or oblique, compressed globose, lenticular, reniform, or obliquely ovoid; testa crustaceous, leathery, membranous, or succulent; embryo annular, semi-annular, or spiral, with narrow cotyledons; endosperm much reduced or absent; perisperm abundant or absent.
    [Show full text]
  • WOOD ANATOMY of CHENOPODIACEAE (AMARANTHACEAE S
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012: 205–232 WOOD ANATOMY OF CHENOPODIACEAE (AMARANTHACEAE s. l.) Heike Heklau1, Peter Gasson2, Fritz Schweingruber3 and Pieter Baas4 SUMMARY The wood anatomy of the Chenopodiaceae is distinctive and fairly uni- form. The secondary xylem is characterised by relatively narrow vessels (<100 µm) with mostly minute pits (<4 µm), and extremely narrow ves- sels (<10 µm intergrading with vascular tracheids in addition to “normal” vessels), short vessel elements (<270 µm), successive cambia, included phloem, thick-walled or very thick-walled fibres, which are short (<470 µm), and abundant calcium oxalate crystals. Rays are mainly observed in the tribes Atripliceae, Beteae, Camphorosmeae, Chenopodieae, Hab- litzieae and Salsoleae, while many Chenopodiaceae are rayless. The Chenopodiaceae differ from the more tropical and subtropical Amaran- thaceae s.str. especially in their shorter libriform fibres and narrower vessels. Contrary to the accepted view that the subfamily Polycnemoideae lacks anomalous thickening, we found irregular successive cambia and included phloem. They are limited to long-lived roots and stem borne roots of perennials (Nitrophila mohavensis) and to a hemicryptophyte (Polycnemum fontanesii). The Chenopodiaceae often grow in extreme habitats, and this is reflected by their wood anatomy. Among the annual species, halophytes have narrower vessels than xeric species of steppes and prairies, and than species of nitrophile ruderal sites. Key words: Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae s.l., included phloem, suc- cessive cambia, anomalous secondary thickening, vessel diameter, vessel element length, ecological adaptations, xerophytes, halophytes. INTRODUCTION The Chenopodiaceae in the order Caryophyllales include annual or perennial herbs, sub- shrubs, shrubs, small trees (Haloxylon ammodendron, Suaeda monoica) and climbers (Hablitzia, Holmbergia).
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscovery of Polycnemum Majus (Amaranthaceae)
    Rediscovery of Polycnemum majus (Amaranthaceae) in Belgium due to a 152 year old herbarium specimen Annelies Jacobs1 and Steven Jacobs2 1 Natuurpunt Studie, Coxiestraat 11, B-2800 Mechelen [[email protected]] 2 Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Biology, Ecosystem Management research group, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen [[email protected]] Illustrations: botanicalcollections.be (Fig. 1) en A. Jacobs (Fig. 2-4). Abstract. – In 2018 a population of Polycnemum majus was rediscovered near Rochefort (province of Namur). The species had long been considered extinct in Belgium. The label of a herbarium specimen from 1866 led to a formerly known historical site where more than a century and a half later a population is still present. The paper recounts how the species was rediscovered and describes the site and the characteristics, ecology, status and distribution of the species. Résumé. – Redécouverte en Belgique de Polycnemum majus (Amaranthaceae) grâce à un spécimen d’herbier vieux de 152 ans. En 2018, une population de Polycnemum majus a été redécouvert près de Rochefort (province de Namur). L’espèce était considérée comme éteinte en Belgique depuis longtemps. L’étiquette d’un spécimen d’herbier datant de 1866 a permis de redécouvrir un site historique, où plus d’un siècle et demi plus tard, une population subsiste toujours. L’article décrit la redécouverte, la station et les caractéristiques, l’écologie, le statut et la répartition de l’espèce. Samenvatting. – Herontdekking van Polycnemum majus (Amaranthaceae) in België dankzij een 152 jaar oud herbariumspecimen. In 2018 werd een groeiplaats van Polycne- mum majus herontdekt nabij Rochefort (provincie Namen). De soort werd geruime tijd als uitgestorven beschouwd in België.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMANIAN SALT TOLERANT PLANTS Taxonomy and Ecology
    ftAorilus= Nfreu$@r Cnflg@rc ti ['' ROMANilAN $AItr TOIERANffi PMNru llo<on@myond Ecofl@gy --- .,: t q.i,k _ 1*:a ry' !' MARIUS-NICUŞOR GRIGORE ROMANIAN SALT TOLERANT PLANTS Taxonomy and Ecology Scientific referees: Prof. Dr. Monica Tereza BOŞCAIU NEAGU Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain Prof. Dr. Suzana KRATOVALIEVA Institute of Agriculture Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Lecturer Dr. Ciprian MÂNZU Alexandru Ion Cuza University, Faculty of Biology, Iasi, Romania Editura TEHNOPRESS Str. Pinului nr. 1A 700109 Iaşi Tel./fax: 0232 260092 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tehnopress.ro Editură acreditată CNCSIS, cod CNCSIS 89 Text editing and processing: Dr. Marius-Nicuşor Grigore Cover design: Dr. Marius Mihăşan (Background photo on first cover: Lepidium crassifolium) Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României GRIGORE, MARIUS-NICUŞOR Romanian Salt Tolerant Plants: Taxonomy and Ecology / Marius-Nicuşor Grigore. – Iaşi: Tehnopress, 2012 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-973-702-923-2 582 Supported by POSDRU/89/1.5/S/49944 project “Developing the innovation capacity and improving the impact of research through post-doctoral programmes”. MARIUS-NICUŞOR GRIGORE Faculty of Biology „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University Iasi ROMANIAN SALT TOLERANT PLANTS Taxonomy and Ecology Foreword by T. J. Flowers IAŞI – 2012 “Cultural progress and growing population require a switch of agriculture from an extensive system to an intensive one. New lands have to be introduced in order to satisfy the humanity need for progress.” (Iuliu Prodan, 1923) Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 3 GENERAL SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 6 1. Learning from the previous attempt to create a Romanian salt 6 tolerant plants database A. The lack of a precise (and idealistically a single) definition of 7 halophytes A short historical evolution of Halophytes definition 11 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Embryology of Polycnemum Arvense L. (Lower Core Caryophyllales) 221-240 © Landesmuseum Für Kärnten; Download
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Wulfenia Jahr/Year: 2016 Band/Volume: 23 Autor(en)/Author(s): Veselova Tatiana D., Dzhalilova Khalima K., Timonin Alexander C. Artikel/Article: Embryology of Polycnemum arvense L. (lower core Caryophyllales) 221-240 © Landesmuseum für Kärnten; download www.landesmuseum.ktn.gv.at/wulfenia; www.zobodat.at Wulfenia 23 (2016): 221–240 Mitteilungen des Kärntner Botanikzentrums Klagenfurt Embryology of Polycnemum arvense L. (lower core Caryophyllales) Tatiana D. Veselova, Khalima Kh. Dzhalilova & Alexander C. Timonin Summary: Polycnemum arvense has almost all embryological attributes of core Caryophyllales. It shows in total equal affinity with Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae, if the latter are considered separate families. It is somewhat closer to Amaranthaceae because of its 1-celled female archesporium, but it shares the Polycnemum / Paronychia pollen type with some Chenopodiaceae (and Caryophyllaceae), but not with Amaranthaceae. Bisporangiate anthers of Polycnemum and Gomphrenoideae of Amaranthaceae, which has long been considered of great taxonomic importance, are almost certainly homoplasies, not synapomorphies. The outer integument structure of Polycnemum differs from those of Amaranthaceae as well as Chenopodiaceae. Polycnemum is similar to some Caryophyllaceae in the type of anther development, but not to Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae. It sharply contrasts with all core Caryophyllales in fibrous exothecium which is also inherent in some Frankeniaceae and Polygonaceae of non-core Caryophyllales. Polycnemum is certainly close to Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae concerning the complex of its embryological characters. Nevertheless, it is too specific to be included in any of these families. Restoration of Menge’s family Polycnemaceae for Polycnemum alliance would be more appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Kiegészítések a Nyugat-Dunántúl Flórájának Ismeretéhez
    http://kitaibelia.unideb.hu/ ISSN 2064-4507 (Online) ● ISSN 1219-9672 (Print) © 2015, Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Hungary 20 (2): 213–234.; 2015 DOI: 10.17542/kit.20.213 Kiegészítések a Nyugat-Dunántúl flórájának ismeretéhez MESTERHÁZY Attila 1 & KULCSÁR László 2 (1) H-9500 Celldömölk, Hunyadi u. 55.; [email protected] (2) H-9600 Sárvár, Orsolya u. 19. Contributions to the flora of Western-Transdanubia (W Hungary) Abstract – In this paper, we presented the results of our floristic survey in West-Hungarian region. The data were collected between 2005 and 2015 and supportted with herbaria or photo-documentation. This paper reports new floristic data of 98 taxa from West-Hungary with altogether 172 field-collected data records. In the survey we focused on little-known taxa with a phyto-geographic importance. For some taxa we checked the herbarium specimens of Savaria Museum and Natural History Museum of Budapest. During our fieldwork we recorded 8 species new to W-Hungary, including 3 species considered to be native to the region [ Oenanthe banatica Heuff., Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv., Polycnemum majus A. Braun.]. Almost all of the recorded species are regarded as indigenous plants, many of them has nature conservation importance, thus, their monitoring are highly advised. We found new localities of many species which of high importance for plant geography describing their current distribution. Most of the recorded species occur in natural or semi-natural habitats, but some taxa were found in synanthropic habitats and extensive arable lands. Keywords: adventive species, distribution, floristic data, vascular flora, West-Hungary Összefoglalás – Cikkünkben az elmúlt közel 10 évben a Nyugat-Dunántúlon végzett florisztikai kutatásaink eredményeit ősszegezzük.
    [Show full text]
  • The DNA Weights Per Nucleus (Genome Size) of More Than 2350 Species of the Flora of the Netherlands, of Which 1370 Are New to Sc
    24 Forum geobotanicum (2019) 8: 24−78 DOI 10.3264/FG.2019.1022 Ben J.M. Zonneveld The DNA weights per nucleus (genome size) of more than 2350 species of the Flora of The Netherlands, of which 1370 are new to science, including the pattern of their DNA peaks Published online: 22 October 2019 © Forum geobotanicum 2019 Abstract Besides external characteristics and reading a piece were previously measured completely in most cases (‘t Hart et of DNA (barcode), the DNA weight per nucleus (genome size) al. 2003: Veldkamp and Zonneveld 2011; Soes et al. 2012; via flow cytometry is a key value to detect species and hybrids Dirkse et al. 2014, 2015; Verloove et al. 2017; Zonneveld [et and determine ploidy. In addition, the DNA weight appears to al.] 2000−2018), it can be noted that even if all species of a be related to various properties, such as the size of the cell and genus have the same number of chromosomes, there can still the nucleus, the duration of mitosis and meiosis and the be a difference of up to three times in the weight of the DNA. generation time. Sometimes it is even possible to distinguish Therefore, a twice larger DNA weight does not have to indicate between groups or sections, which can lead to new four sets of chromosomes. Finally, this research has also found classification of the genera. The variation in DNA weight is clues to examine further the current taxonomy of a number of also useful to analyze biodiversity, genome evolution and species or genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Polycnemum Verrucosum (Amaranthaceae), First Record for the Italian Flora and Comparison with Related Species P
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250612764 Polycnemum Verrucosum (Amaranthaceae), First Record for the Italian Flora and Comparison with Related Species P. Arvense Article in Hacquetia · May 2013 DOI: 10.2478/HACQ-2013-0001 CITATIONS READS 7 86 1 author: Duilio Iamonico Sapienza University of Rome 261 PUBLICATIONS 2,496 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Studies on Duckweeds (ex Lemnaceae Gray) View project Italian Loci Classici Census View project All content following this page was uploaded by Duilio Iamonico on 01 June 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. HACQUETIA 12/1 • 2013, 5–9 DoI: 10.2478/HACQ-2013-0001 Polycnemum verrucosum (AmArAnthAceAe), fIrst record for the ItAlian florA And compArIson wIth relAted specIes P. arvense Duilio IAMonICo1 Abstract Polycnemum verrucosum A. F. Láng is recorded for the first time for Italy (Lazio region, Central Italy). Morpho- logical and ecological characteristics of this species, as compared with the related P. arvense L., are presented and discussed. Taxonomical notes are also provided. Key words: distribution area, Italy, new record, Polycnemum L. Izvleček Vrsto Polycnemum verrucosum A. F. Láng smo prvič zabeležili na ozemlju Italije (regija Lazio, srednja Italija). Prikazali smo morfološke in ekološke značilnosti vrste v primerjavi s sorodno vrsto P. arvense L. Podali smo tudi taksonomske opombe. Ključne besede: razširjenost, Italija, nova najdba, Polycnemum L. 1. InTRoDUCTIon L., Amaranthus L., Gomphrena L.). From the mor- phological point of view, Polycnemoideae and Am­ Polycnemum L. is a genus of 6–8 species distrib - aranthaceae are characterized in having petaloid uted in Europe, central-western Asia, northern tepals (white or pigmented, scarious or papyra- Africa and northern America (Ball 1993, Gelin et ceous) and stame filaments united into a filament al.
    [Show full text]
  • (Acker-Knorpelkraut) Und Polycnemum Majus A. BRAUN (Großes Knorpel- Kraut) (Chenopodiaceae) Im Saarland Und in Angrenzenden Gebieten
    Abh. DELATTINIA 37: 31 - 56 –— Saarbrücken 2011 ISSN 0948-6529 Zur Verbreitung, Ökologie und Soziologie von Polycnemum arvense L. (Acker-Knorpelkraut) und Polycnemum majus A. BRAUN (Großes Knorpel- kraut) (Chenopodiaceae) im Saarland und in angrenzenden Gebieten Franz-Josef Weicherding Title: About distribution, ecology and phytosociology of Polycnemum arvense L. (Field Needleleaf) and Polycnemum majus A. BRAUN (Giant Needleleaf) (Chenopodiaceae) in the Saarland and in adjacent areas Kurzfassung: Vorkommen von Polycnemum arvense L. sind im Saarland seit etwa 100 Jahren verschollen. Die Sippe gilt hier als Archäophyt und kam lokal in trockenwarmen Sandgebieten vor. Pfl anzensoziologische Aufnahmen gibt es keine, der Gesellschaftsanschluss konnte anhand einiger Daten nur rekonstruiert werden. Das Acker-Knorpelkraut kam offenbar in Gesellschaften der Aperetalia spicae- venti J. TX. et R. TX. in MALATO-BELIZ et al. 1960 vor. Polycnemum majus A. BRAUN ist sehr wahrscheinlich ein Neophyt in der Flora des Saarlandes. Wie das einzige aktuell bekannte Vorkommen im Saarland zeigen die Nachweise von verschollenen und aktuellen Vorkommen in Luxemburg und Lothringen eine deutliche Bindung an anthropogen überformte, xerotherme Standorte in der Montanindustriezone. Das Große Knorpelkraut scheint lokal eingebürgert und tritt im Saarland und in Lothringen in Gesellschaften des Sisymbrion offi cinalis TX. et al. ex VON ROCHOW 1951 nom. conserv. propos. auf. Abstract: Records of Polycnemum arvense L. are missing in the Saarland since about 100 years. The species is understood here as an archeophyte and existed locally in xerothermic sandy areas. No sociological records with the Field Needleleaf were found; the relation to a society could only be reconstructed from some data. The species occurred obviously in societies of Aperetalia spicae-venti J.
    [Show full text]
  • One-Seeded Fruits in the Core Caryophyllales: Their Origin and Structural Diversity
    RESEARCH ARTICLE One-Seeded Fruits in the Core Caryophyllales: Their Origin and Structural Diversity Alexander P. Sukhorukov1*, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev2, Madeleen Struwig3, Maya V. Nilova1, Khalima Kh. Dzhalilova1, Sergey A. Balandin4, Andrey Erst5¤a, Anastasiya A. Krinitsyna1 1 Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 3 Department of Botany, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 4 Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 5 Herbarium, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia ¤a Current address: Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS The core Caryophyllales consist of approximately 30 families (12 000 species) distributed Citation: Sukhorukov AP, Mavrodiev EV, Struwig M, worldwide. Many members evolved one-seeded or conjoined fruits, but their origin and Nilova MV, Dzhalilova KK, Balandin SA, et al. (2015) structural diversity have not been investigated. A comparative anatomical investigation of One-Seeded Fruits in the Core Caryophyllales: Their the one-seeded fruits within the core Caryophyllales was conducted. The origin of the one- Origin and Structural Diversity. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117974. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117974 seeded fruits and the evolutionary reconstructions of some carpological characters were traced using a tree based on rbcl and matK data in order to understand the ancestral char- Academic Editor: Wei Wang, Henan Agricultural Univerisity, CHINA acters and their changes. The one-seeded fruit type is inferred to be an ancestral character state in core Caryophyllales, with a subsequent increase in the seed number seen in all Received: October 28, 2014 major clades.
    [Show full text]
  • Epilobium Brachycarpum a Fast Spreading Species in Central Europe
    Tuexenia 34: 391–430. Göttingen 2014. doi: 10.14471/2014.34.020, available online at www.tuexenia.de Dry grassland vegetation of Central Podolia (Ukraine) – a preliminary overview of its syntaxonomy, ecology and biodiversity Die Trockenrasenvegetation Zentral-Podoliens (Ukraine) – eine vorläufige Übersicht zu Syntaxonomie, Ökologie und Biodiversität Anna A. Kuzemko1, Thomas Becker2, Yakiv P. Didukh3, Ioana Violeta Arde- lean4, Ute Becker5, Monica Beldean4, Christian Dolnik6, Michael Jeschke2, Alireza Naqinezhad7, Emin Uğurlu8, Aslan Ünal9, Kiril Vassilev10, Evgeniy I. Vorona11, Olena H. Yavorska11 & Jürgen Dengler12,13,14,* 1National Dendrological Park “Sofiyvka”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyivska Str. 12a, 20300 Uman’, Ukraine, [email protected];2Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstr. 21, 54296 Trier, Germany, [email protected]; jeschke@uni- trier.de; 3M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschen- kivska Str. 2, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected]; 4Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Republicii Street 44, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, ioana.ardelean @ubbcluj.ro; [email protected]; 5Green School in the Botanic Garden, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 9b, 55099 Mainz, Germany, [email protected]; 6Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Ecology Centre, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany, [email protected]; 7Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, P.O. Box. 47416-95447, Mazandaran, Iran, anaqinezhad @gmail.com; 8Department of Biology, Science and Art Faculty, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, Yağcılar Campus, 45140 Manisa, Turkey, [email protected]; 9Am Schießrain 10, 79219 Staufen, Germany, [email protected]; 10Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G.
    [Show full text]
  • 18. POLYCNEMUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753. 多节草属 Duo Jie Cao Shu Herbs Annual Or Subshrubs
    Flora of China 5: 375-376. 2003. 18. POLYCNEMUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753. 多节草属 duo jie cao shu Herbs annual or subshrubs. Leaves alternate, sessile, subulate. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, minute, bisexual; bracteoles 2, scarious. Perianth segments 5, free. Stamens (1–)3(–5), inserted on an annular, hypogynous disk. Stigmas 2; style extremely short. Fruit a utricle; pericarp thin, scarious, indehiscent. Seed vertical, black when ripe; testa leathery, granulate; embryo annular; perisperm present. Between six and eight species: C Asia and Siberia, Europe; one species in China. 1. Polycnemum arvense Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753 minate. Filaments filiform, ca. 1.5 mm; anthers shortly oblong, ca. 0.2 mm. Ovary broadly ovoid; style obscure; stigmas 多节草 duo jie cao minute. Utricle enclosed in perianth, slightly compressed, Herbs annual, 10–15 cm tall. Stem erect, covered with broadly elliptic, ca. 1.1 × 1 mm; pericarp slightly thickened short, crisped hairs, branched from base; branches ascending or apically, easily separated from seed. Seed ovoid, laterally com- decumbent, nearly as long as main stem, somewhat glabrescent. pressed, granulose sculptured. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug. Leaves obliquely ascending, rarely appressed to stem, subulate, Sandy soils, wastelands. Xinjiang [C and SW Asia, C and S 3–10 mm, subglabrous, base expanded, margin narrowly mem- Europe; occasionally naturalized in other regions]. branous below middle, apex mucronate, spinescent. Bracteoles triangular-lanceolate, near as long as perianth in fruit, keeled Polycnemum, as well as the two other genera of tribe Poly- cnemeae (or subfam. Polycnemoideae), share some characters typical of abaxially, apex long acuminate.
    [Show full text]